BATAAN HEROES COLLEGE

BATAAN HEROES COLLEGE

Module 4.1

INTRODUCTION TO
ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
GENERAL CHEMISTRY (ORGANIC)

Prepared by:
GILLIAN ROSE R. SALVADOR, LPT
General Education Department
AdGE General Chemistry: Organic / Study Guide 4.1
GILLIAN ROSE R. SALVADOR, LPT Page | 1
 BATAAN HEROES COLLEGE

This module or any portion thereof may not be reproduced, copied, transmitted or
distributed in any manner whatsoever without the express written permission of the College or the
Author.

For permission: Contact Bataan Heroes College, Roman Super Hi-way, Balanga City,
Bataan, Philippines

AdGE General Chemistry: Organic / Study Guide 4.1

GILLIAN ROSE R. SALVADOR, LPT Page | 2
 BATAAN HEROES COLLEGE

I. Course Information

Course Title : General Chemistry: Organic

Program : General Education
Course Code : AdGE
Credit Units : 2 units (Lecture); 1 unit (laboratory)
Pre-requisite/s : None

II. Instructor Information

Name : Gillian Rose R. Salvador, LPT

Contact Information

a. Facebook Page : https://www.facebook.com/gillianrose.salvador/

b. Email : salvadorgillian15@heroes1979.edu.ph

III. Course Purpose and Description

This course provides fundamental and essential concepts of chemistry, especially organic
compounds. These essential topics will help students comprehend the organic materials in the
investigation process and develop their numeracy, problem-solving, and communication skills.

The course is divided into two units for the offered semester: (1) general chemistry, and (2)
organic chemistry. The first part focuses on the introduction of chemistry, which helps students
have prior knowledge of matter from macroscopic and microscopic perspectives. In addition,
laboratory techniques and measurements will help the students in a scientific investigation.

The second part focuses on the properties, structures, and application of hydrocarbons and
their derivatives. This tackles the chemistry of carbon-based compounds. Starting with the simplest
hydrocarbons, the course expands to examine the compounds from the properties, synthesis,
interactions, and applications.

AdGE General Chemistry: Organic / Study Guide 4.1

GILLIAN ROSE R. SALVADOR, LPT Page | 3
 BATAAN HEROES COLLEGE

Intended Learning Outcomes (ILO)

At the end of this course, the students should be able to:
1. Identify the keys and applications of general chemistry concepts.
2. Perform an experiment that states experimental observation and result interpretation
in relation to specific principles and fundamental concepts of chemistry.
3. Analyze the key concepts such as structure, properties, composition, reactions, and
applications of carbon-containing compounds.
4. Evaluate the role or relation of organic chemistry to the chosen program and real-life
application.

IV. Course Schedule

All students enrolled in this course are expected to keep track of all the requirements
and deadlines for this course. The course schedule below will be used as our guide for
tracking our progress on this course:

Week Module No. Topic ILO

1. Group Chat & Google Classroom Membership

2. COR Submission
st
1 Course guide None
3. Course Guide Advanced Reading

4. Class Orientation

2nd -4th 1 5. Introduction to Chemistry 1 and 2

5th Preliminary Examination

2.1
6. Laboratory Orientation
th th
6 -8 2.2 1 and 2
7. Chemical Safety
3

AdGE General Chemistry: Organic / Study Guide 4.1

GILLIAN ROSE R. SALVADOR, LPT Page | 4
 BATAAN HEROES COLLEGE

9th Midterm Examination

10th – 4 8. Stoichiometry 1
11th

12th - 5.1 9. Properties and Applications of Organic 3 and 4

13th Chemistry

14th Semi-final Examination

15th - 5.2-5.3 10. Hydrocarbons 3 and 4

17th
11. Functional Groups

18th Final Examination

AdGE General Chemistry: Organic / Study Guide 4.1

GILLIAN ROSE R. SALVADOR, LPT Page | 5
 BATAAN HEROES COLLEGE

Module 4.1: Introduction to Organic Chemistry

To understand life is to comprehend organic chemistry. This module provides you with the
learning of organic chemistry that involves the scientific study of the composition, structure,
properties, and preparation of carbon-based compounds, hydrocarbons, and their derivatives.
This concept will help you to answer questions such as (1) Why is the study of organic compounds
important to our lives? And (2) How do organic compounds benefit and harm human health and
the environment?

