KENDRIYA VIDYALAYA

minambakkam, Chennai-27.

Class – xii
Chemistry
observation file

Name:_________________
Class: ________
Sec: _____________
Expt No: ___________ Date: _________________

Preparation of a lyophilic sol-Starch Sol.

Aim:
To prepare a colloidal sol of starch.

Apparatus/Chemicals required:
Beakers of 100ml, 250ml, 50ml each, glass rod, Bunsen burner, Starch-1g and distilled
water-100 ml.

Theory:
Starch sol- Lyophilic sol.
Water- Dispersion medium.
Starch- Dispersed Phase.
The sol is quite stable and is not affected by the presence of an electrolytic impurity.

Procedure:
1. About 100 ml of distilled water is taken in a 250 ml beaker and heated to about
100° C.
2. To the boiling solution added a thin paste of starch prepared by mixing one gram of
starch with 2 ml of distilled water with continuous stirring.
3. The colourless translucent sol obtained is filtered through a filter paper using a
funnel. This is the starch sol which is a colloid in which solid is the dispersed phase and
liquid is the dispersion medium

Result:
Colloidal sol of starch has been prepared. The same procedure is repeated with gum in
place of starch.

Precautions:
(i) Continuous stirring should be done while adding the starch slurry.
(ii) Addition in excess will cause precipitation.

Signature of the teacher

Expt No: ___________ Date: _________________

Preparation of a lyophobic sol-Ferric hydroxide Sol.

Aim:
To prepare a colloidal sol of ferric hydroxide.

Apparatus/Chemicals required:
Beakers of 100 ml, 250 ml, 50 ml each, glass rod, Bunsen burner, 2g of Fe(OH)3 and
distilled water.

Theory:
Ferric hydroxide sol - Lyophobic sol.
Water- Dispersion medium.
Ferric hydroxide - Dispersed Phase.
It is prepared by the hydrolysis of ferric chloride with boiling distilled water.
FeCl3 (aq) + 3H2O → Fe(OH)3 + 3HCl (aq).
The HCl formed during the reaction tries to destabilize the sol and therefore should be
removed from the sol by dialysis.
A wine red sol of ferric hydroxide is obtained.

Procedure:
1. About 100 ml of distilled water is taken in a beaker and heated to about 100° C.
2. To the boiling solution added a thin paste of Fe(OH)3, prepared by mixing one gram of
Ferric hydroxide with 2 ml of distilled water.
3. A wine red sol is obtained. This sol is filtered through a filter paper using a funnel.
This is called as Ferric hydroxide sol which is a colloid in which solid is the
dispersed phase and liquid is the dispersion medium

Result and precautions:-

Colloidal sol of Ferric hydroxide has been prepared. The same procedure can be
repeated with arsenious oxide in place of Ferric hydroxide.
(i) Continuous stirring should be done while adding the Ferric hydroxide slurry.
(ii) Addition in excess will cause precipitation.

Signature of the teacher

Expt No: ___________ Date: _________________
Volumetric analysis
(KMnO4 Vs Mohr’s salt)
Aim:
To estimate the molarity and the strength of the given KMnO4 solution by preparing M/20
solution of Mohr’s salt(FAS).

Apparatus and chemicals required:

Ferrous ammonium sulphate, digital balance, volumetric flask, funnel, distilled water, wash
bottles, beakers, conical flask, funnel, burette, pipette, clamp stand, tile, dilute H 2SO4, KMnO4
solution.

Theory- (a) Ferrous ammonium sulphate is a double salt having molar mass 392 gmol-1.
Its molecular formula is Fe(SO4).(NH4)2SO4.6H2O.
(i) Type of titration: Redox Titration
(ii) Reducing agent: FAS (iii) Oxidizing agent: KMnO4
(iv) Medium: Acidic (H2SO4) (vi) Temperature: Room temperature.
Molecular reaction:
2KMnO4 + 3H2SO4 → K2SO4 + 2MnSO4 + 3H2O + 5 [O]
[Fe(SO4).(NH4)2SO4.6H2O.+ H2 SO4 + [O] → Fe2(SO4)3 + 2(NH4)2SO4.+ 13 H2O] x
5_________________
2KMnO4 + 10 Fe(SO4).(NH4)2SO4.6H2O + 8H2SO4 → K2SO4 + 2MnSO4 +5 Fe2(SO4)3 +
10(NH4)2SO4 + 6H2O
Ionic equations involved:
Reduction Half: MnO4- + 8H+ + 5e- → Mn2+ + 4H2O
Oxidation Half: 5Fe2+ → 5Fe3+ + 5e-_____________
Overall Equation: MnO4- + 8H+ + 5Fe2+ → Mn2+ + 5Fe3+ + 4H2O

