FM Practical 8

Object: - Trial on centrifugal pump to determine overall efficiency.
Apparatus: -
 Centrifugal pump set up
 Measuring tank
 Sump tank
 Stopwatch
 Meter scale
 Pressure gauge
 Vacuum gauge
Theory: -
Centrifugal pump is a hydraulic machine which converts mechanical energy into hydraulic
energy by the use of centrifugal force acting on the fluid. These are the most popular and
commonly used type of pumps for the transfer of fluids from low level to high level. It is used
in places like agriculture, municipal (water and wastewater plants), industrial, power
generation plants, petroleum, mining, chemical, pharmaceutical and many others.
When a certain mass of liquid is made to rotate by an external source, it is thrown away from
the centrifugal axis of rotation and a head is impressed which enables it to rise to a higher level.
Centrifugal Pumps can be used for viscous and non-viscous liquids and has higher efficiency.
This article emphasises on main part of centrifugal pump.
The Main parts of Centrifugal Pump are:
1. Impeller
2. Casing
3. Delivery pipe
4. Suction pipe with Foot Valve and Strainer
1. Impeller
It is a wheel or rotor which is provided with a series of backward curved blades or vanes. It is
mounded on the shaft which is coupled to an external source of energy which imparts the liquid
energy to the impeller there by making it to rotate.
Fig: Open, Semi Enclosed and Enclosed Impeller

Impellers are divided into 3 types,
1. Open Impeller
2. Semi enclosed Impeller
3. Enclosed Impeller
2. Casing
It is a pipe which is connected at the upper end to the inlet of the pump to the centre of impeller
which is commonly known as eye. The double end reaction pump consists of two suction pipe
connected to the eye from both sides. The lower end dips into liquid in to lift. The lower end is
fitted in to foot valve and strainer.
Fig: Main Components of Centrifugal Pump
Commonly three types of casing are used in centrifugal pump,
1. Volute Casing
2. Vortex Casing
3. Casing with Guide Blades
3. Delivery Pipe
It is a pipe which is connected at its lower end to the out let of the pump and it delivers the
liquid to the required height. Near the outlet of the pump on the delivery pipe, a valve is
provided which controls the flow from the pump into delivery pipe.
4. Suction Pipe with Foot Valve and Strainer

suction pipe is connected with the inlet of the impeller and the other end is dipped into the
sump of water. At the water end, it consists of foot value and strainer. The foot valve is a one-
way valve that opens in the upward direction. The strainer is used to filter the unwanted particle
present in the water to prevent the centrifugal pump from blockage.
Working of Centrifugal Pump: -

The first step in the operation of a centrifugal pump is priming. Priming is the operation in
which suction pipe casing of the pump and the position of fluid with the liquid which is to be
pumped so that all the air from the position of pump is driven out and no air is left. The necessity
of priming of a centrifugal pump is due to the fact that the pressure generated at the centrifugal
pump impeller is directly proportional to density of fluid that is in contact with it.
Fig: Working of Centrifugal Pump

After the pump is primed the delivery valve is still kept closed and electric motor is started to
rotate the impeller. The delivery valve is kept closed in order to reduce valve is opened the
liquid is made to flow in an outward radial direction there by vanes of impeller at the outer
circumference with high velocity at outer circumference due to centrifugal action vacuum is
created. This cause liquid from sump to rush through suction pipe to eye of impeller thereby
replacing long discharge from center circumference of the impeller is utilized in lifting liquid
to required height through delivery pipe.
Procedure: -
1. Fill up sufficient water in the sump tank.
2. Open the priming cock (fitted on the delivery pipe) and fill up water up to the funnel. Close
the cock properly.
3. Shut off the discharge valve.
4. Start the pump. As the discharge valve is closed, no discharge will be observed, but discharge
pressure will be indicated. This is called ‘shut off head’ of the pump.
5. Slowly open the discharge valve, so that small discharge is observed.
6. Note down discharge head, suction vacuum, the time required for 10 cm rise in the measuring
tank and 10 impulses of energy meter.
7. Note down the observations at different valve openings.
Observations: -
Speed I- II- III- IV- Vacuumed Delivery Time Rise Time H HP of Electrial Shaft ɳp ɳo
valve Stage Stage Stage Stage pressure pressure for 10 water (t) pump input power
position P1 P2 P3 P4 (Pv) (Pd) blink level for power
energy (R) rise
meter
Calculations:-
Formula used:
Let time required for 10 blinks of energy meter be TE (seconds)
10×3600
1. Electrical Input Power (IP) = , KW
𝑇𝐸 ×1600
2. Shaft Power = 0.8 X Electrical Input Power, KW
𝐴×𝑅𝑖𝑠𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑙𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑙

3. Discharge (Q) = , m3/sec
100 ×𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑟𝑖𝑠𝑒
Pv
4. Total Head (H) = 10 (P + ), m
760
𝑃1 +𝑃2 +𝑃3 +𝑃4

Where P =
4
𝜌𝑔𝑄𝐻
5. Horse Power of Pump = , KW
1000
𝐻𝑜𝑟𝑠𝑒 𝑃𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑃𝑢𝑚𝑝
6. Pump efficiency (ɳp) = × 100
𝑆ℎ𝑎𝑓𝑡 𝑃𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟
𝐻𝑜𝑟𝑠𝑒 𝑃𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑃𝑢𝑚𝑝

7. Overall efficiency (ɳo) = × 100
𝐸𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝐼𝑛𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑃𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟
Result: -
Overall efficiency of pump =…………
Precautions: -
1. Priming is a must before starting the pump.
2. The pump should never run dry.
3. Use clean water in the sump tank.
4. Use all the controls and switches carefully.
5. Do not disturb the pressure gauge connections.
6. Drain all the water from the sump tank after the experiment is completed.

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Object: - Trial on centrifugal pump to determine overall efficiency.

Fig: Open, Semi Enclosed and Enclosed Impeller

Fig: Main Components of Centrifugal Pump

Commonly three types of casing are used in centrifugal pump,

4. Suction Pipe with Foot Valve and Strainer

Working of Centrifugal Pump: -

Fig: Working of Centrifugal Pump

3. Shut off the discharge valve.

5. Slowly open the discharge valve, so that small discharge is observed.

7. Note down the observations at different valve openings.

2. Shaft Power = 0.8 X Electrical Input Power, KW

𝐴×𝑅𝑖𝑠𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑙𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑙

𝑃1 +𝑃2 +𝑃3 +𝑃4

𝐻𝑜𝑟𝑠𝑒 𝑃𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑃𝑢𝑚𝑝

Overall efficiency of pump =…………

2. The pump should never run dry.

3. Use clean water in the sump tank.

4. Use all the controls and switches carefully.

5. Do not disturb the pressure gauge connections.

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