Objectives of the Module:

At the end of this module, the students should be able to:

1. Describe the properties of organic chemistry;

2. Illustrate the different ways to draw the structures of organic compounds;
3. Identify the different types of organic reactions; and
4. Determine the applications and effects of organic compounds on human health and the
environment.

Organic Chemistry
✔ It is a branch of chemistry that studies the structure, properties, and reactions of organic
compounds, which contain carbon-carbon covalent bonds.
● Structure- structural formula: Lewis, condensed, and skeletal formula
● Properties- physical and chemical
● Reactivity- chemical synthesis
✔ characterizes life
• Pharmaceutical
• Agriculture (vegetable oil, biofuels)
• Petroleum Industry
• Consumer Products (soaps, plastics, Figure 1 Examples of Organic Compounds
retrieved from www.sciencenotes.org
cosmetics)
AdGE General Chemistry: Organic / Study Guide 4.1
GILLIAN ROSE R. SALVADOR, LPT Page | 6
 BATAAN HEROES COLLEGE

History of Organic Chemistry

Romans and Egyptians
✓ Common supplies such as dyes, medicines, and
poisons coming from nature are already used but
they do not yet understand the concept of organic
chemistry.
The Little Hunt—300’s AD, Villa Romana
Gevela Jacob Berzelius (1810) del Casale, Amerina, Sicily
✓ first to use the word ‘organic’ Source: Early Church History, n.d.

✓ Theory of Vitalism- it states that organic compounds only

come from living organisms and synthesis of organic
compounds is only possible through the use of living
organisms with the aid of the vital force (soul).
Michel-Eugène Chevreul (1816)
✓ Contributed to the advancement of soap and candle
Michel Eugène Chevreul.
production. Lithograph by N. E. Maurin after
himself.
✓ Proved that an organic compound can be synthesized Source: Wellcome Library,
without the intervention of the ‘vital force’ following his London
works on soaps.
Friedrich Wöhler (1828)
✓ He was able to synthesize urea in the laboratory without
the use of kidney. Instead, he used ammonium cyanate.
Friedrich August Kekulé, Archibald Scott Couper, and
Alexander Butlerov (1858 and 1861)
Friedrich Wöhler
✓ Contributed to the establishment of the Structural Theory.
Source: Hoffmann, 1856
✓ Structural Theory
a. The atoms in organic compounds can form a fixed
VIDEO LINK:
number of bonds using their outermost shell (valence)
electrons. What is Organic
Chemistry? by
b. A carbon atom can use one or more of its valence Crash Course
electrons to form bonds to other carbon atoms.

AdGE General Chemistry: Organic / Study Guide 4.1

GILLIAN ROSE R. SALVADOR, LPT Page | 7
 BATAAN HEROES COLLEGE

Carbon as Prime Component

✔ Organic compounds contain carbon
atoms are covalently linked to atoms of
other elements, most commonly
hydrogen, oxygen, or nitrogen.
● Carbon is unique among the other
elements in that its atoms can form
stable covalent bonds with each other
and with atoms of other elements in a
multitude of variations. The resulting
Figure 2 Difference between organic and inorganic
molecules can contain from one to compounds retrieved from https://sciencenotes.org/wp-
millions of carbon atoms. content/uploads/2020/12/Organic-vs-Inorganic-
Compounds.jpg

✔ Some compounds, however, may contain

Sucrose (table Sodium chloride
carbon but are considered inorganic as
sugar), C12H22O11 (table salt) (NaCl)
their properties resemble more of those
inorganic compounds. Methane, CH4 Carbon monoxide
● carbon monoxide (CO)
● cyanide (CN-) DNA Glass and quartz
● carbonate (CO3-2) (SiO2)
✔ Basis of distinction: Ethanol (grain Hydrochloric acid
● Organic compounds always contain alcohol), C2H6O (HCl)
carbon while inorganic compounds
contain metal and other elements.
● Organic compounds are characterized
by carbon-hydrogen bonds which are
not found in inorganic compounds.
● Organic compounds have lower boiling
and melting point than inorganic
compounds.
● Generally, organic compounds are less
soluble in water than inorganic
compounds.
● Organic compounds are a poor
conductor of heat and electricity than inorganic compounds.
● Organic compounds are covalent while inorganic compounds are covalent as well as
ionic in nature.
● Organic compounds contain long, complex chains of molecules while inorganic
compounds do not have these.
AdGE General Chemistry: Organic / Study Guide 4.1
GILLIAN ROSE R. SALVADOR, LPT Page | 8
 BATAAN HEROES COLLEGE