Procedure:
1. A Standard solution of M/20 Mohr’s salt is prepared.
2. The burette is washed, rinsed with KMnO4 and then filled with KMnO4 up to zero level.
3. Pipetted out 20ml. of FAS solution into the conical flask. Added one test tube full of dil. H2SO4.
4. A white glazed tile is kept under the burette and placed the conical flask on it. The initial
burette reading is noted.
5. The KMnO4 solution is run down into the conical flask drop wise with continuous shaking.
The titration is stopped when a permanent pink colour is obtained in the solution.
6. This is the end point. The final burette reading is noted. The titrations are repeated until two
concordant values are obtained.

Result- The Molarity of KMnO4 = ____________M

The strength of KMnO4 = _____________g/L.
L.H.S (to be written on the blank side)

Calculation of amount of oxalic acid (to prepare 250mL of M/50 solution)

Mass of Oxalic acid = Molarity x Molar mass x volume in litres
= 1/20 x 392 x 250/1000 = 4.9 g

Short procedure:
Burette solution: KMnO4 of unknown strength
Pipette solution: 20 mL of M/20 FAS
Additional solution: 20 mL of dil. H2SO4
Condition: Room Temperature
Indicator: Self(KMnO4) in acidic medium
End point: Appearance of permanent pale pink colour
Molar mass of FAS: 392g/mol
Molar mass of KMnO4: 158g/mol

Tabulation:
Burette reading in Volume of Concordant
S.No cc KMnO4 value Indicator
Initial Final (in cc) (in cc)
1 0 Self
2 0 (KmnO4)
3 0

Calculation:
Volume of FAS (V1) =20 ml.
No of electrons involved in redox reaction(n1) =1
Molarity of FAS (M1) =1/20 M
Volume of KmnO4 (V2) =_________ ml.
No of electrons involved in redox reaction (n2) = 5
V1M1n1 = V2M2n2
Molarity of KmnO4(M2) = V1M1n1/ V2n2 = (20 x 1/20 x 1)/____ x ____
=______ M
Strength of KmnO4 = Molarity x Molar Mass
=158 x ___________M

Signature of the teacher

Expt No: ___________ Date: _________________
Volumetric analysis
(KMnO4 Vs Oxalic acid)
Aim:
To estimate the molarity and the strength of the given KMnO4 solution by preparing M/50
solution of Oxalic acid.

Apparatus and chemicals required:

Oxalic acid, digital balance, volumetric flask, funnel, distilled water, wash bottles, beakers,
conical flask, funnel, burette, pipette, clamp stand, tile, dilute H2SO4, KMnO4 solution.

Theory- (a) Oxalic acid is a dicarboxylic acid having molar mass 126 gmol-1.
Its molecular formula is COOH-COOH.2H2O.
(i) Type of titration: Redox Titration
(ii) Reducing agent: Oxalic acid (iii) Oxidizing agent: KMnO4
(iv) Medium: Acidic (H2SO4) (vi) Temperature: 60°C (increases the rate of the
reaction)

Molecular reaction:
2KMnO4 + 3H2SO4 → K2SO4 + 2MnSO4 + 3H2O + 5 [O]
[HOOC-COOH.2H2O + [O] → 2CO2 + H2O] X 5_________________
2KMnO4 + 3H2SO4 + 5 HOOC-COOH.2H2O → K2SO4 + 2MnSO4 +8H2O + 10 CO2

Ionic equations involved:

Reduction Half: [MnO4- + 8H+ + 5e- → Mn2+ + 4H2O] X 2
Oxidation Half: [C2O42- → 2CO2 + 2e- ] X 5________
Overall Equation: 2MnO4- + 16H+ + 5C2O42- → 2Mn2+ + 10CO2 + 8H2O

Procedure:
1. A Standard solution of M/50 Oxalic acid is prepared.
2. The burette is washed, rinsed with KMnO4 and then filled with KMnO4 up to zero level.
3. Pipetted out 20ml. of oxalic acid solution into the conical flask. Added one test tube full of dil.
H2SO4 and heated the solution to about 600C to increase the rate of the reaction.
4. A white glazed tile is kept under the burette and placed the conical flask on it. The initial
burette reading is noted.
5. The KMnO4 solution is run down into the conical flask drop wise with continuous shaking.
The titration is stopped when a permanent pink colour is obtained in the solution.
6. This is the end point. The final burette reading is noted. The titrations are repeated until two
concordant values are obtained.

