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LEARNING MODULE
S.Y. 2022-2023

Course: APPLIED CHEMISTRY Grade Level: 9 - SPSTE

Quarter: FIRST Time Frame:

Topic/s: Properties of Organic chemistry

Learning Objectives:

At the end of the lesson, the students should be able to:

- Explain organic chemistry.

- Differentiate physical properties from chemical properties.
- Compare the discovery of organic chemistry.

Discussion:

Organic compounds are those whose chemical formula contains at least one carbon
atom, and often contain a hydrogen atom as well. The bonds formed between the carbon
and hydrogen atoms to form a hydrocarbon are very strong, and the resulting compound
is often essential to living things. Organic compounds-specifically ones that are
important to different fields of biology-often contain long chains of carbon atoms which
can loop around each other; different atoms can form bonds with these carbons, creating
variation in the molecule and its functional groups.

Physical properties of organic compound

 Physical properties of organic compounds - typically of interest include both

quantitative and qualitative features. Quantitative information includes a melting
point, boiling point,
 and index of refraction. Qualitative properties include odor, consistency, solubility,
and color.

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2

1. Melting and boiling properties

Organic compounds typically melt and may boil.

2. Solubility
Neutral organic compounds tend to be hydrophobic; that is, they are
less soluble in water than in organic solvents.
Hydrophilic- Charged species as a rule dissolve readily in water. They are water loving.
Hydrophobic – those species that are water fearing.
3. Solid state properties
Various specialized properties of molecular crystals and organic
polymers with conjugated systems are of interest depending on applications, e.g.
thermo-mechanical and electro-mechanical such as piezoelectricity, electrical
conductivity (see conductive polymers and organic semiconductors), and electro-
optical (e.g. non-linear optics) properties. For historical reasons, such properties
are mainly the subjects of the areas of polymer science and materials science.
4. Chemical properties are characteristics that describe how the chemical structure
of matter changes during a chemical reaction. (e.g. flammability—a materials
ability to burn—because burning (also known as combustion) changes the chemical
composition of a material.)

Organic chemistry is the study of the structure, properties, composition,

reactions, and preparation of carbon-containing compounds. Most organic compounds
contain carbon and hydrogen, but they may also include any number of other
elements (e.g., nitrogen, oxygen, halogens, phosphorus, silicon, sulfur).

Originally limited to the study of compounds produced by living organisms, organic

chemistry has been broadened to include human-made substances (e.g., plastics).

HISTORY OF ORGANIC CHEMISTRY

Organic chemistry is an important area of overall chemistry that involves the

chemicals, including drugs, mostly based on carbon and related elements found in
periodic table. Carbon is now known to form a seemingly unlimited number of
compounds. Therefore, our life is based on carbon instead of the other elements similar
to carbon, etc., silicon. The uses of organic compounds affect our lives daily in pharmacy,
medicine, agriculture, and all other aspects of general life.

Organic compounds are all around us. They are central to the economic growth of the
United States in the rubber, plastics, fuel, pharmaceutical, cosmetics, detergent,
coatings, dyestuff, and agrichemical industries, to name a few.

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In the 16th century:

 organic compounds were isolated from nature in the wholesome composition

 Along with several analytical techniques then were developed for resolving of
molecular structures (Lavoisier, 1784).
 Scientists like Berzelius in around 1807’s believed that organic chemicals
originated in nature may contain a special "vital force" that directed their natural
synthesis (Adams, 1923)

Later in 18th century

 Frederich Wöhler discovered that urea, a natural component in urine, could be

synthesized in the laboratory by heating ammonium cyanate (Wöhler, 1844).
 The importance of vital and supportive aspects about the structures of organic
chemistry initiated with a theory of bonding called valence theory developed by
Kekule and colleagues around late 1850’s (Herndon, 1974).
 Organic chemistry advanced into a dynamic and stimulating science in the
nineteenth century. Many new synthetic methods, reaction mechanisms, analytical
techniques and structural.
 Information of organic chemistry has been prolonged to the study of
macromolecular biological systems such as proteins (enzymes), carbohydrates,
lipids and DNA.

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 His discovery meant that the natural "vital force" was not required to synthesis
organic compounds, and covered the way for many chemists to further synthesize
of millions and millions organic compounds, including medicinal drugs and
industrial chemicals.

What do organic chemists do?

Organic chemistry is a highly creative science that allows chemists to create and
explore molecules and compounds. Organic chemists spend much of their time

developing new compounds and finding better ways of synthesizing existing ones.

Where is organic chemistry used?