Importance of Organic Compounds

Organic compound plays a vital role in our lives. There is hardly any work of life where we do not
need these compounds.

Food Carbohydrates, proteins, fats, vitamins

Fuel Coal, wood, petroleum

Medicines Penicillin, streptomycin, morphine, aspirin

Clothes Cotton, silk, nylon, wool

Insecticides D.D.T, malathion

Household Soaps, plastics, paints, photographic films

Ways to Draw Structure of Organic Compounds

Lewis-type- covalent bonds are represented by lines.

✔ Example:

Condensed Formula- is written using the symbols of the elements and arranged based on their
connectivity.
✔ Example:
𝑒𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑒 − 𝐶𝐻3 𝐶𝐻3 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑒𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑜𝑙 − 𝐶𝐻3 𝐶𝐻2 𝑂𝐻

AdGE General Chemistry: Organic / Study Guide 4.1

GILLIAN ROSE R. SALVADOR, LPT Page | 9
 BATAAN HEROES COLLEGE

Skeletal Formula- uses sticks/lines to draw the backbone of the organic compound. The carbon
backbone is not written but they are represented by the bends/ends of the lines. Hydrogen atoms
directly connected to the carbon chain are also omitted. However, hydrogen is drawn if it is
connected with other atoms aside from carbon.
Example:

Types of Organic Reactions

Addition Reactions- occur when two reactants add together to form a single product with no
atoms “left over.”
𝑨+𝑩→𝑪

✓ Example:

Elimination Reactions- occur when a single reactant splits into two products, often with
formation of a small molecule such as water or HBr.
𝑨→𝑩+𝑪
✓ Example:

Substitution Reactions- occur when two reactants exchange parts to give two new products.
𝑨−𝑩+𝑪−𝑫→𝑨−𝑪+𝑩−𝑫
✓ Example:

AdGE General Chemistry: Organic / Study Guide 4.1

GILLIAN ROSE R. SALVADOR, LPT Page | 10
 BATAAN HEROES COLLEGE

Rearrangement Reactions- occur when a single reactant undergoes a reorganization of bonds

and atoms to yield an isomeric product.
𝑨→𝑩
✓ Example:

Oxidation Reactions- occur when there is addition of oxygen to a molecule or removal of

hydrogen from it.
✓ there is an increase in the number of O atoms and/or decrease in the number of H
atoms in the organic substrate.
✓ Examples:

Reduction Reactions- occur when there is addition of hydrogen to a molecule or removal of

oxygen from it.

✓ there is an increase in the number of H atoms and/or decrease in the number of O

atoms in the organic substrate.
✓ Examples:

AdGE General Chemistry: Organic / Study Guide 4.1

GILLIAN ROSE R. SALVADOR, LPT Page | 11
 BATAAN HEROES COLLEGE

Assessment 4.1.1: Check your Understanding

Infographics

Name: Score:

Student No.: Date:

Instruction: Create an infographic that answers the following guide questions below. Present
your work through infographics either through Canva, Piktochart, Powerpoint, and save it either
in the form of PDF, JPEG, or GIF. In case you do not have the means to create electronic
infographics, you may creatively draw them.

Infographics: Infographics (a clipped compound of "information" and "graphics") are graphic

visual representations of information, data, or knowledge intended to present information quickly
and clearly. They can improve cognition by utilizing graphics to enhance the human visual
system's ability to see patterns and trends.

Steps: You may use these links to help you in creating your infographic.