Result- The Molarity of KMnO4 = ____________M

The strength of KMnO4 = _____________g/L.
L.H.S (to be written on the blank side)

Calculation of amount of oxalic acid (to prepare 250mL of M/50 solution)

Mass of Oxalic acid = Molarity x Molar mass x volume in litres
= 1/50 x 126 x 250/1000 = 0.63 g

Short procedure:
Burette solution: KMnO4 of unknown strength
Pipette solution: 20 mL of M/50 Oxalic acid
Additional solution: 20 mL of dil. H2SO4
Condition: Bearable warmth-(600 C to 700 C)
Indicator: Self(KMnO4) in acidic medium
End point: Appearance of permanent pale pink colour
Molar mass of Oxalic acid: 126g/mol
Molar mass of KMnO4: 158g/mol

Tabulation:
Burette reading in Volume of Concordant
S.No cc KMnO4 value Indicator
Initial Final (in cc) (in cc)
1 0 Self
2 0 (KmnO4)
3 0

L.H.S Calculation: (to be written on the blank side)

Volume of Oxalic acid(V1) =20 ml.
No of electrons involved in redox reaction(n1) = 2
Molarity of oxalic acid(M1) =1/50 M
Volume of KmnO4 (V2) =_________ ml.
No of electrons involved in redox reaction (n2) = 5
V1M1n1 = V2M2n2
Molarity of KmnO4(M2) = V1M1n1/ V2n2 = (20 x 1/50 x 2)/____ x ____
=______ M
Strength of KmnO4 = Molarity x Molar Mass
=158 x ___________M

Signature of the teacher

Expt No: ___________ Date: _________________

Chromatography
Aim:
To separate the coloured components present in a mixture of red and green ink by ascending
paper chromatography and to find their Rf values.
Apparatus/Chemicals required:
Whatman filter paper, gas jar, gas jar lid, a mixture of green and red ink, capillary tube, ruler and
pencil.
Theory:
In this type of chromatography a special adsorbent paper (Whatman filter paper) is used.
Moisture ladened Whatman filter paper acts as stationary phase and the solvent acts as the
mobile phase.
Procedure:
1. A Whatman filter paper is taken and a line is drawn which is 2 cm above from one of its end.
2. Using a capillary tube a drop of mixture of ink is put at the point on the base line. The spot is
made richer by placing one more drop.
3. A gas jar is filled with a mixture of distilled water and a little amount of alcohol to half its
volume.
4. The chromatography paper is developed by placing the paper in a gas jar, taking care that the
spot is above the solvent.
5. The solvent rises due to capillary action and the components get separated out as they rise up
with the solvent at different rates. The developed paper is called a chromatogram.
6. The distance moved by the green ink, red ink and solvent front from the base line is
calculated.
7. Rf (retention factor) values are then calculated, which is the ratio of the distance moved by
the component to the distance moved by the solvent front.
Rf = Distance travelled by the component from the base line
Distance travelled by the solvent front from the base line
Result:
Rf of green ink = Rf of red ink =
Tabulation (on the blank page)
S.No Substance Distance travelled by Distance travelled by Rf value
different components the solvent front
1 Red + Green Red Red
ink
2 Red + Green Green Green
ink

(Chromatogram should be dried and kept safely. It must be pasted on the blank page of the
record.)

Signature of the teacher

Expt No: ___________ Date: _________________

Preparation of Inorganic compound –I (Mohr’s salt)

Aim: To prepare crystals of Mohr’s salt.

