ADARSH GYAN MANDIR

SR. SEC. SCHOOL

SHRINATHPURAM KOTA

Chemistry Practical File

2024-2025
Class-XII
MOB.- 8905337070
 Experiment 1
AIM:- To prepare 250 ml of M/20 standard solution of F.A.S. Using this solution find out
the molarity and strength of the given KMnO4 solution.

Theory :- KMnO4 oxidises Fe+++ ions in acidic medium in cold and itself reduced to
colourless Mn++ ions

2 KMnO4+10FeSO4(NH4)2SO4.6H2O+8H2SO4 -> K2SO4 + 2MnSO4 + 5Fe2(SO4)3

+10(NH4)2SO4+68H2O

OR

MnO4-+ 5Fe++ + 8H+ -> Mn++ + 5Fe+++ +4H2O

Molecular mass of KMnO4 = 158

Molecular mass of F.A.S =392

Mass of required F.A.S for prepairing 250 ml of M\20 solution =

(392\20)X(250\1000)=4.9g

Apparatus:- chemical balance,weight box,watch glass,measuring flask,

funnel,burette,pipette,conical flask , tile, burette stand etc.

Materials:- F.A.S crystals, dilute H2SO4,distilled water, KMnO4 solution

Indicator :- KMnO4 solution act as a self indicator.

Observation :-

1. Mass of watch glass(a)=18.6192 gm

2. Mass of mohr’s salt required (b)=4.9gm
3. Mass of (a)+(b) =23.5192gm
4. Volume of mohr’s salt solution prepaired =250ml
5. Molarity of mohr’s salt solution =m\20
 Observation table

S.No. volume of F.A.S Reading of KMnO4 solution Concordant

solution ( V1) ml volume of
Initial Final Used KMnO4
(a)ml (b)ml (b-a)ml (V2) ml

1 20ml 0.0 19.8 19.8ml

2 20ml 0.0 19.6 19.6ml 19.6 ml
3 20ml 0.0 19.6 19.6ml
Calculation:-
(A) Molarity of KMnO4 solution (M2)=?
M1V1 = 5M2V2
M2 = M1V1/5 V2
=(1x20)/ (20x5x19.6) M1=M/20 , V1= 20ml, M2=?,V2=19.6ml
M2 = 0.0102 M
(B) Strength of KMnO4 solution in gm/lit=?
Strength(gm/lit) =Molarity x Molecular mass
Strength(gm/lit)= 0.0102x158= 1.6116gm/lit
Result:- (1)Molarity of KMnO4=0.0102M
(2) Strength of KMnO4 = 1.6116 gm/lit.
 Experiment 2
AIM:- To prepare 250 ml of M/30 standard solution of F.A.S. Using this solution find out
the molarity and strength of the given KMnO4 solution.

Theory :- KMnO4 oxidises Fe+++ ions in acidic medium in cold and itself reduced to
colourless Mn++ ions

2 KMnO4+10FeSO4(NH4)2SO4.6H2O+8H2SO4 -> K2SO4 + 2MnSO4 +

5 Fe2(SO4)3 +10(NH4)2SO4+68H2O

OR

MnO4-+ 5Fe++ + 8H+ -> Mn++ + 5Fe+++ +4H2O

Molecular mass of KMnO4 = 158

Molecular mass of F.A.S =392

Mass of required F.A.S for prepairing 250 ml of M\30 solution =

(392\30)X(250\1000)=3.26g

Apparatus:- chemical balance,weight box,watch glass,measuring flask,

funnel,burette,pipette,conical flask , tile, burette stand etc.

Materials:- F.A.S crystals, dilute H2SO4,distilled water, KMnO4 solution

Indicator :- KMnO4 solution act as a self indicator.

Observation :-

1. Mass of watch glass(a ) =18.5974gm

2. Mass of mohr’s salt required(b)=3.26gm
3. Mass of (a)+(b) =21.8574gm
4. Volume of mohr’s salt solution prepaired =250ml
5. Molarity of mohr’s salt solution =m\30
 Observation table

S.No. volume of F.A.S Reading of KMnO4 solution Concordant

solution ( V1) ml volume of
Initial Final Used KMnO4
(a)ml (b)ml (b-a)ml (V2) ml

1 20ml 0.0 19.9 19.9ml

2 20ml 0.0 19.7 19.7ml 19.7 ml
3 20ml 0.0 19.7 19.7ml
Calculation:-
(A) Molarity of KMnO4 solution (M2)=?
M1V1 = 5M2V2
M2 = M1V1/5 V2
=(1x20)/ (30x5x19.7) M1=M/30 , V1= 20ml , M2=? , V2 =19.7ml

M2 = 0.0067 M
(B) Strength of KMnO4 solution in gm/lit=?
Strength(gm/lit) =Molarityx Molecular mass
Strength(gm/lit)= 0.0067x158= 1.0586gm/lit
Result:- (1)Molarity of KMnO4=0.0067M
(2) Strength of KMnO4 = 1.0586gm/lit
 Experiment 3
AIM:- To prepare 250 ml of M/20 standard solution of Oxalic acid. Using this solution find
out the molarity and strength of the given KMnO4 solution.

Theory :- KMnO4 oxidises Fe+++ ions in acidic medium in cold and itself reduced to
colourless Mn++ ions

2 KMnO4+5(COOH)2+3H2SO4 -> K2SO4+2MnSO4 + 10 CO2+8H2O

OR

2MnO4-+ 5C2O4-2 + 8H+ -> Mn+2 +10 CO2+10H2O

Molecular mass of KMnO4 = 158

Molecular mass of Oxalic acid =126

Mass of required Oxalic acid for prepairing 250 ml of M\20solution =

(126\20)X(250\1000)=1.575gm

Apparatus:- chemical balance,weight box,watch glass,measuring flask,

funnel,burette,pipette,conical flask , tile, burette stand etc.