Organic compounds are all around us. Many modern materials are at least partially
composed of organic compounds. They’re central to economic growth, and are
foundational to the fields of biochemistry, biotechnology, and medicine. Examples of
where you can find organic compounds include agrichemicals, coatings, cosmetics,
detergent, dyestuff, food, fuel, petrochemicals, pharmaceuticals, plastics, and rubber.

Which industries hire organic chemists?

Biotechnology

Virtually all biotechnology (“biotech”) products are the result of organic chemistry.
Biotech involves using living organisms and bioprocesses to create or modify products
for a specific use. For example, a biotech company might produce seeds for crops that
are disease-resistant, or plants that are drought-resistant.

Common employment areas in biotechnology include:

 Health care
 Crop production and agriculture
 Consumer products (e.g., biodegradable plastics, vegetable oil)

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 Environmental sector
 Biofuels

Consumer Products
Most consumer products we use involve organic chemistry. Take the cosmetics
industry as an example. Organic chemistry examines how the skin responds to metabolic
and environmental factors, and chemists formulate products accordingly. Other
examples of everyday products that involve organic chemistry include soaps, plastic
goods, perfume, coal, and food additives.

Organic Industrial Chemistry

Crucial to modern world economies, organic industrial chemistry focuses on converting
raw materials (e.g., oil, natural gas, air, water, metals, and minerals) into consumer and
industrial products. Today, organic industrial chemistry is based mainly on petroleum
and natural gas. Because these are finite raw materials, a lot of industry focus is on
learning how to convert renewable resources (e.g., plants) into industrial organic
chemicals.

Major organic industrial chemistry sectors include:

 Rubber and plastic products

 Textiles and apparel
 Petroleum refining
 Pulp and paper
 Primary metals

Petroleum
The largest-volume petroleum products are fuel oil and gasoline. Petroleum is also the
raw material for many chemical products (e.g., pharmaceuticals, solvents, fertilizers,
pesticides, and plastics).

Pharmaceutical
The pharmaceutical industry develops, produces, and markets drugs used as
medications for humans or animals. Some pharmaceutical companies deal in brand-
name (i.e., has a trade name and can be produced and sold only by the company holding
the patent) and/or generic (i.e., chemically equivalent, lower-cost version of a brand-
name drug) medications and medical devices (agents that act on diseases without
chemical interaction with the body).

Pharmaceuticals (brand name and generic) and medical devices are subject to many
country-specific laws and regulations regarding patenting, testing, safety assurance,
efficacy, monitoring, and marketing.

Government
Federal offices (e.g., Food and Drug Administration, Patent and Trademark Office) as
well as state and local governments hire organic chemists in the fields of specialization
noted above.

Activities:

Read and answer the following questions:

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transmitted in any form or by any means (electronic, mechanical, photocopying,
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1. What is the importance of organic chemistry?

2. What is the biggest impact during the discovery of organic chemistry?

References:

“Examples of Organic Chemistry in everyday life” Thoughtco, last modified June 15,
2016, accessed August 4, 2021

https://www.thoughtco.com/organic-chemistry-in-everyday-life-608694

“Chemical Sciences” Acs org., last modified 2021, accessed August 4, 2021,

https://www.acs.org/content/acs/en/careers/college-to-career/areas-of-chemistry/organic-
chemistry.html#:~:text=Organic%20chemistry%20is%20the%20study,bond)%2C
%20nitrogen%2C%20oxygen%2C

“History of Organic Chemistry” acikders., last modified 2021, accessed August 4, 2021,

https://acikders.ankara.edu.tr/pluginfile.php/6812/mod_resource/content/1/History%20of
%20Organic%20Chemistry

Parent’s Signature Over Printed

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Course: APPLIED CHEMISTRY Grade Level: 9 - SPSTE

Quarter: FIRST Time Frame:

Topic/s: IUPAC: Nomenclatures, classification of functional group; aliphatic

compounds; aromatic compounds

Learning Objectives:

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At the end of the lesson, the students should be able to:

- Understanding chemical processes and principle involved in consumer products in

enhancing
the integrity and wellness of the human person, and protect the environment to
sustain quality
life.
- Explain the purpose of IUPAC
- Writing nomenclatures using IUPAC
- Identify the classification of functional group.

Discussion:

The purpose of IUPAC system of nomenclature is to establish an international standard

of naming compounds to facilitate communication. The goal of the system is to give each
structure a unique and unambiguous name.

IUPAC nomenclature is based on naming a molecule’s longest chain of carbon

connected by single bonds, whether in a continuous chain or in a ring. All deviations,
either multiple bonds or atoms other than carbon and hydrogen, are indicated by
prefixes or suffixes according to a specific set of principles.