Theory: Mohr’s salt i.e. Ferrous ammonium sulphate [FeSO4.(NH4)2SO4.6H2O] is a double salt. It can be
prepared by mixing equimolar solution of hydrated ferrous sulphate and ammonium sulphate in
minimum amount of water. A few ml of dil. H2SO4 is added to prevent the hydrolysis of FeSO4.7H2O.
Cooling of the hot saturated solution yields light green crystals of Mohr’s salt.
FeSO4.7H2O + (NH4)2SO4 → FeSO4.(NH4)2SO4.6H2O + H2O

Procedure:
1. About 7.5 g of FeSO4. is dissolved in minimum quantity of water and about 6.5 g of (NH 4)2SO4 is
dissolved in minimum quantity of water.
2. Both the solutions are mixed in a china dish, boiled to the crystallization point, filtered and crystallized.

Result- Colour of the crystals: Light green

Shape of the crystals: Monoclinic.
Signature of the teacher

_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
_
Expt No: ___________ Date: _________________

Preparation of Inorganic compound –II (Potash Alum)

Aim:
To prepare crystals of Potash alum.

Theory:
Potash alum, a double salt, commonly known as Fitkari has the formula K2SO4.Al2(SO4)3.24H2O. It can be
prepared by mixing equimolar solution of potassium sulphate and aluminium sulphate in minimum
amount of water. A few ml of dil. H2SO4 is added to prevent the hydrolysis of Al2(SO4)3.18H2O.
Cooling of the hot saturated solution yields colourless crystals of Potash alum.
K2SO4 + Al2(SO4)3.18H2O + 6H2O → K2SO4.Al2(SO4)3.24H2O

Procedure:
1. About 8 g of K2SO4 is dissolved in minimum quantity of water and about 16 g of Al 2(SO4)3 is dissolved in
minimum quantity of water.
2. Both the solutions are mixed in a china dish, boiled to the crystallization point, filtered and crystallized.

Result
Colour of the crystals: White.
Shape of the crystals: Octahedral.
Signature of the teacher
 Analysis of a Simple Salt- 1
Aim: To analyse the given simple salt and to report the cation and anion with a systemic procedure.
Apparatus required: Test tubes, Boiling tubes, test tube stand, watch glass, spatula, and the required
chemicals.

S.No Experiment Observation Inference

Prelimiary tests:
1 Colour
2 Odour/ Smell
3 Density
3 Flame Test: Salt + Conc.
HCl  made into a thin paste
and introduced into the
flame.
4 Dilute H2SO4 test: A small
amount of salt + 2ml of dil.
H2SO4.
5 Conc. H2SO4 test: A small
amount of salt + 2 drops of
Conc.H2SO4.
Analysis of anion
6 Barium chloride test:
Salt + dil. HCl + BaCl2
solution.
7 Copper turnings test:
Salt + few copper turnings + 2
drops of Conc.H2SO4 and
heated.
8 Silver Nitrate test
Salt + Dil.HNO3 + AgNO3
9 Confirmatory test for Carbonate:
(i) Dil.H2SO4 test
Salt + Dil.H2SO4
(ii) Salt + BaCl2 solution.

The given anion is _________________

Analysis of Cation
Inter group separation
10.Preparation of original solution: Original Solution is prepared by dissolving salt in water
Original solution + Nessler’s
reagent
11. Confirmatory Test for Ammonium Cation
Salt + NaOH
Salt + NaOH+ Nessler’s
reagent
The given cation is _________________
The given salt contains _________________ as Cation and _________________ as anion
 Analysis of a Simple Salt- 2
Aim: To analyse the given simple salt and to report the cation and anion with a systemic procedure.
Apparatus required: Test tubes, Boiling tubes, test tube stand, watch glass, spatula, and the required
chemicals.

S.No Experiment Observation Inference

Prelimiary tests:
1 Colour
2 Odour/ Smell

3 Flame Test: Salt + Conc.

HCl  made into a thin paste
and introduced into the
flame.
4 Dilute H2SO4 test: A small
amount of salt + 2ml of dil.
H2SO4.
5 Conc. H2SO4 test: A small
amount of salt + 2 drops of
Conc.H2SO4.
Analysis of anion
6 Barium chloride test:
Salt + dil. HCl + BaCl2 solution.
7 Copper turnings test:
Salt + few copper turnings + 2
drops of Conc.H2SO4 and
heated.
8 Dil.H2SO4 test
Salt + Dil.H2SO4
9 Confirmatory test for Chloride:
(i) Salt + MnO2 + Conc.H2SO4 and
Heated
(ii) Salt + Dil.HNO3 + AgNO3

The given anion is Chloride

Analysis of Cation
Inter group separation
10.Preparation of original solution: Original Solution is prepared by dissolving salt in water
Original solution + Nessler’s
reagent
11. Confirmatory Test for __________________ Cation
Salt + NaOH

Salt + NaOH+ Nessler’s reagent

The given cation is __________________

Result:
The given salt contains _____________ as Cation and _________ as anion
 Analysis of a Simple Salt- 3
Aim: To analyse the given simple salt and to report the cation and anion with a systemic procedure.
Apparatus required: Test tubes, Boiling tubes, test tube stand, watch glass, spatula, and the required
chemicals.