Materials:- Hydrated oxalic acid crystals, dilute H2SO4,distilled water, KMnO4 solution

Indicator :- KMnO4 solution act as a self indicator.

Observation :-

1. Mass of watch glass(a)=18.6202gm

2. Mass of oxalic acid required(b)=1.575gm
3. Mass of (a)+(b) =20.1952gm
4. Volume of oxalic acid solution prepaired =250ml
5. Molarity of oxalic acid solution =m\20
 Observation table

S.No. volume of Reading of KMnO4 solution Concordant

(COOH)2 volume of
solution ( V1) ml Initial Final Used KMnO4
(a)ml (b)ml (b-a)ml (V2) ml

1 20ml 0.0 19.7 19.7ml

2 20ml 0.0 19.5 19.5ml 19.5 ml
3 20ml 0.0 19.5 19.5ml
Calculation:-
(A) Molarity of KMnO4 solution (M2)=?
2M1V1 = 5M2V2
M2 = 2 M1V1/5 V2
=(2x20)/ (20x5x19.5) M1=M/20 , V1= 20ml , M2=? , V2 =19.5ml

M2 = 0.0205 M
(B) Strength of KMnO4 solution in gm/lit=?
Strength gm/lit=Molarity x Molecular mass
Strength(gm/lit)= 0.0205x158= 3.2390gm/lit
Result:- (1)Molarity of KMnO4=0.0205M
(2) Strength of KMnO4 = 3.2390gm/lit
 Experiment 4
AIM:- To prepare 250 ml of M/30 standard solution of Oxalic acid. Using this solution find
out the molarity and strength of the given KMnO4 solution.

Theory :- KMnO4 oxidises Fe+++ ions in acidic medium in cold and itself reduced to
colourless Mn++ ions

2 KMnO4+5(COOH)2+3H2SO4 -> K2SO4+2MnSO4 + 10 CO2+8H2O

OR

2MnO4-+ 5C2O4-2 + 8H+ -> Mn+2 +10 CO2+10H2O

Molecular mass of KMnO4 = 158

Molecular mass of Oxalic acid =126

Mass of required Oxalic acid for prepairing 250 ml of M\30solution =

(126\30)X(250\1000)=1.05gm

Apparatus:- chemical balance,weight box,watch glass,measuring flask,

funnel,burette,pipette,conical flask , tile, burette stand etc.

Materials:- Hydrated oxalic acid crystals, dilute H2SO4,distilled water, KMnO4 solution

Indicator :- KMnO4 solution act as a self indicator.

Observation :-

1. Mass of watch glass(a)=18.6192gm

2. Mass of oxalic acid required(b)=1.05gm
3. Mass of (a)+(b) =19.6692gm
4. Volume of oxalic acid solution prepaired =250ml
5. Molarity of oxalic acid solution =M\30
 Observation table

S.No. volume of Reading of KMnO4 solution Concordant

(COOH)2 volume of
solution ( V1) ml Initial Final Used KMnO4
(a)ml (b)ml (b-a)ml (V2) ml

1 20ml 0.0 19.9 19.9ml

2 20ml 0.0 19.7 19.7ml 19.7 ml
3 20ml 0.0 19.7 19.7ml
Calculation:-
(A) Molarity of KMnO4 solution (M2)=?
2M1V1 = 5M2V2
M2 = 2 M1V1/5 V2
=(2x20)/ (30x5x19.7) M1=M/30 , V1= 20ml , M2=? , V2 =19.7ml

M2 = 0.0135 M
(B) Strength of KMnO4 solution in gm/lit=?
Strength gm/lit=Molarity x Molecular mass
Strength(gm/lit)= 0.0135x158= 2.1330gm/lit
Result:- (1)Molarity of KMnO4=0.0135M
(2) Strength of KMnO4 = 2.1330gm/lit
 Experiment 5
Object :- To test the presence of carbohydrate in the given substance
Chemical required :- Glucose , sucrose, starch, molish reagent, fehling,s
solution, benedict solution , iodine solution,
S.N Experiment Observation Inference
o.
1. Molish Test :- A Violet Carbohydrate
Aqueous solution of coloured ring is present
carbohydrate + 2-3 drop at the junction
of Molish reagent +Conc. of two liquid
H2SO4 by the side of the
test tube
2. Fehling,s Test :- Red ppt is Carbohydrate
Aqueous solution of obtained is present
carbohydrate + 2-3 drop
of Fehling,s solution &
boil in water bath
3. Benedict Test :- Red ppt is Carbohydrate
Aqueous solution of obtained is present
carbohydrate + 3-4 drop
of Benedict solution &
boil in water bath
4. Tollen’s Test :- Silver mirror is Carbohydrate
Aqueous solution of formed is present
’
carbohydrate + Tollen s
Reagent & boil in water
bath
RESULT :- Carbohydrate is present in the given food stuff
 Experiment 6
Object :- To test for the presence of Oil and Fat in the given food stuff.
Chemical Required :- Chloroform, Ethyl alcohol, Crystals of KHSO4, vegetable
oil.
S.No. Experiment Observation Inference
1. Solubility Test:-
(a) Take 5 ml water in a test Sample is Oil or Fat is
tube + 5 drop of sample insoluble present
and shake well
(b) Take 5 ml chloroform in A layer is Oil or Fat is
a test tube + 5 drop of formed present
sample and shake well downwards
which
dissolves on
heating
(c) Take 5 ml alcohol in a Sample is Oil or Fat is
test tube + 5 drop of soluble present
sample and shake well
2. Translucent Test:- A translucent Oil or Fat is
Given sample is put spot is appears present
between the layers of on filter paper
Filter paper and pressed
3. Acrolein Test :- Pungent smell Oil or Fat is
Take 3-4 drop of sample of Acrolein present
in a test tube and add a
few crystal of KHSO4
and heat the test tube
gently
RESULT:- Oil & Fat is present in the given food stuff
 Experiment 7
Object:- To identified the Protein in the given substance
Chemical Required :- Egg Albumin dispersion , gelatin Millon’s reagent ,
Nin hydrin reagent
S.NO Experiment Observation Inference
.
1. Biuret Test:- A blue violet Protein is
To the given sample + coloured present
NaOH solution + 4-5 drop solution is
of 1% CuSO4 solution obtained
2. Xanthoproteic Test :- Yellow coloured Protein is
To the given sample + few ppt is obtained present
drop of conc. HNO3 and
heat
3. Millon’s Test :- A white ppt is Protein is
To the given sample + 2-3 obtained. present
drop of Millon’s reagent Which turn
brick red on
boiling
4. Ninhydrin Test :- A deep blue Protein is
To the given sample + 1-2 coloured present
ml of Ninhydrin solution solution is
and then boil the mixture formed
RESULT :- Protein is present in the given food stuff.
 Experiment 8
Aim :- Analyze the given mixture for one anion and one cation by dry and wet test