How to name organic compound using IUPAC rules

In order to name organic compounds, you must first memorize a few basic names.
These names are listed within the discussion of naming alkanes. In general, the base
part of the name reflects the number of carbons in what you have assigned to be
the parent chain. The suffix of the name reflects the type(s) of functional group(s)
present on (or within) the parent chain. Other groups which are attached to the parent
chain are called substituents.

 Alkanes - saturated hydrocarbons

The names of the straight chain saturated hydrocarbons for up to a 12 carbon
chain are shown below. The names of the substituents formed by the removal of
one hydrogen from the end of the chain are obtained by changing the suffix -
ane to -yl.

Number of Carbons Name

1 Methane
2 Ethane
3 Propane
4 Butane
5 Pentane
6 Hexane
7 Heptane
8 Octane
9 Nonane
10 Decane
11 Undecane
12 Dodecane

There are a few common branched substituents which you should memorize

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Here is a simple list of rules to follow. Some examples are given.

1. Identify the longest carbon chain. This chain is called the parent chain.
2. Identify all of the substituents (groups appending from the parent chain).
3. Number the carbons of the parent chain from the end that gives the substituents
the lowest numbers. When comparing a series of numbers, the series that is the
"lowest" is the one which contains the lowest number at the occasion of the first
difference. If two or more side chains are in equivalent positions, assign the lowest
number to the one which will come first in the name.
4. If the same substituent occurs more than once, the location of each point on which
the substituent occurs is given. In addition, the number of times the substituent
group occurs is indicated by a prefix (di, tri, tetra, etc.).
5. If there are two or more different substituents they are listed in alphabetical order
using the base name (ignore the prefixes). The only prefix which is used when
putting the substituents in alphabetical order is iso as in isopropyl or isobutyl. The
prefixes sec- and tert- are not used in determining alphabetical order except when
compared with each other.
6. If chains of equal length are competing for selection as the parent chain, then the
choice goes in series to:
a) the chain which has the greatest number of side chains.
b) The chain whose substituents have the lowest- numbers.
c) The chain having the greatest number of carbon atoms in the smaller side chain.
d) the chain having the least branched side chains.
7. A cyclic (ring) hydrocarbon is designated by the prefix cyclo- which appears
directly in front of the base name.

In summary, the name of the compound is written out with the substituents in
alphabetical order followed by the base name (derived from the number of carbons in
the parent chain). Commas are used between numbers and dashes are used between
letters and numbers. There are no spaces in the name.

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 Alkenes and Alkynes - unsaturated hydrocarbons

Double bonds in hydrocarbons are indicated by replacing the suffix -ane with -
ene. If there is more than one double bond, the suffix is expanded to include a
prefix that indicates the number of double bonds present (-adiene, -atriene,
etc.). Triple bonds are named in a similar way using the suffix -yne. The position of
the multiple bond(s) within the parent chain is (are) indicated by placing the
number(s) of the first carbon of the multiple bond(s) directly in front of the base
name.

Here is an important list of rules to follow:

1. The parent chain is numbered so that the multiple bonds have the lowest numbers
(double and triple bonds have priority over alkyl and halo substituents).
2. When both double and triple bonds are present, numbers as low as possible are
given to double and triple bonds even though this may at times give "-yne" a lower
number than "-ene". When there is a choice in numbering, the double bonds are
given the lowest numbers.
3. When both double and triple bonds are present, the -en suffix follows the parent
chain directly and the -yne suffix follows the -en suffix (notice that the e is left off, -
en instead of -ene). The location of the double bond(s) is(are) indicated before the
parent name as before, and the location of the triple bond(s) is(are) indicated
between the -en and -yne suffixes. See below for examples.
4. For a branched unsaturated acyclic hydrocarbon, the parent chain is the longest
carbon chain that contains the maximum number of double and triple bonds.
If there are two or more chains competing for selection as the parent chain (chain
with the most multiple bonds), the choice goes to (1) the chain with the greatest
number of carbon atoms, (2) the # of carbon atoms being equal, the chain
containing the maximum number of double bonds.
5. If there is a choice in numbering not previously covered, the parent chain is
numbered to give the substituents the lowest number at the first point of
difference.

Example:

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 Alcohols
Alcohols are named by replacing the suffix -ane with -anol. If there is more than
one hydroxyl group (-OH), the suffix is expanded to include a prefix that indicates
the number of hydroxyl groups present (-anediol, -anetriol, etc.). The position of
the hydroxyl group(s) on the parent chain is (are) indicated by placing the
number(s) corresponding to the location(s) on the parent chain directly in front of
the base name (same as alkenes).