S.No Experiment Observation Inference

Prelimiary tests:
1 Colour
2 Odour/ Smell
3 Density
4 Flame Test: Salt + Conc.
HCl  made into a thin paste
and introduced into the
flame.
5 Dilute H2SO4 test: A small
amount of salt + 2ml of dil.
H2SO4.
6 Conc. H2SO4 test: A small
amount of salt + 2 drops of
Conc.H2SO4.
Analysis of anion
7 Silver Nitrate test: Salt + dil.
HNO3 + AgNO3 solution.
8 Dilute H2SO4 test:
Salt + Dil.H2SO4
9 Barium chloride test:
Salt + dil. HCl + BaCl2 solution.
10 Confirmatory test of Nitrate:
(i) Salt + few copper turnings + 2
drops of Conc.H2SO4 and
heated.
(ii) Brown ring test:
Salt solution + 2 mL of Conc.
H2SO4-mixed thoroughly in a
test tube and added freshly
prepared ferrous sulphate
solution along the sides of the
test tube
The given anion is __________
Analysis of Cation
Inter group separation
11.Preparation of original solution: Original Solution is prepared by dissolving salt in water
Original solution + Nessler’s
reagent
Original solution + Dil.HCl
12. Confirmatory Test for Lead Cation
Salt + K2CrO4 solution
Salt + KI solution
The given cation is __________
Result
The given salt contains __________ as Cation and __________ as anion
 Analysis of a Simple Salt- 4
Aim: To analyse the given simple salt and to report the cation and anion with a systemic procedure.
Apparatus required: Test tubes, Boiling tubes, test tube stand, watch glass, spatula, and the required
chemicals.

S.No Experiment Observation Inference

Prelimiary tests:
1 Colour
2 Odour/ Smell
3 Flame Test: Salt + Conc. HCl
 made into a thin paste and
introduced into the flame.
4 Dilute H2SO4 test: A small
amount of salt + 2ml of dil.
H2SO4.
5 Conc. H2SO4 test: A small
amount of salt + 2 drops of
Conc.H2SO4.
Analysis of anion
6 Silver Nitrate test: Salt + dil.
HNO3 + AgNO3 solution.
7 Dilute H2SO4 test:
Salt + Dil.H2SO4
8 Copper turnings test:
Salt +Cu turnings +
Conc.H2SO4 and heated.
9 Confirmatory test of Sulphate:
(i) Barium chloride test:
Salt + dil. HCl + BaCl2 solution.
(ii) Lead acetate test:
Salt + dil. CH3COOH + Lead
acetate solution
The given anion is Sulphate
Analysis of Cation
Inter group separation
10.Preparation of original solution: Original Solution is prepared by dissolving salt in water
Original solution + Nessler’s
reagent
Original solution + Dil.HCl

To the above solution passed

H2S gas
11. Confirmatory Test for Copper Cation
Salt + NH4OH solution

Salt + K4[Fe(CN)6] solution

The given cation is _________

Result:
The given salt contains _________as Cation and _________ as anion
 Analysis of a Simple Salt- 5
Aim: To analyse the given simple salt and to report the cation and anion with a systemic procedure.

S.No Experiment Observation Inference

Prelimiary tests:
1 Colour

2 Odour/ Smell

3 Conc. H2SO4 test: A small

amount of salt + 2 drops of
Conc.H2SO4.
Analysis of Cation
Inter group separation
.Preparation of original solution: Original Solution is prepared by dissolving salt in water
1 Original solution + Nessler’s
reagent
2 Original solution + Dil.HCl

3 To the above solution passed

H2S gas
4 Original solution + NH4Cl +
NH4OH
Confirmatory Test for Aluminium Cation
1 Salt + NaOH solution

2 Salt + NaOH solution +

Aluminon reagent
The given cation is __________
Analysis of anion
1 Silver Nitrate test: Salt + dil.
HNO3 + AgNO3 solution.