S.No. Experiment Observation Inference

1 Test for anion:- No reaction Dil. Acid group is
mixture + dil. H2SO4 absent
2 Mixture + conc. H2SO4 Yellow brown Conc. Acid group
fumes with is present may be
pungent smell Br-
3 Silver Nitrate test :- 1.Light yellow ppt Br- confirmed
1.sodium carbonate obtend
extract + dil. HNO3 + 2.yellow ppt is
AgNO3 solution partly dissolved
2. Add NH4OH in
excess in to the above
solu.
4 Layer test :- Sodium Layer turns Br- confirmed
carbonate extract + dil. yellowish orange
HNO3 + CCl4 + conc.
HNO3 and shake it
5 Test for cation :- Smell of ammonia Zero group is
mixture +NaOH present may be
solution and heat NH4+
6 Bring a glass rod White fumes of NH4+ confirmed
dipped in HCl near the NH4Cl formed
mouth of the test tube
7 Bring a piece of filter Filter paper turns NH4+ confirmed
paper moistend with in to reddish brown
nesslar`s reagent near
the mouth of test tube
Result :-The given mixture contain anion bromide (Br-) and cation Ammonium
(NH4+)
 Experiment 9
Aim :- Analyze the given mixture for one anion and one cation by dry and wet test

S.No. Experiment observation Inference

1 Test for anion:- Smell like Dil. Acid group is
mixture + dil. H2SO4 vinegar present. May be
CH3COO-
2 FeCl3 test :- sodium Solution turn in CH3COO- confirmed
carbonate extract + deep red
neutral FeCl3
3 Easter test :- mixture + A plesent fruity CH3COO- confirmed
C2H5OH + conc. H2SO4 smell
and heat
4 Test for cation :- No smell of Zero group is absent
mixture +NaOH ammonia
solution and heat
5 Original solu. + dil HCl White ppt Ist group is present
may be
Pb+2,Ag+,Hg2+2
6 White ppt + water & White ppt is May be Pb+2
boil soluble but
reappear on
cooling
7 Divide the above solu.
Into two parts
(1)To part 1 + KI Yellow ppt Pb+2 confirmed
solution (2)To part 2 Yellow ppt Pb+2 confirmed
+ K2CrO4 solution
8 Dry test:- Charcoal A soft Pb+2 confirmed
cavity test – Na2CO3 + shiningmetalic
2-3 drop of water. Heat bead is formed.
it in reducing flame It leaves mark
on paper
Result :-The given mixture contain anion Acetate (CH3COO-) and cation
LEAD (Pb+2)
 Experiment 10
Aim :- Analyze the given mixture for one anion and one cation by dry and wet test

S.No. Experiment observation Inference

1 Test for anion:- No reaction Dil. Acid group is
mixture + dil. H2SO4 absent.
2 Mixture + conc. H2SO4 No reaction Conc. Acid group is
and heat absent.
3 Sodium carbonate White ppt is General group is
extract + dil. HCl + obtained present . may be SO42-
BaCl2 solution
4 Divide the above ppt
into two parts
(1)Part 1 + conc. HCl Ppt insoluble SO42- confirmed
(2)Part 2 + conc. HNO3 Ppt insoluble SO42- confirmed
5 Test for cation :- No smell of Zero group is absent
mixture +NaOH solution ammonia
and heat
6 Original solu. + dil HCl No ppt Ist group is absent.
7 Pass H2S gas in to the Black ppt is 2nd group is present.
above solution obtained May be Pb2+ or Cu2+
8 Dissolve the above ppt
in 50% HNO3
9 Divide the solution in
two parts
(1)part 1 + C2H5OH + No ppt Pb2+ absent may be
dil. H2SO4 Cu2+
(2)part 2 + NH4OH in Deep blue Cu2+ confirmed
excess colouration
10 Deep blue solution + Chocolate Cu2+ confirmed
CH3COOH + dil. H2SO4 brown ppt is
formed
11 Dry test :- perform Red bead is Cu2+ confirmed
charcoal cavity test formed
Result :-The given mixture contain anion sulphate (SO42-) and cation copper
(Cu2+)
 Experiment 11
Aim :- Analyze the given mixture for one anion and one cation by dry and wet test