Here is an important list of rules to follow:

1. The hydroxyl group takes precedence over alkyl groups and halogen substituents,
as well as double bonds, in the numbering of the parent chain.
2. When both double bonds and hydroxyl groups are present, the -en suffix follows
the parent chain directly and the -ol suffix follows the -en suffix (notice that the e is
left off, -en instead of -ene). The location of the double bond(s) is(are) indicated
before the parent’s name as before, and the location of the hydroxyl group(s)
is(are) indicated between the -en and -ol suffixes. See below for examples. Again,
the hydroxyl gets priority in the numbering of the parent chain.
3. If there is a choice in numbering not previously covered, the parent chain is
numbered to give the substituents the lowest number at the first point of
difference.

Here is the example

 Ethers
You are only expected to know how to name ethers by their common names. The
two alkyl groups attached to the oxygen are put in alphabetical order with spaces
between the names and they are followed by the word ether. The prefix di- is used
if both alkyl groups are the same.

Here are some examples:

 Aldehydes
Aldehydes are named by replacing the suffix -ane with -anal. If there is more than
one -CHO group, the suffix is expanded to include a prefix that indicates the
number of -CHO groups present (-anedial - there should not be more than 2 of

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these groups on the parent chain as they must occur at the ends). It is not
necessary to indicate the position of the -CHO group because this group will be at
the end of the parent chain and its carbon is automatically assigned as C-1.

Here is an important list of rules to follow:

1. The carbonyl group takes precedence over alkyl groups and halogen substituents,
as well as double bonds, in the numbering of the parent chain.
2. When both double bonds and carbonyl groups are present, the -en suffix follows
the parent chain directly and the -al suffix follows the -en suffix (notice that the e is
left off, -en instead of -ene). The location of the double bond(s) is(are) indicated
before the parent name as before, and the -al suffix follows the -en suffix directly.
Remember it is not necessary to specify the location of the carbonyl group
because it will automatically be carbon #1. See below for examples. Again, the
carbonyl gets priority in the numbering of the parent chain.
3. There are a couple of common names which are acceptable as IUPAC names. They
are shown in the examples at the end of this list but at this point these names will
not be accepted by the computer. Eventually they will be accepted.
4. If there is a choice in numbering not previously covered, the parent chain is
numbered to give the substituents the lowest number at the first point of
difference.

 Ketones
Ketones are named by replacing the suffix -ane with -anone. If there is more than
one carbonyl group (C=O), the suffix is expanded to include a prefix that indicates
the number of carbonyl groups present (-anedione, -anetrione, etc.). The
position of the carbonyl group(s) on the parent chain is(are) indicated by placing
the number(s) corresponding to the location(s) on the parent chain directly in front
of the base name (same as alkenes).

Here is an important list of rules to follow:

1. The carbonyl group takes precedence over alkyl groups and halogen substituents,
as well as double bonds, in the numbering of the parent chain.
2. When both double bonds and carbonyl groups are present, the -en suffix follows
the parent chain directly and the -one suffix follows the -en suffix (notice that the e
is left off, -en instead of -ene). The location of the double bond(s) is(are) indicated
before the parent name as before, and the location of the carbonyl group(s) is(are)
indicated between the -en and -one suffixes. See below for examples. Again, the
carbonyl gets priority in the numbering of the parent chain.
3. If there is a choice in numbering not previously covered, the parent chain is
numbered to give the substituents the lowest number at the first point of
difference.

 Carboxylic Acids
Carboxylic acids are named by counting the number of carbons in the longest
continuous chain including the carboxyl group and by replacing the suffix -ane of
the corresponding alkane with -anoic acid. If there are two -COOH groups, the
suffix is expanded to include a prefix that indicates the number of -COOH groups
present (-anedioic acid - there should not be more than 2 of these groups on the
parent chain as they must occur at the ends). It is not necessary to indicate the
position of the -COOH group because this group will be at the end of the parent
chain and its carbon is automatically assigned as C-1.

Here is an important list of rules to follow:

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1. The carboxyl group takes precedence over alkyl groups and halogen substituents,
as well as double bonds, in the numbering of the parent chain.
2. If the carboxyl group is attached to a ring the parent ring is named and the suffix -
carboxylic acid is added.
3. When both double bonds and carboxyl groups are present, the -en suffix follows
the parent chain directly and the -oic acid suffix follows the -en suffix (notice that
the e is left off, -en instead of -ene). The location of the double bond(s) is(are)
indicated before the parent name as before, and the -oic acid suffix follows the -en
suffix directly. Remember it is not necessary to specify the location of the carboxyl
group because it will automatically be carbon #1. See below for examples. Again,
the carboxyl gets priority in the numbering of the parent chain.
4. There are several common names which are acceptable as IUPAC names. They are
shown in the examples at the end of this list but at this point these names
will not be accepted by the computer. Eventually they will be accepted.
5. If there is a choice in numbering not previously covered, the parent chain is
numbered to give the substituents the lowest number at the first point of
difference.