2 Dilute H2SO4 test:

Salt + Dil.H2SO4

3 Barium chloride test:

Salt + dil. HCl + BaCl2 solution.

4 Confirmatory test of Nitrate:

(i) Salt + few copper turnings + 2
drops of Conc.H2SO4 and
heated.
(ii) Brown ring test:
Salt solution + 2 mL of Conc.
H2SO4-mixed thoroughly in a
test tube and added freshly
prepared ferrous sulphate
solution along the sides of the
test tube
The given anion is __________
Result:
The given salt contains __________ as Cation and __________as anion
 Analysis of a Simple Salt- 6
Aim: To analyse the given simple salt and to report the cation and anion with a systemic procedure.
Apparatus required: Test tubes, Boiling tubes, test tube stand, watch glass, spatula, and the required
chemicals.

S.No Experiment Observation Inference

Prelimiary tests:
1 Colour
2 Odour/ Smell

3 Flame Test: Salt + Conc. HCl

 made into a thin paste and
introduced into the flame.
4 Dilute H2SO4 test: A small
amount of salt + 2ml of dil.
H2SO4.
5 Conc. H2SO4 test: A small
amount of salt + 2 drops of
Conc.H2SO4.
Analysis of anion
6 Silver Nitrate test: Salt + dil.
HNO3 + AgNO3 solution.
7 Dilute H2SO4 test:
Salt + Dil.H2SO4
8 Copper turnings test:
Salt +Cu turnings +
Conc.H2SO4 and heated.
9 Confirmatory test of Sulphate:
(i) Barium chloride test:
Salt + dil. HCl + BaCl2 solution.
(ii) Lead acetate test:
Salt + dil. CH3COOH + Lead
acetate solution
The given anion is _______
Analysis of Cation
Inter group separation
10.Preparation of original solution: Original Solution is prepared by dissolving salt in water
Original solution + Nessler’s
reagent
Original solution + Dil.HCl

To the above solution passed

H2S gas
Original solution + NH4Cl +
NH4OH
To the above solution passed
H2S gas
11. Confirmatory Test for Zinc Cation
Salt + NaOH solution

Salt + K4[Fe(CN)6] solution

The given cation is _______

Result:
The given salt contains _______ as Cation and _______ as anion
 Analysis of a Simple Salt- Calcium Carbonate
Aim: To analyse the given simple salt and to report the cation and anion with a systemic procedure.
Apparatus required: Test tubes, Boiling tubes, test tube stand, watch glass, spatula, and the required
chemicals.
S.No Experiment Observation Inference
Prelimiary tests:
1 Colour
2 Odour/ Smell
3 Density
3 Flame Test: Salt + Conc. HCl
 made into a thin paste and
introduced into the flame.
4 Dilute H2SO4 test: A small
amount of salt + 2ml of dil.
H2SO4.
5 Conc. H2SO4 test: Salt + 2
drops of Conc.H2SO4.
Analysis of anion
6 Barium chloride test:
Salt + dil. HCl + BaCl2 solution.
7 Copper turnings test:
Salt + few copper turnings +
heated with 2 drops of
Conc.H2SO4 and heated.
8 Silver Nitrate test
Salt + Dil.HNO3 + AgNO3
9 Confirmatory test for Carbonate:
(i) Dil.H2SO4 test
Salt + Dil.H2SO4
(ii) Salt + BaCl2 solution.
The given anion is ________
Analysis of Cation
Inter group separation
10.Preparation of original solution: Original Solution is prepared by dissolving salt in water
O.S + Nessler’s reagent
Original solution + Dil.HCl
To the above solution passed
H2S gas
Original solution + NH4Cl +
NH4OH
To the above solution passed
H2S gas
Original solution + NH4OH +
solid (NH4)2CO3
11. Confirmatory Test for Calcium Cation
Salt + Ammonium oxalate
solution
Flame Test: Salt + Conc. HCl
 made into a thin paste and
introduced into the flame.
The given cation is ________
Result:
The given salt contains _________ as Cation and ________ as anion
 Expt No: _______ Date: _____________________
Analysis of a simple salt - 8
Aim: To analyze the given simple salt systematically and to report the cation and anion with systematic procedure.
Apparatus required: Test tubes, Boiling tubes, test tube stand, watch glass, spatula and the required chemicals.