Powerpoint https://www.copypress.com/kb/infographics/how-to-make-
infographics-with powerpoint-2/

MS word https://www.copypress.com/kb/infographics/how-to-make-
infographics-with powerpoint-2/

Canva https://www.copypress.com/kb/infographics/how-to-make-
infographics-with powerpoint-2/

Piktochart https://piktochart.com/blog/how-to-create-an-infographic-and-other-visual-
projects in-5-minutes/

AdGE General Chemistry: Organic / Study Guide 4.1

GILLIAN ROSE R. SALVADOR, LPT Page | 12
 BATAAN HEROES COLLEGE

Guide Questions:

1. What is organic chemistry?

2. Why is the study of organic compounds important to our lives?
3. What makes carbon the prime component of organic compounds?
4. What are the differences between organic compounds and inorganic compounds?
Important Parts:
1. Title
2. Group name
3. Key points
4. References
Format:
1. 8.5” x 11”
2. Portrait

Assessment Tool
Rubric No. 1: Freestyle Activity

Criteria Indicators %

Knowledge of How well does the student understand the concept? How well does the
50
the concept presentation reflect this understanding?

In what way does the student organize the covered information

Organization 20
chronologically and meaningfully?

Creativity How well does the student inject creativity in his/ her presentation? 30

AdGE General Chemistry: Organic / Study Guide 4.1

GILLIAN ROSE R. SALVADOR, LPT Page | 13
 BATAAN HEROES COLLEGE

Assessment 4.1.2

Name: Score:

Student No.: Date:

A. INSTRUCTION: Convert the following Lewis-type Structure to Skeletal Formula.

LEWIS-TYPE STRUCTURE SKELETAL FORMULA

A. INSTRUCTION: Convert the following Skeletal Formula to Lewis-type Structure.

SKELETAL FORMULA LEWIS-TYPE STRUCTURE

AdGE General Chemistry: Organic / Study Guide 4.1

GILLIAN ROSE R. SALVADOR, LPT Page | 14
 BATAAN HEROES COLLEGE

B. INSTRUCTION: Write an example for each type of organic reactions.

1. Addition Reaction
2. Elimination Reaction
3. Substitution Reaction
4. Rearrangement Reaction
5. Oxidation Reaction
6. Reduction Reaction

AdGE General Chemistry: Organic / Study Guide 4.1

GILLIAN ROSE R. SALVADOR, LPT Page | 15
 BATAAN HEROES COLLEGE

References

Abistado, J. M., Bascara, M. T., & Valdoz, M. P. (2012). Science Links Chemistry. Manila: REX
Book Store.

Early Church History. (n.d.). Colors & Dyes for Clothing in Ancient Rome. Retrieved from
https://earlychurchhistory.org/fashion/colors-dyes-for-clothing-in-ancient-rome/
Encyclopædia Britannica. (n.d.). Wöhler, detail of a lithograph by R. Hoffmann, 1856. Retrieved
from https://www.britannica.com/biography/Friedrich-Wohler#/media/1/646422/15265
Georgia State University. (n.d.). Organic/Medicinal Chemistry. Retrieved from
https://chemistry.gsu.edu/organicmedicinal-chemistry/
LibreTexts. (2020). Organic Chemistry. Retrieved from
https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry
Longdom. (2020). Organic Chemistry Importance. Retrieved from
https://www.longdom.org/peer-reviewed-journals/organic-chemistry-importance-
9453.html
Lumen. (n.d.). Representing structures. Retrieved from https://courses.lumenlearning.com/suny-
potsdam-organicchemistry/chapter/1-3-representing-
structures/#:~:text=The%20different%20ways%20to%20draw,of%20drawing%20is%20na
med%20what.
McMurry, J. (2012). Organic Chemistry (8th ed.). Cengage-Learning. pp. 184-185.
Southern Illinois University Edwardsville. (n.d.). Introduction to Organic Chemistry. Retrieved
from https://www.siue.edu/~tpatric/Ch%2001%20Intro%20H%20T%20I.pdf

AdGE General Chemistry: Organic / Study Guide 4.1

GILLIAN ROSE R. SALVADOR, LPT Page | 16
 BATAAN HEROES COLLEGE

AdGE General Chemistry: Organic / Study Guide 4.1

GILLIAN ROSE R. SALVADOR, LPT Page | 17