Activities:

Read and answer the following questions:

1. Explain the importance of IUPAC

2. Why do we need rules in naming and writing compounds?

References:

1155 Sixteenth Street, NW, Washington, DC 20036, USA | service@acs.org | 1-800-333-

9511 (US and Canada) | 614-447-3776 (outside North America)

“acs.org ,“ Applied Chemistry, 2021

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transmitted in any form or by any means (electronic, mechanical, photocopying,
recording, or otherwise) without prior written permission from the school.
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https://www.acs.org/content/acs/en/careers/college-to-career/areas-of-chemistry/organic-
chemistry.html#:~:text=Organic%20chemistry%20is%20the%20study,bond)%2C
%20nitrogen%2C%20oxygen%2C

“Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation,” Chemistry, 2020

“Rice University," Creative Commons, 2020

https://www.siyavula.com/read/science/grade-12/organic-molecules/04-organic-
molecules-06

http://www.chem.uiuc.edu/GenChemReferences/nomenclature_rules.html

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Course: APPLIED CHEMISTRY Grade Level: 9 - SCPSTE

Quarter: FIRST Time Frame:

Topic/s: Module 3: Polymers Properties Uses

Learning Objectives:

At the end of the lesson, the students should be able to:

- Define polymers
- Explain the characteristics of a polymer
- Explain the properties of a polymer

Discussion:

A polymer is a large molecule or a macromolecule which essentially is a combination of

many subunits. The term polymer in Greek means ‘many parts’. Polymers can be
found all around us. From the strand of our DNA which is a naturally occurring
biopolymer to polypropylene which is used throughout the world as plastic.

 Naturally found in plants and animals (natural polymers) or may be man-made

(synthetic polymers).
 Different polymers have a number of unique physical and chemical properties due to
which they find usage in everyday life.

Polymers are all created by the process of polymerization wherein their constituent
elements called monomers, are reacted together to form polymer chains, i.e 3-
dimensional networks forming the polymer bonds. The type
of polymerization mechanism used depends on the type of functional groups attached to
the reactants. In the biological context, almost all macromolecules are either completely
polymeric or are made up of large polymeric chains.
Polymers are widely used advanced materials, which are found almost in every
material used in our daily life. To date, the importance of polymers has been much more
highlighted because of their applications in different dominions of sciences, technologies
and industry – from basic uses to biopolymers and therapeutic polymers.
The Structure of Polymers

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 composed of hydrocarbons
 compounds of carbon and hydrogen
 made of carbon atoms bonded together

Characteristics of Polymers

1. Polymers can be very resistant to chemicals.

 Consider all the cleaning fluids in your home that are packaged in plastic.
2. Polymers can be both thermal and electrical insulators.
 A walk through your house will reinforce this concept, as you consider all the
appliances, cords, electrical outlets and wiring that are made or covered with
polymeric materials.
3. Generally, polymers are very light in weight with significant degrees of
strength.
 Consider the range of applications, from toys to the frame structure of space
stations, or from delicate nylon fiber in pantyhose to Kevlar, which is used in
bulletproof vests.
4. Polymers are materials with a seemingly limitless range of characteristics
and colors.
 Polymers have many inherent properties that can be further enhanced by a wide
range of additives to broaden their uses and applications.
5. Polymers are usually made of petroleum, but not always.
 Polymers have many inherent properties that can be further enhanced by a wide
range of additives to broaden their uses and applications.
6. Polymers can be processed in various ways.
 Extrusion produces thin fibers or heavy pipes or films or food bottles. Extrusion
produces thin fibers or heavy pipes or films or food bottles.
7. Polymers can be used to make items that have no alternatives from other
materials.
 Polymers can be made into clear, waterproof films. PVC is used to make medical
tubing and blood bags that extend the shelf life of blood and blood products. PVC
safely delivers flammable oxygen in non-burning flexible tubing.

Classification of Polymers based on the Source of Availability

1. Natural Polymers:
 They occur naturally and are found in plants and animals. For example proteins,
starch, cellulose, and rubber. To add up, we also have biodegradable polymers
which are called biopolymers.

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2. Semi-synthetic Polymers:
 They are derived from naturally occurring polymers and undergo further chemical
modification. For example, cellulose nitrate, cellulose acetate.
3. Synthetic Polymers:
 These are man-made polymers. Plastic is the most common and widely used
synthetic polymer. It is used in industries and various dairy products. For example,
nylon.