S.No. Experiment observation Inference

1 Test for anion:- No reaction Dil. Acid group is
mixture + dil. H2SO4 absent.
2 Mixture + conc. H2SO4 and No reaction Conc. Acid group is
heat absent.
3 Sodium carbonate extract + White ppt is General group is
dil. HCl + BaCl2 solution obtained present . may be SO42-
4 Divide the above ppt into
two parts
(1)Part 1 + conc. HCl Ppt insoluble SO42- confirmed
(2)Part 2 + conc. HNO3 Ppt insoluble SO42- confirmed
5 Test for cation :- No smell of Zero group is absent
mixture +NaOH solution and ammonia
heat
6 Original solu. + dil HCl No ppt Ist group is absent.
7 Pass H2S gas in to the No ppt 2nd group is absent
above solution
8 Boil the above solu. To Filter paper does H2S removed
remove H2S gas completely. not turn black completely
Test it by a piece of filter
paper moistened with
(CH3COO)2Pb
9 Now boil the above solution Reddish brown ppt 3rd group is present.
with 2-3 drop of conc. HNO3 is formed May be Fe3+
+ solid NH4Cl and NH4OH in
excess
10 Dissolved the above ppt in
dil. HCl. And divide it into
two parts
(1)part 1 + K4[Fe(CN)6] Deep blue Fe3+confirmed
solution colouration
(2)part 2 + KCNS solution Blood red Fe3+confirmed
colouration
11 Dry test :- perform Borax Yellow bead is Fe3+confirmed
beed test formed
Result :-The given mixture contain anion sulphate (SO42-) iron (Fe3+)
 Experiment 12
Aim :- Analyze the given mixture for one anion and one cation by dry and wet test

S.No. Experiment observation Inference

1 Test for anion:- No reaction Dil. Acid group is
mixture + dil. H2SO4 absent.
2 Mixture + conc. H2SO4 and Brown coloured gas Conc. Acid group is
heat with pungent smell present. May be NO3-
3 Sodium carbonate extract + A brown ring is NO3- confirmed
dil. CH3COOH + freshly formed at the
prepared FeSO4 solution and junction of two liquid
then add conc. H2SO4 by the
side of the test tube
4 Test for cation :- No smell of Zero group is absent
mixture +NaOH solution and ammonia
heat
5 Original solu. + dil HCl No ppt Ist group is absent.
6 Pass H2S gas in to the above No ppt 2nd group is absent
solution
7 Boil the above solu. To Filter paper does not H2S removed
remove H2S gas completely. turn black completely
Test it by a piece of filter
paper moistened with
(CH3COO)2Pb
8 Now boil the above solution White gelatinous ppt 3rd group is present.
with 2-3 drop of conc. HNO3 May be Al3+
+ solid NH4Cl and NH4OH in
excess
9 Dissolved the above ppt in
dil. HCl. And divide it into two
parts
(1)part 1 + solid NH4Cl White ppt reappears Al3+confirmed
(2)part 2 + blue litmus + Blue ppt floats on Al3+confirmed
NH4OH solution drop by drop the solution
11 Dry test :- perform cobalt Blue mass is formed Al3+confirmed
nitrate test
Result :-The given mixture contain anion Nitrate (NO3-) Aluminium(Al3+)
 Experiment 13
Aim :- Analyze the given mixture for one anion and one cation by dry and wet test

S.No. Experiment observation Inference

1 Test for anion:- Smell like vinegar Dil. Acid group is
mixture + dil. H2SO4 present. May be
CH3COO-
2 FeCl3 test :- sodium Solution turn in deep CH3COO- confirmed
carbonate extract + neutral red
FeCl3
3 Easter test :- mixture + A plesent fruity smell CH3COO- confirmed
C2H5OH + conc. H2SO4 and
heat
4 Test for cation :- No smell of ammonia Zero group is absent
mixture +NaOH solution
and heat
5 Original solu. + dil HCl No ppt Ist group is absent.
6 Pass H2S gas in to the No ppt 2nd group is absent
above solution
7 Boil the above solu. To Filter paper does not H2S removed
remove H2S gas turn black completely
completely. Test it by a
piece of filter paper
moistened with
(CH3COO)2Pb
8 Now boil the above solution No ppt 3rd group is absent.
with 2-3 drop of conc.
HNO3 + solid NH4Cl and
NH4OH in excess
9 Pass H2S gas in the above White ppt 4th group is
solution present.may be Zn2+
10 Dissolve the ppt in dil. HCL
and devide the solution in
two parts.
1.Part I + K4[fe(CN6)] Bluish white ppt is Zn2+ confirmed
solution obtained
2.part II + NaOH solution White ppt is Zn2+ confirmed
drop by drop formed.which is soluble
in excess of NaOH
11 Dry test :- perform cobalt Green residue is left
nitrate test
Result :-The given mixture contain anion Acetate (CH3COO-) Zinc ( Zn2+)
 Experiment 14
Aim :- Analyze the given mixture for one anion and one cation by dry and wet test

