MATHEMATICS

CHAPTER-WISE

SYNOPSYS

II PUC

A helping hand can be a ray of sunshine in a cloudy world

VR 1
 RELATIONS AND FUNCTIONS

1) Define empty relation

A relation R in a set A is called empty relation, if no element of A is related to any
element of A.

2) Define universal relation

A relation R in a set A is called universal relation, if each element of A is related to
every element of A.

3) Define reflexive relation

A relation R in a set A is called reflexive if (𝑎 , 𝑎) ∈ 𝑅 , ∀ 𝑎 ∈ 𝐴

4) Define symmetric relation

A relation R in a set A is called symmetric if
(𝑎, 𝑏) ∈ 𝑅 𝑖𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑖𝑒𝑠 (𝑏, 𝑎) ∈ 𝑅 , 𝑎, 𝑏 ∈ 𝐴

5) Define transitive relation

A relation R in a set A is called transitive if
(𝑎, 𝑏) ∈ 𝑅 , (𝑏 , 𝑐) ∈ 𝑅 𝑖𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑖𝑒𝑠 (𝑎, 𝑐) ∈ 𝑅 , 𝑎, 𝑏, 𝑐 ∈ 𝐴

6) Define equivalence relation

A relation satisfies reflective, symmetric and transitive are called equivalence
relation

7) Define one-one function

A function is said to be one-one if distinct elements in domain have unique images
in codomain

8) Define onto function

A function in which codomain is equal to range is called onto function

9) Define bijective function

A function satisfies both one-one and onto is called bijective function

10) Define binary operation

A binary operation * on a set A is a function∗∶ 𝐴 × 𝐴 → 𝐴 . We denote a * b

11) A binary operation satisfies

i) commutative if a * b = b * a
ii) associative if a * ( b * c) = ( a * b ) * c
VR 2
12) Define Invertible function
A function 𝑓 ∶ 𝐴 → 𝐵 and ∶ 𝐵 → 𝐴 , then 𝑓 is said to be invertible if there exixts
a function 𝑔𝑜𝑓 = 𝐼𝐴 and 𝑓𝑜𝑔 = 𝐼𝐵

INVERSE TRIGONOMERTIC FUNCTIONS

TRIGNOMETRIC VALUE TABLE:
𝜋 𝜋 𝜋 𝜋
0𝑜 6 4 3 2
Sin 1 1 √3
0 2 √2 2 1
Cos √3 1 1
1 2 √2 2 0
Tan 1 Not defined
0 √3 1 √3
Cosec Not defined 2
2 √2 √3 1
Sec 2 Not defined
1 √3 √2 2
Cot Not defined 1
√3 1 √3 0

FUNCTION DOMAIN PRINCIPLE BRANCH(RANGE)

y = sin−1 (𝑥) [-1 , 1] 𝜋 𝜋
[− , ]
2 2

y = cos −1 (𝑥) [-1, 1] [0 , 𝜋 ]

y = tan−1 (𝑥) R 𝜋 𝜋
(− , )
2 2

y = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 −1 (𝑥) 𝑅 − (−1,1) 𝜋 𝜋

[− , ] − {0}
2 2

y = sec −1 (𝑥) 𝑅 − (−1,1) 𝜋

[0 , 𝜋 ] − { }
2

y = cot −1 (𝑥) R (0, 𝜋)

VR 3
LIST OF INVERSE TRIGONMETRIC FORMULAE
1
1) sin−1 ( ) = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 −1 (𝑥) , 𝑥 ≥ 1 𝑜𝑟 𝑥 ≤ −1
𝑥

1
2) cos −1 ( ) = sec −1 (𝑥) , 𝑥 ≥ 1 𝑜𝑟 𝑥 ≤ −1
𝑥

1
3) tan−1 ( ) = cot −1 (𝑥) ,𝑥 > 0
𝑥

4) sin−1 (−𝑥) = − sin−1 (𝑥) , 𝑥 ∈ [−1 , 1]

5) tan−1 (−𝑥) = − tan−1 (𝑥) ,𝑥 ∈ 𝑅

6) 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 −1 (−𝑥) = − 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 −1 (𝑥) , |𝑥| ≥ 1

7) cos −1 (−𝑥) = 𝜋 − cos −1 (𝑥) , 𝑥 ∈ [−1, 1]

8) sec −1 (−𝑥) = 𝜋 − sec −1 (𝑥) , |𝑥| ≥ 1

9) cot −1 (−𝑥) = 𝜋 − cot −1 (𝑥) ,𝑥 ∈ 𝑅

𝜋
10) sin−1 𝑥 + cos−1 𝑥 = 2
, 𝑥 ∈ [−1 , 1]

𝜋
11) tan−1 𝑥 + cot −1 𝑥 = 2
,𝑥 ∈ 𝑅

𝜋
12) 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 −1 𝑥 + sec −1 𝑥 = , |𝑥| ≥ 1
2