Classification of Polymers based on the Structure of the Monomer chain

Linear Polymers- The structure of polymers containing long and straight chains fall into
this category. PVC, i.e. poly-vinyl chloride is largely used for making pipes and electric
cables are an example of a linear polymer.

Branched-chain Polymers- When linear chains of a polymer form branches, then, such
polymers are categorized as branched chain polymers. For example, Low-density
polythene.

Cross-linked Polymers- They are composed of bifunctional and trifunctional

monomers. They have a stronger covalent bond in comparison to other linear polymers.
Bakelite and melamine are examples in this category.
Classification Based on Molecular Forces

 Elastomers: These are rubber-like solids weak interaction forces are present. For
example, Rubber.

 Fibres: Strong, tough, high tensile strength and strong forces of interaction are
present. For example, nylon -6, 6.
 Thermoplastics: These have intermediate forces of attraction. For example,
polyvinyl chloride.
 Thermosetting polymers: These polymers greatly improve the material’s
mechanical properties. It provides enhanced chemical and heat resistance. For
example, phenolics, epoxies, and silicones.

Biodegradable Polymers
The polymers which are degraded and decayed by microorganisms like bacteria are
known as biodegradable polymers. These types of polymers are used in surgical
bandages, capsule coatings and in surgery. For example, Poly hydroxybutyrate co vel
[PHBV]

High-Temperature Polymers
These polymers are stable at high temperatures. Due to their high molecular weight,
these are not destroyed even at very high temperatures. They are extensively used in
the healthcare industries, for making sterilization equipment and in the manufacturing of
heat and shock-resistant objects.
Few of the important polymers are:

 Polypropylene: It is a type of polymer that softens beyond a specific temperature

allowing it to be molded and on cooling it solidifies.
 Polyethene: It is the most common type of plastic found around us. Mostly used
in packaging from plastic bags to plastic bottles.

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Properties of Polymers

Physical Properties

 As chain length and cross-linking increases the tensile strength of the polymer
increases.
 Polymers do not melt; they change state from crystalline to semi-crystalline.

Chemical Properties

 Compared to conventional molecules with different side molecules, the polymer is

enabled with hydrogen bonding and ionic bonding resulting in better cross-linking
strength.
 Dipole-dipole bonding side chains enable the polymer for high flexibility.

Optical Properties

 Due to their ability to change their refractive index with temperature as in the case
of PMMA and HEMA: MMA, they are used in lasers for applications in spectroscopy
and analytical applications.

Some Polymers and their Monomers

 Polypropene, also known as polypropylene, is made up of monomer propene.

 Polystyrene is an aromatic polymer, naturally transparent, made up of monomer
styrene.
 Polyvinyl chloride (PVC) is a plastic polymer made of monomer vinyl chloride.
 The urea-formaldehyde resin is a non-transparent plastic obtained by heating
formaldehyde and urea.
 Glyptic is made up of monomers ethylene glycol and phthalic acid.
 Bakelite is a plastic which is made up of monomers phenol and aldehyde.

Types of Polymerization Reactions

Addition Polymerization

 This is also called as chain growth polymerization. In this, small monomers unit joi
to form a giant polymer. In each step, the length of the chain increases

Condensation Polymerization

 In this type small molecules like H2O, CO, NH3 are eliminated during polymerization
(step growth polymerization).

Uses of Polymers

Here we will list some of the important uses of polymers in our everyday life.

 Polypropene finds usage in a broad range of industries such as textiles, packaging,

stationery, plastics, aircraft, construction, rope, toys, etc.

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 Polystyrene is one of the most common plastic, actively used in the packaging
industry. Bottles, toys, containers, trays, disposable glasses and plates, tv cabinets
and lids are some of the daily-used products made up of polystyrene. It is also
used as an insulator.
 The most important use of polyvinyl chloride is the manufacture of sewage pipes.
It is also used as an insulator in the electric cables.
 Polyvinyl chloride is used in clothing and furniture and has recently become
popular for the construction of doors and windows as well. It is also used in vinyl
flooring.
 Urea-formaldehyde resins are used for making adhesives, molds, laminated sheets,
unbreakable containers, etc.
 Glyptic is used for making paints, coatings, and lacquers.
 Bakelite is used for making electrical switches, kitchen products, toys, jewelry,
firearms, insulators, computer discs, etc.