S.No. Experiment observation Inference

1 Test for anion:- No reaction Dil. Acid group is
mixture + dil. H2SO4 absent.
2 Mixture + Conc. H2SO4 Colourless Conc. Acid group is
pungent smelling present. May be Cl-
gas evolved
3 Bring a glass rod dipped in NH4OH White fumes is Cl- confirmed
near the mouth of test tube formed
4 Chromyl chloride test :- Dark red pungent Cl- confirmed
(1)Salt + solid K2Cr2O7 + conc. smelling gas
H2SO4and heat evolved
(2)Pass above gas in NaOH Solution
solution becomes yellow
(3)Add CH3COOH + A yellow ppt is
( CH3COO)2Pb in to the above formed
solution
5 Silver nitrate test :- White ppt is Cl- confirmed
Sodium carbonate extract + formed
dil. HNO3 + AgNO3 solution
6 Add excess of NH4OH in Ppt is Cl- confirmed
above ppt dissolved
7 Test for cation :- No smell of Zero group is
mixture +NaOH solution and ammonia absent
heat
8 Original solu. + dil HCl No ppt Ist group is absent.
9 Pass H2S gas in to the above No ppt 2nd group is
solution absent
10 Boil the above solu. To Filter paper H2S removed
remove H2S gas completely. does not turn completely
Test it by a piece of filter black
paper moistened with
(CH3COO)2Pb
11 Now boil the above solution No ppt 3rd group is absent.
with 2-3 drop of conc. HNO3
+ solid NH4Cl and NH4OH in
excess
 12 Pass H2S gas in the above No ppt 4th group is absent
solution
13 Boil the above solu. To Filter paper H2S removed
remove H2S gas completely. does not turn completely
Test it by a piece of filter black
paper moistened with
(CH3COO)2Pb
14 Add NH4OH and (NH4)2CO3 in A white ppt is 5th group is
to the above solution obtained present. May be
Ba2+, Sr2+ and Ca2+
15 Dissolve the above ppt in
small quantity of CH3COOH.
And divide into three parts
16 (1)part 1 + K2CrO4 solution A yellow ppt is Ba2+ confirmed
formed
17 Dry test :- perform flame test. Apple green Ba2+ confirmed
flame is formed
Result :-The given mixture contain anion Choloride (Cl-) Barium ( Ba2+)
 Experiment 15
Aim :- Analyze the given mixture for one anion and one cation by dry and wet test

S.No. Experiment observation Inference

1 Test for anion:- No reaction Dil. Acid group is
mixture + dil. H2SO4 absent.
2 Mixture + Conc. H2SO4 Colourless pungent Conc. Acid group is
smelling gas present. May be Cl-
evolved
3 Bring a glass rod dipped in White fumes is Cl- confirmed
NH4OH near the mouth of test formed
tube
4 Chromyl chloride test :- Dark red pungent Cl- confirmed
(1)Salt + solid K2Cr2O7 + conc. smelling gas
H2SO4and heat evolved
(2)Pass above gas in NaOH Solution becomes
solution yellow
(3)Add CH3COOH + A yellow ppt is
( CH3COO)2Pb in to the above formed
solution
5 Silver nitrate test :- White ppt is Cl- confirmed
Sodium carbonate extract + formed
dil. HNO3 + AgNO3 solution
6 Add excess of NH4OH in Ppt is dissolved Cl- confirmed
above ppt
7 Test for cation :- No smell of Zero group is
mixture +NaOH solution and ammonia absent
heat
8 Original solu. + dil HCl No ppt Ist group is
absent.
9 Pass H2S gas in to the above No ppt 2nd group is
solution absent
10 Boil the above solu. To Filter paper does H2S removed
remove H2S gas completely. not turn black completely
Test it by a piece of filter
paper moistened with
(CH3COO)2Pb
11 Now boil the above solution No ppt 3rd group is
with 2-3 drop of conc. HNO3 absent.
 + solid NH4Cl and NH4OH in
excess
12 Pass H2S gas in the above No ppt 4th group is
solution absent
13 Boil the above solu. To Filter paper does H2S removed
remove H2S gas completely. not turn black completely
Test it by a piece of filter
paper moistened with
(CH3COO)2Pb
14 Add NH4OH and (NH4)2CO3 A white ppt is 5th group is
in to the above solution obtained present. May be
Ba2+, Sr2+ and
Ca2+
15 Dissolve the above ppt in
small quantity of CH3COOH.
And divide into three parts
16 (1)part 1+K2CrO4solution No ppt is formed Ba2+ absent.
(2)part 2+ (NH4)2SO4 solu. white ppt is Sr2+ confirmed
formed
17 Dry test :- perform flame test. Chrimson red Sr2+ confirmed
flame is formed
Result :-The given mixture contain anion Choloride (Cl-) Strontium (Sr2+ )
 Experiment 16
Aim :- Analyze the given mixture for one anion and one cation by dry and wet test

S.No Experiment Observation Inference

.
1 Test for anion:- Brisk effervescence Dil. Acid group is
mixture + dil. H2SO4 with evolution of present. May be
colourless and SO32-
pungent smell like
burning sulpher
2 Bring acidify K2Cr2O7 Filter turns into SO32- confirmed
dipped filter paper on the green
mouth of test tube
3 Pass the above gas into Lime water turn SO32- confirmed
lime water milky
4 Pass more of the gas into Milkyness SO32- confirmed
milky solution disappeares
5 Test for cation :- No smell of Zero group is
mixture +NaOH solution ammonia absent
and heat
6 Original solu. + dil HCl No ppt Ist group is absent.
7 Pass H2S gas in to the No ppt 2nd group is absent
above solution
8 Boil the above solu. To Filter paper does H2S removed
remove H2S gas not turn black completely
completely. Test it by a
piece of filter paper
moistened with
(CH3COO)2Pb
9 Now boil the above No ppt 3rd group is absent.
solution with 2-3 drop of
conc. HNO3 + solid NH4Cl
and NH4OH in excess
10 Pass H2S gas in the No ppt 4th group is absent
above solution
11 Boil the above solu. To Filter paper does H2S removed
remove H2S gas not turn black completely
 completely. Test it by a
piece of filter paper
moistened with
(CH3COO)2Pb
12 Add NH4OH and A white ppt is 5th group is present.
(NH4)2CO3 in to the above obtained May be Ba2+, Sr2+
solution and Ca2+