S.No Experiment Observation Inference

1. Colour

2. Smell

3. Density

4. Flame Test: A small amount of

salt is made into a paste with Conc.
HCl and strongly heated in a
flame.
5. Dry heating tests
A pinch of salt is taken in a dry test
tube and heated.
6. Dilute dil. H2SO4 test:
A small amount of salt is taken and
added 1-2ml of dil. H2SO4.
7. Con. H2SO4 test:
A small amount of salt is taken and
added 1-2ml of con. H2SO4. The gases
evolved in cold and hot conditions
are noted.
Test for basic radicals: The original solution is prepared by dissolving the salt in cold water.
1. OS + Nessler’s reagent
2. OS + Dil HCl
3. To the above solution add H2S
4. OS + NH4Cl + NH4OH
5. To the above solution add H2S
6. OS + NH4OH + (NH4)2CO3
7.
Confirmatory test for Magnesium cation:
1. Added Di sodium hydrogen phosphate
solution to salt solution
Mg2+ + Na2HPO4 →Mg(NH4)PO4 + NH4OH +2Na+ +H2O
3. Salt + Magneson reagent
The given basic radical/cation is __ ____________.
Anion Analysis
1.Test for CO32-
(i). A small amount of salt is taken
and added 1-2ml of dil. HCl
2. Test for NO3- :
Copper turnings test:
Salt + few copper turnings and 2
drops of Conc.H2SO4 and
heated.
3. Test for SO42-:
Barium chloride test:
Salt + dil. HCl + BaCl2 solution.
4. Test for Cl-:
1. Manganese di oxide test:
Salt + a pinch of MnO2 + 2
drops of Con.H2SO4 and heated.
2Cl- + MnO2 + H2SO4→ Cl2↑ + MnSO4 + H2O + SO42-
2. Silver Nitrate test: Salt + dil.
HNO3 + AgNO3 solution.
Cl- + Ag NO3 → AgCl (white) + NO3-
AgCl + 2NH4OH → [Ag(NH3)2]Cl
The given anion is ________________
Result:
The given salt contains ________________ as cation and ________________as anion.

Signature of the teacher

Expt No: ___________ Date: _________________

Phenol vs Carboxylic acid

Aim: To identify the phenol and carboxylic acid from the given samples A and B.
Apparatus/Chemicals required: Samples A and B, Sodium Nitrite, ferric chloride solution,
Conc. H2SO4, litmus paper, Sodium Nitrite, Ethanol, test tubes, water bath and Bunsen burner.

Tests for phenol

S.No Experiment Observation Inference

1 Litmus test: A blue litmus is
dipped in Sample A and Sample B
2 Neutral Ferric chloride test: -
To the two samples added neutral
Ferric chloride solution.
3 Libermann Nitroso test: Organic
compound + Sodium Nitrite +
Conc.H2SO4

L.H.S.(i) C6H5OH + Neutral FeCl3 → Violet colouration.

(ii) C6H5OH + NaNO2 + Con. H2SO4 →HO-C6H4=N-OH + H2O → Red colour + NaOH → blue colour

Tests for Carboxylic acid

S.No Experiment Observation Inference

1 Litmus test: A blue litmus is
dipped in Sample A and Sample B
2 NaHCO3 test: - To sample B
added NaHCO3.
3 Esterification reaction: 1 ml of
Sample B and 1 ml of Ethanol and
a few drops of Conc.H2SO4 in a
test tube and heated in water
bath.

L.H.S (i) Carboxylic acid + NaHCO3 → Evolution of CO2 → Brisk effervescence

(ii) C2H5OH + CH3COOH → CH3COOC2H5 (Ester- Pleasant smelling)

Signature of the teacher

Expt No: ___________ Date: _________________

Test for Aldehydes and Ketones

Aim: To identify the aldehydes and Ketones from the given samples X and Y.
Apparatus/Chemicals required: Samples X and Y, 2,4 DNP, Tollen’s reagent, Fehling’s
solution, Schiff’s reagent, m-dinitro benzene, sodium nitro prusside,NaOH, test tubes,
water bath and Bunsen burner.