Commercial Uses of Polymers

Polymer Monomer Uses of Polymer
Rubber Isoprene (1,2-methyl 1 – 1, 3- Making tires, elastic
butadiene) material
BUNA-S (a) 1,3-butadiene (b) Styrene Synthetic rubber
BUNA-N (a) 1,3-butadiene (b) Vinyl Cyanide Synthetic rubber
Teflon Tetra Flouro Ethane Non-stick cookware-
plastics
Terylene (a) Ethylene glycol (b) Terephthalic Fabric
acid
Glyptal (a) Ethylene glycol (b) Phthalic acid Fabric
Bakelite (a)Phenol(b) Formaldehyde Plastic switches
PVC Vinyl Cyanide Tubes,pipes
Melamine (a) Melamine (b) Formaldehyde Ceramic plastic material
Formaldehyde
Resin
Nylon-6 Caprolactum Fabric

Activities:

Read and answer the following questions:

1. How would you make the polymers useful in our daily lives?

2. Explain the impact of polymers in the society

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transmitted in any form or by any means (electronic, mechanical, photocopying,
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References:

Organic chemistry. “college career” accessed 2021,

https://www.acs.org/content/acs/en/careers/college-to-career/areas-of-chemistry/organic-
chemistry.html#:~:text=Organic%20chemistry%20is%20the%20study,bond)%2C
%20nitrogen%2C%20oxygen%2C

Rice University. “Creative commons,” accessed 2020,

Organic chemistry “siyavula,” accessed 2020
https://www.siyavula.com/read/science/grade-12/organic-molecules/04-organic-
molecules-06

Plastics “American Chemistry,” accessed 2020,

https://plastics.americanchemistry.com/plastics/The-Basics/

Polymers- Classification, Types, Uses, Properties, Polymerization, last modified 2022,

accessed August 11, 2022
https://byjus.com/jee/polymers/-

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Course: APPLIED CHEMISTRY Grade Level: 9 - SCPSTE

Quarter: FIRST Time Frame:

Topic/s: The Chemical Context of Life

Learning Objectives:

At the end of the lesson, the students should be able to:

- Define matter
- Differentiate elements and compounds
- Explain the subatomic particles of an atom

Discussion:

Organisms are composed of matter, which is defined as thing that takes up space and
has mass. Matter exists in many diverse forms. Rocks, metals, oils, gases, and humans
are just a few examples of what seems an endless assortment of matter.

Elements and Compounds

Matter is made up of elements. An element is a substance that cannot be broken

down to other substances by chemical reactions. Today, chemists recognize 92 elements

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occurring in nature; gold, copper, carbon, and oxygen are examples. Each element has a
symbol, usually the first letter or two of its name. Some symbols are derived from Latin
or German; for instance, the symbol for sodium is Na, from the Latin word natrium.

A compound is a substance consisting of two or more different elements combined in

a fixed ratio. Table salt, for example, is sodium chloride (NaCl), a compound composed of
the elements sodium (Na) and chlorine (Cl). Pure sodium is a metal, and pure chlorine is
a poisonous gas. When chemically combined, however, sodium and chlorine form an
edible compound.

Sometimes we substitute the term weight for mass,

although the two are not identical. Mass is the amount
of matter in an object, whereas the weight of an object
is how strongly that mass is pulled by gravity. The
weight of an astronaut walking on the moon is
approximately 1/6 of the astronaut’s weight on Earth,
but his or her mass is the same. However, as long as we
are earthbound the weight of an object is a measure of
its mass; in every language, therefore, we tend to use
the terms interchangeably.

The Elements of Life

Of the 92 natural elements, about 20-25% are essential elements that the organism
needs to live a healthy life and reproduce. The essential elements are similar among
organisms, but there is some variation-for example, human need 25 elements, but plants
need only 17.

Just four elements-oxygen (O), carbon (C), hydrogen (H) and nitrogen (N)-make up 96%
of living matter. Calcium (Ca), phosphorus (P), potassium (K), sulfur (S), and a few other
elements account for most of the remaining 4% of organisms mass. Trace elements
are required by an organism in only minute quantities. Some trace elements, such as
iron (Fe), are needed by all forms of life; others are required only by certain species. For
example, in vertebrates (animals with backbones), the element iodine (I) is an essential
ingredient of a hormone produced by the thyroid gland. A daily intake of only 0.15
milligram (mg) of iodine is adequate for normal activity of the human thyroid. An iodine
deficiency in the diet causes the thyroid gland to grow to abnormal size, a condition
called goiter. Where it is available, eating seafood or iodized salt reduces the incidence
of goiter.

Some naturally occurring elements are toxic to organisms. In humans, for instance, the
element arsenic has been linked to numerous diseases and can be lethal. In some areas
of the world, arsenic occurs naturally and can make its way into the groundwater. As a
result of using water from drilled wells in southern Asia, millions of people have been

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inadvertently exposed to arsenic-laden water. Efforts are under way to reduce arsenic
levels in their water supply.