13 Dissolve the above ppt in

small quantity of
CH3COOH. And divide
into three parts
14 (1)part1+K2CrO4solution No ppt is formed Ba2+ absent.
(2)part 2+ (NH4)2SO4 No ppt is formed Sr2+ absent.
solu. White ppt is formed Ca2+ present
(3)Part 3+(NH4)2C2O4
solu.
15 Dry test :- perform flame Brick red flame is Ca2+ confirmed
test. formed
Result :-The given mixture contain anion Sulphite (SO32-) , Calcium (Ca2+)
 Experiment 17
Aim :- Analyze the given mixture for one anion and one cation by dry and wet test

S.No. Experiment Observation Inference

1 Test for anion:- Brick effereesence Dil. Acid group is
mixture + dil. H2SO4 with the evolution present. May be
of coilourless and CO32-
odourless gas
2 Pass the above gas into Lime water turns CO32Confirmed
lime water milky
3 Pass more of the gas in Milkyness CO32Confirmed
milky solution disappear
4 Test for cation :- No smell of Zero group is
mixture +NaOH solution ammonia absent
and heat
5 Original solu. + dil HCl No ppt Ist group is absent.
6 Pass H2S gas in to the No ppt 2nd group is absent
above solution
7 Boil the above solu. To Filter paper does H2S removed
remove H2S gas not turn black completely
completely. Test it by a
piece of filter paper
moistened with
(CH3COO)2Pb
8 Now boil the above No ppt 3rd group is absent.
solution with 2-3 drop of
conc. HNO3 + solid NH4Cl
and NH4OH in excess
9 Pass H2S gas in the No ppt 4th group is absent
above solution
10 Boil the above solu. To Filter paper does H2S removed
remove H2S gas not turn black completely
completely. Test it by a
piece of filter paper
moistened with
(CH3COO)2Pb
11 Add NH4OH and No ppt 5th group is absent
 (NH4)2CO3 in to the above
solution

12 Add Na2HPO4 solution White ppt 6th group is

into the above solution present. May be
Mg2+
13 Dissolve the above ppt in Pinkish red ppt is Mg2+ confirmed
dil. HCl + NaOH + titan obtained
yellow solution
15 Dry test :- perform cobalt Pink residue is left Mg2+ confirmed
nitrate test
Result :-The given mixture contain anion carbonate (CO32-) , magnesium (
Mg2+)
 Experiment 18
Aim :- Analyze the given mixture for one anion and one cation by dry and wet test

S.No. Experiment observation Inference

1 Test for anion:- No reaction Dil. Acid group is
mixture + dil. H2SO4 absent.
2 Mixture + Conc. H2SO4 Colourless Conc. Acid group is
pungent smelling present. May be Cl-
gas evolved
3 Bring a glass rod dipped in White fumes is Cl- confirmed
NH4OH near the mouth of test formed
tube
4 Chromyl chloride test :- Dark red pungent Cl- confirmed
(1)Salt + solid K2Cr2O7 + conc. smelling gas
H2SO4and heat evolved
(2)Pass above gas in NaOH Solution becomes
solution yellow
(3)Add CH3COOH + A yellow ppt is
( CH3COO)2Pb in to the above formed
solution
5 Silver nitrate test :- White ppt is Cl- confirmed
Sodium carbonate extract + formed
dil. HNO3 + AgNO3 solution
6 Add excess of NH4OH in Ppt is dissolved Cl- confirmed
above ppt
7 Test for cation :- No smell of Zero group is
mixture +NaOH solution ammonia absent
and heat
8 Original solu. + dil HCl No ppt Ist group is absent.
9 Pass H2S gas in to the No ppt 2nd group is absent
above solution
10 Boil the above solu. To Filter paper H2S removed
remove H2S gas does not turn completely
completely. Test it by a black
piece of filter paper
moistened with
(CH3COO)2Pb
11 Now boil the above solution No ppt 3rd group is absent.
with 2-3 drop of conc.
 HNO3 + solid NH4Cl and
NH4OH in excess
12 Pass H2S gas in the above Black ppt 4th group is present.
solution May be Ni2+ and
Co2+
13 Dissolve the black ppt in
aquaregia and boil it till dry.
Dissolve the residue in
water and divide the
solution in two parts
14 Part 1. + NH4OH + dimethyl Rose red ppt is Ni2+ confirmed
glyoxine (D.M.G.) obtained

15 Part 2. + NaOH in excess Black ppt is Ni2+ confirmed

quantity + bromine water formed
16 Dry test :- perform borax Brown bead is Ni2+ confirmed
bead test. formed
Result :-The given mixture contain anion Choloride (Cl-) Nickel (Ni2+ )
 Experiment 19
AIM:- Identify the functional group present in the given organic compound

Physical properties :-
1. Physical state :- liquid
2. Colour :- colourless
3. Odour :- smell like vinegar
4. Solubility in water :- soluble in water

S.No Experiment Observation Inference

1 Nature of the compound:- Litmus paper turn in Organic compound is
Put a drop of liquid on moist to red acidic in nature. May
blue litmus paper be –COOH,or Ar-OH
2 Burning test:- Take some The compound burns Compound is
organic liquid on copper with non sooty flame aliphatic
wire and bring in to the
flame
3. Detection of element Green ppt
(1) L.S.solution
+NaOH+FeSO4 (freshly
prepared)
(2)add few drop of dilute Colourless solution is N-absent
H2SO4 obtained
4. Test for functional group Brisk effervescence Ar-OH group absent-
Aqueous solution of clourless odour gas COOH group in
compound + a pinch of evolved present.
NaHCO3
5. Ester test :- organic Fruity smell -COOH group present
compound +2-3 drops
H2SO4+C2H5 OH. warm

Result :- carboxylic acid [-COOH] group is present in the given organic compound
Structural formula:-

˗ C – ːOː – H
ıı
ːOː
 Experiment 20
AIM:- Identify the functional group present in the given organic compound

Physical properties :-
1. Physical state :- liquid
2. Colour :- colourless
3. Odour :- smell like Sprit
4. Solubility in water :- soluble in water