Tests for Aldehydes:

S.No Experiment Observation Inference
1 Organic compound + 2,4-
DNP

2 Organic compound +
Ammoniacal Silver Nitrate
Solution- Tollen’s reagent
and heated on a water bath.
3 Organic compound X +
Fehling’s A and Fehling’s B
and heated on a water bath.
4 Organic compound X +
Schiff’s reagent
(i) RCHO + 2[Ag(NH3)2]+ + 3OH- → RCOO- + 4NH3 + 2Ag ↓ + 2H2O (ii) RCHO + 2Cu2+ +
5OH- → RCOO- + Cu2O + 3H2O

Tests for Ketone:

S.No Experiment Observation Inference
1 Organic compound + 2,4-
DNP

2 Organic compound + m-
dinitro benzene + NaOH

Result:
The given sample X is _______________
The given sample Y is _______________

Signature of the teacher

 Expt No: ___________ Date: _________________

Test for unsaturation and alcohols

Aim: To identify the aldehydes and Ketones from the given samples C and D.

Apparatus/Chemicals required: Samples C and D, alk.KMnO4, Bromine liquid, Ceric

ammonium nitrate, glacial acetic acid, Conc.H2SO4, test tubes, water bath and Bunsen
burner.

Test for Unsaturation:

S.No Experiment Observation Inference
1 Organic compound +acetone
+ alk.KMnO4

2 Organic compound +
Bromine liquid

Test for Alcohols:

S.No Experiment Observation Inference
1 Organic compound + a few
drops of Ceric ammonium
nitrate solution
2 1 ml Organic compound + 1
ml glacial acetic acid + 2
drops of Conc.H2SO4 are
taken and heated on a water
bath.
C2H5OH + CH3COOH → CH3COOC2H5 (Ester- Pleasant smelling)

Result:
The given sample C is _________________
The given sample D is _________________

Signature of the teacher

Expt No: ___________ Date: _________________
Test for Carbohydrates, Proteins and Fats
Aim: To study some simple tests for carbohydrates, proteins and fats.
Test for Carbohydrates
Chemicals required: Glucose, sucrose, lactose, starch, Molisch’s reagent, Fehling’s solution, Benedict’s
solution and Iodine solution.
Procedure:
S.No Experiment Observation Inference
1 Molisch’s test: one to two ml of
carbohydrate solution is taken and
shaked well. Along the sides of the
test tube added a few drops of 10%
alcohol solution of α-napthol
(Molisch’s reagent) slowly.
2 Fehling’s Test: Equal volumes of
Fehling’s A and B are added to
Glucose or any other reducing
sugar. Heat the mixture for a minute
in water bath.
3 Tollen’s reagent: Aqueous solution
of Glucose + Tollen’s reagent+ few
drops of NaOH- Kept in a water bath
for 2 to 3 minutes.
4 Benedict’s test: Aqueous solution
of Glucose + Benedict’s solution-
Kept in a water bath for 2 to 3
minutes.
5 Iodine test: To 2-3 ml of aqueous
starch add a few drops of iodine
solution
Fehling’s test: Glucose + 2 CuO →Gluconic acid + Cu2O⬇
Tollen’s test(i) 2 AgNO3 (aq) + 2 NaOH (aq) → Ag2O (s) + 2 NaNO3 + H2O (ii) Ag2O (s) + 4 NH3 + 2
NaNO3 (aq) + H2O (l) → 2 Ag(NH3)2NO3(aq) + 2 NaOH (aq)
Glucose + 2 Ag(NH3)2NO3→Gluconic acid + Ag⬇ + 2NH3 + H2O
Test for proteins
Chemicals required: Egg albumin,/dhal extract, NaOH, Millon’s reagent, Nin Hydrin reagent, Conc. H 2SO4,
CuSO4
Procedure:
S.No Experiment Observation Inference
1 Biuret test: Organic compound + a
few drops of 1% copper sulphate
solution + NaOH
2 Millon’s test: 1 ml Organic
compound + Millon’s reagent + 2
drops of Conc.H2SO4 are taken and
heated on a water bath.
3 Nin Hydrin Test : 1 ml Organic
compound + Nin hydrin reagent
and heated on a water bath
Test for Fats
Chemicals required: Oil, Chloroform and KHSO4
Procedure:
S.No Experiment Observation Inference
1 Food sample + water
Food sample + Chloroform
2 The food sample is smeared on
paper
3 Food sample +KHSO4 + heated

Result: Tests for Carbohydrates, Proteins and Fats are performed.

Signature of the teacher