An element's properties depend on the structure of its atoms

Each element consists of a certain type of atom that is different from the atoms of any
other element. An atom is the smallest unit of matter that still retains the properties of
an element. Atoms are so small that it would take about a million of them to stretch
across the period printed at the end of this sentence. We symbolize atoms with the same
abbreviation used for the element that is made up of those atoms. For example, the
symbol C stands for both the element carbon and a single carbon atom.

Subatomic Particles

Although the atom is the smallest unit having the properties of an element, these tiny
bits of matter are composed of even smaller parts, called subatomic particles.
Physicists have split the atom into more than a hundred types of particles, but only three
kinds of particles are relevant here: neutrons, protons, and electrons. Protons and
electrons are electrically charged. Each proton has one unit of positive charge, and each
electron has one unit of negative charge. A neutron, as its name implies, is electrically
neutral.

Protons and neutrons are packed together tightly in a dense core, or atomic nucleus, at
the center of an atom; protons give the nucleus a positive charge. The electrons form a
sort of cloud of negative charge around the nucleus, and it is the attraction between
opposite charges that keeps the electrons in the vicinity of the nucleus.

The neutron and proton are almost identical in mass, each about 1.7 x 10−24 gram (g).
Grams and other conventional units are not very useful for describing the mass of
objects so minuscule. Thus, for atoms and subatomic particles (and for molecules, too),
we use a unit of measurement called the Dalton, in honor of John Dalton, the British
scientist who helped develop atomic theory around 1800. Neutrons and protons have
masses close to 1 Dalton. Because the mass of an electron is only about 1/2,000 that of
a neutron or proton, we can ignore electrons when computing the total mass of an atom.

Atomic Number and Atomic Mass

Atoms of the various elements differ in their number of subatomic particles. All atoms
of a particular element have the same number of protons in their nuclei. This number of
protons, which is unique to that element, is called the atomic number and is written as
a subscript to the left of the symbol for the element.

We can reduce the number of neutrons from a second quantity, the mass number,
which is the sum of protons plus neutrons in the nucleus of an atom. The mass number is
written as a superscript to the left of an element's symbol.

Isotopes

All atoms of a given element have the same number of protons, but some atoms have
more neutrons than other atoms of the same element and therefore have greater mass.
These different atomic forms of the same element are called isotopes of the same
element are called isotopes of the element. Isotopes are simply forms of an element
that have different numbers of neutrons in the nuclei of their atoms. The difference in

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Eucharistic King Academy of Sara, Inc. Learning Module for Applied Chemistry 9
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the number of neutrons between the various isotopes of an element means that the
various isotopes have different masses.

Both 12C and 13C are stable isotopes, meaning that their nuclei do not have a tendency
to lose particles. The isotope 14C, however, is unstable, or radioactive. A radioactive
isotope is one in which the nucleus decays spontaneously, giving off particles and
energy. When the decay leads to a change in the number of protons, it transforms the
atom to an atom of a different element. For example, when a radioactive carbon atom
decays, it becomes an atom of nitrogen.

Radioactive isotopes have many useful applications in biology. Radioactive isotopes

are also useful as tracers to follow atoms through metabolism, the chemical processes of
an organism. Cells use the radioactive atoms as they would use nonradioactive isotopes
of the same element, but the radioactive tracers can be readily detected.

Radioactive tracers are important diagnostic tools in medicine. For example, certain
kidney disorders can be diagnosed by injecting small doses of substances containing
radioactive isotopes into the blood and then measuring the amount of tracer excreted in
the urine. Radioactive tracers are also used in combination with sophisticated imaging
instruments. PET scanners, for instance, can monitor chemical processes, such as those
involved in cancerous growth, as they actually occur in the body.

Although radioactive isotopes are very useful in biological research and medicine,
radiation from decaying isotopes also poses a hazard to life by damaging cellular
molecules, The severity of this damage depends on the type and amount of radiation an
organism absorbs. One of the most serious environmental threats is radioactive fallout
from nuclear accidents. The doses of most isotopes used in medical diagnosis however,
are relatively safe.

Activities:

Read and answer the following questions:

1. Do we use elements and compounds in our daily living?

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transmitted in any form or by any means (electronic, mechanical, photocopying,
recording, or otherwise) without prior written permission from the school.
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2. Why is it important to learn about elements and compounds?

Reference:

Reece, Et.al. Biology Campbell 9th Edition: (Pearson Education Inc.).: Philippine
Representative Office, Philippines, 2011), 77-80.

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