S.No Experiment Observation Inference

1 Nature of the compound:- No reaction Organic compound is
Put a drop of liquid on moist neutral in nature.
blue litmus paper
2 Burning test:- Take some The compound burns Compound is
organic liquid on copper with non sooty flame aliphatic
wire and bring in to the
flame
3. Detection of element Green ppt
(1) L.S.solution
+NaOH+FeSO4 (freshly
prepared)
(2)add few drop of dilute Colourless solution is N-absent
H2SO4 obtained
4. Sodium metal test – organic Brick effereescence -OH group is present
liquid + Na piece with the evalution of
hydrogen gas
5. Ester test :- organic Fruity smell -OH group present
compound +2-3 drops
H2SO4+CH3COONa. warm

Result :- alchoholic [-OH] group is present in the given organic compound

Structural formula:-

˗ ːOː – H
 Experiment 21
AIM:- Identify the functional group present in the given organic compound

Physical properties :-
1. Physical state :- solid
2. Colour :- light pink
3. Odour :- phenolic smell
4. Solubility in water :- soluble in water

S.No Experiment Observation Inference

1 Nature of the compound:- Litmus paper turns Organic compound is
Put a drop of liquid on moist red acidic .may be –
blue litmus paper COOH, Ar-OH
2 Burning test:- Take some The compound burns Compound is
organic liquid on copper with sooty flame aromatic
wire and bring in to the
flame
3. Detection of element Green ppt
(1) L.S.solution
+NaOH+FeSO4 (freshly
prepared)
(2)add few drop of dilute Colourless solution is N-absent
H2SO4 obtained
4. FeCl 3 test – organic liquid + Solution turns green Ar-OH group is
neutral FeCl 3 solution present
5. Libermann nitroso test :- 1.Blue coloured Ar-OH group present
1. Compound + solid NaNO2 solution 2.
+ dil.H2SO4 2. Solution turns into
Dilute the solution with water red 3.
3. Above red solution + Solution turns into
NaOH solution blue

Result :- phenollic [Ar-OH] group is present in the given organic compound

Structural formula:- ːOː – H
 Experiment 22
AIM:- Identify the functional group present in the given organic compound

Physical properties :-
1. Physical state :- liquid
2. Colour :- colourless
3. Odour :- pungent smell
4. Solubility in water :- soluble in water
S.No Experiment Observation Inference
1 Nature of the compound:-Put a No reaction Organic compound
drop of liquid on moist blue is neutral in nature.
litmus paper
2 Burning test:- Take some The compound burns Compound is
organic liquid on copper wire with non sooty flame aliphatic
and bring in to the flame
3. Detection of element Green ppt
(1) L.S.solution
+NaOH+FeSO4 (freshly
prepared)
(2)add few drop of dilute Colourless solution is N-absent
H2SO4 obtained
4. Test for functional group Yellow ppt is formed Carbonyl group is
1.compound + 2,4- present . maybe –
dinitrophenyl hydrazine CHO,>C=O
solution
2. compound + sodium No reaction >C=O group is
nitriopruside solution + NaOH absent
3. compound + Tollen,s Silver mirror is formed -CHO group is
reagent warm in a water bath present
4. equal amount of felling Red ppt is obtend -CHO group is
soloutin A and B in a test tube present
and add it and heat
5.Schiffs reagent + given Red colouration -CHO group is
organic compound present

Result :-Aldehyde group [-CHO] group is present in the given organic compound
Structural formula:- ˗C–H
ıı
ːOː
 Experiment 23
AIM:- Identify the functional group present in the given organic compound

Physical properties :-
1. Physical state :- liquid
2. Colour :- colourless
3. Odour :- Smell like nail paint
4. Solubility in water :- Insoluble in water

S.N Experiment Observation Inference

o
1 Nature of the compound:-Put a No reaction Organic compound
drop of liquid on moist blue litmus is neutral in nature.
paper
2 Burning test:- Take some organic The compound Compound is
liquid on copper wire and bring in burns with non aliphatic
to the flame sooty flame
3. Detection of element (1) Green ppt
L.S.solution +NaOH+FeSO4
(freshly prepared)
(2)add few drop of dilute H2SO4 Colourless solution N-absent
is obtained
4. Test for functional group Yellow ppt is Carbonyl group is
1.compound + 2,4-dinitrophenyl formed present . maybe –
hydrazine solution CHO,>C=O

2. compound + Tollens reagent No reaction -CHO group is

absent
3. compound + sodium A wine red >C=O group is
nitrisopruside solution +NaOH colouration present
4. m-dinitrobenzene test :- organic Violet colour is >C=O group is
compound + m-dinitrobenzene + obtend present
NaOH
Result :-ketonic group [>C=O] group is present in the given organic compound
Structural formula:-

˃C= ːOː
 Experiment 24
AIM:- Identify the functional group present in the given organic compound

Physical properties :-
1. Physical state :- liquid
2. Colour :- brownish red
3. Odour :pungent smell
4. Solubility in water :-parly soluble in water

S.No Experiment Observation Inference

1 Nature of the compound:- Litmus paper turn in Organic compound is
Put a drop of liquid on moist to blue basic in nature.
red litmus paper
2 Burning test:- Take some The compound burns Compound is
organic liquid on copper with sooty flame aeromatic
wire and bring in to the
flame
3. Detection of element Green ppt
(1) L.S.solution
+NaOH+FeSO4 (freshly
prepared)
(2)add few drop of dilute Blue Colour solution N-present
H2SO4 is obtained
4. Test for functional group:- Orange red dye is Ar-NH2 group is
organic compound + few formed present.
drop of conc. HCl + solid
NaNO2. Cool the solution in
ice bath. Add alkaline β-
napthol
Result :- aeromatic amin [Ar-NH2] group is present in the given organic compound
H
Structural formula:-
Ar -ˈNˈ˂
H
 Experiment 25
Objective –Preparation of a colloidal solution of starch
Required apparatus and chemicals : - an iron stand with clamp, glass rod,
pestle and mortar, funnel, two beaker (250ml), filter paper, funnel stand , wire
guage, spirit lamp, tripod stand, starch (1 or 2 gm), distilled water.

Theory :- Starch is that substance which forms stable hydrophilic solution. The sol. of
starch is directly prepaired shaking the starch boiling water and by filtering the final
mixture. The filtrate obtained by filtring the final or resulting mixture is the of starch. this
sol is electriclly. neutral .

Procedure :-
1.Take pestle and motar and grind the starch into a fine powder.
2. By mixing the small amount of distilled water make thin paste of starch.
3. Pour 100 ml to 250ml of distilled water in a well cleaned beaker and put it on a tripod
stand to boil for five minutes.
5. Allow the content of the beaker to cool at room temperature.
6. Now , filter the contents. The filtrate thus obtained is sol of starch.
Result:- we get the colloidial sol of starch.
Percaution :-
1.To prepare the sol of starch only distilled water should be used
2. Do not mix the starch directly to the hot water. First prepare a thin gas and then mix ir
to the hot boiling water.
3. Glass wares should be cleaned properly.
 Experiment 26
Obeject:- To set up a simple Daniel cell and determine its e.m.f
Theory :- When Zn rod is dipped in ZnSO4 and Cu rod in CuSO4 solution and the two
rods are connected to a voltmeter after completing the circuit then
(1.) Electrons flows from Zn electrodes (anode) to Cu electrodes (Cathode )
(2) Current flows from Cu electrodes to Zn electrodes.
Electrodes reactions and cell reactions are as follows
Electrode reaction :-
At anode Zn(S) ------> Zn2+(aq) + 2e-
At cathode Cu2+(aq) + 2e- -----> Cu (s)
Cell reaction Zn(s) + Cu2+ ----> Zn2+ + Cu (s)
Apparatus and chemical required :- 500ml beaker, porous pot, voltmeter, sand paper, Zn
and Cu strips, 1M ZnSO4 and 1M CuSO4 solution , connecting wire
Procedure :-
(1)Take 1M CuSO4 solution in a clean 500 ml beaker.
(2)Put the Cu strip in CuSO4 solution after cleaning it with the help of sand paper
(3)Take 1M ZnSO4 solution in a clean porous pot
(4)Put the Zn strip in ZnSO4 solution after cleaning it with the help of sand paper
(5)Now put porous pot in the beaker containing CuSO4 and Cu strip
(6)Connect the Cu strip with the positive terminal of voltmeter and the Zn strip with the
negative terminal of the voltmeter as shown in the diagram.
(7) Voltmeter will show deflection. Note down the position of the pointer on the scale and
record the voltage.

OBSERVATION :- Electromotive force of the cell

is 1.10 volt.

PRECATION –

1. Use both electrolyte of equal concentration

because the cell potential also depends the
concentration.
2. Zn and Cu strips should be cleaned.
3. Note the voltmeter reading when the pointer is
stable.
 Experiment 27
AIM:- to prepare the crystals of potash alum from the given quantity of the constituent
salt.

THEORY:- potash-alum is a double salt of potassium sulphate and aluminium sulphate.

Is commonly called as pitkari. Its composition is K2SO4, AL2(SO)4 , 24H2SO4

It is prepared by mixing equimolar quantities of potassium sulphate (K2SO4) AND

AL2(SO4) 18H2Oin water which is subjected to crystallization after filtration AND
concentration.

The crystals obtained are dried and weighted.

K2SO4+AL2(SO4) 18H2SO4+ 6H2O -> K2SO4 AL2(SO4) 24H2O

1mol 1 mol 1mol

174g 666g 948g

APPARATUS :- 250ML beaker, glass rods, funnel, china dish, wire guaze, tripod stand,
filter paper, burner etc.

Chemical required potassium sulphate = 7.0g

Aluminium sulphate =26.5 gm

Conc. H2SO4 = 3-6 drops

PPROCEDURE-

1. Take 7.0 gm potassium sulphate in a clean beaker of 250 capacity.

2. Dissolve it in minimum quantity of distilled water by constant stirring with class rod.

3.Talk 26.5 gm aluminium sulphate crystals in another beaker and add sufficient distilled
water and 1ml concentrate . H2SO4 to dissolve it. H2SO4 is added to prevent the
hydrolysis of aluminium sulphate .Heat the solution for about 5 min. if milkyness still
persist , filter the solution.
4. Mix the two solutions in china dish, place it on a wire gauze over a tripod stand and
put burner below it.

5.Cconcentrate the solution. Keep it stirring by a glass rod till crystallization point is
reached.

6. Now transfer the liquid in crystallization dish, allow it to cool slowly, undisturbed over
tie mouth of a beaker ful; of water.

7. After crystallization is complete, decent off the mother liquor carefully and wash the
crystals with a small quantity of ice cold water.

8. Dry the crystals by pressing between rough filter paper.

9. Note the colour and the shape of the crystals and weigh –

Result :- Colour of the crystals shape colourless octaghedral

Of the crystals yield 38.02 g

PRECAUTION :-

1.Chemicals used should be of A.R grade.

2. Salts must be dissolved in minimum volume of water.

3. Few drops of Conc. H2SO4 should be added while preparing aluminium sulphate
solution to prevent in hydrolosis.

4. Wash the crystals of potash – alum with ice gold water.

5. cooling should be done slowly to get rid crystals of good quantiy.