𝑥+𝑦
13) tan−1 𝑥 + tan−1 𝑦 = tan−1 (1− 𝑥𝑦) , 𝑥𝑦 < 1

VR 4
 𝑥− 𝑦
14) tan−1 𝑥 − tan−1 𝑦 = tan−1 (1+ 𝑥𝑦) , 𝑥𝑦 > −1

2𝑥
15) 2 tan−1 𝑥 = sin−1 (1+ 𝑥2) , |𝑥| ≤ 1

1−𝑥 2
16) 2 tan−1 𝑥 = cos−1 (1+ 𝑥2) , |𝑥| ≥ 0

2𝑥
17) 2 tan−1 𝑥 = tan−1 (1−𝑥2 ) , −1 < 𝑥 < 1

1 1
18) sin−1 (2𝑥 √1 − 𝑥 2 ) = 2 sin−1 𝑥 ,−
√2
≤𝑥 ≤
√2

1
19) sin−1 (2𝑥 √1 − 𝑥 2 ) = 2 cos−1 𝑥 ,
√2
≤𝑥 ≤1

1 1
20) 3 sin−1 𝑥 = sin−1 (3𝑥 − 4𝑥 3 ) , 𝑥 ∈ [− , ]
2 2

1
21) 3 cos−1 𝑥 = cos−1 (4𝑥 3 − 3𝑥) , 𝑥 ∈ [ , 1]
2

2𝑥 3𝑥− 𝑥 3 1
22) tan−1 𝑥 + tan−1 (1− 𝑥2 ) = tan−1 ( 1−3𝑥2 ) , |𝑥| < √3

VR 5
 MATRICES AND DETERMINANTS

1) Define matrix
A Matrix is a rectangular array of numbers or functions

2) Define an order of a matrix

A matrix having 𝑚 number of rows and 𝑛 number of columns is called a matrix of
order 𝑚 × 𝑛

3) Define column matrix

A matrix having only one column is called column matrix

4) Define row matrix

A matrix having only one row is called row matrix

5) Define square matrix

A matrix having number of rows is equal to number of columns is called square
matrix

6) Define rectangular matrix

A matrix having number of rows is not equal to number of columns is called
rectangular matrix

7) Define diagonal matrix

A square matrix in which non principle diagonal elements are zero is called
diagonal matrix

8) Define scalar matrix

A diagonal matrix in which all principle diagonal elements are equal is called
scalar matrix

9) Define identity matrix

A diagonal matrix in which all principle diagonal elements are equal to 1 is called
identity matrix

10) Define transpose of a matrix

A matrix in which rows are interchanges to columns and columns are interchanges
to rows are called transpose matrix

11) Define symmetric matrix

A square matrix A is said to be symmetric if 𝐴′ = 𝐴

VR 6
12) Define skew symmetric matrix
A square matrix A is said to be skew- symmetric if 𝐴′ = −𝐴

13) Define invertible matrix

If A is a square matrix of order 𝑚 and if there exists another square matrix B of the
same order 𝑚 such that = 𝐵𝐴 = 𝐼 , then is called inverse of A. It is denoted by
𝐴−1

14) Define the determinant of a matrix

To every square matrix A of order, we can associate a number called determinant
of a square matrix

15) Area of the triangle

Let 𝐴(𝑥1 , 𝑦1 ), 𝐵(𝑥2 , 𝑦2 )𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐶(𝑥3 , 𝑦3 ) be vertices of a triangle then area of
𝑥1 𝑦1 1
1
triangle = ∆ = 𝑚𝑜𝑑 |𝑥2 𝑦2 1|
2
𝑥3 𝑦3 1

16) Equation of the line

Equation of the line passing through 𝐴(𝑥1 , 𝑦1 ) 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐵(𝑥2 , 𝑦2 ) is
𝑥1 𝑦1 1
|𝑥2 𝑦2 1| = 0
𝑥 𝑦 1

17) Collinear points

Let 𝐴(𝑥1 , 𝑦1 ), 𝐵(𝑥2 , 𝑦2 )𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐶(𝑥3 , 𝑦3 ) be three points said to be collinear if
𝑥1 𝑦1 1
|𝑥2 𝑦2 1| = 0
𝑥3 𝑦3 1

18) Define adjoint of a matrix

The adjoint of a square matrix 𝐴 = [𝑎𝑖𝑗 ] of order 𝑛 × 𝑛 is defined as the
transpose of the matrix [𝐴𝑖𝑗 ]𝑛 ×𝑛 where 𝐴𝑖𝑗 is the cofactors of the elements it is
denoted by 𝑎𝑑𝑗 𝐴

19) Define singular matrix

A square matrix in which whose determinant is equal to zero is called singular
matrix.

VR 7
20) Define non - singular matrix
A square matrix in which whose determinant is not equal to zero is called non-
singular matrix.
21) If A is a non-singular matrix of order 𝒏 then , |𝒂𝒅𝒋 𝑨| = |𝑨|𝒏−𝟏

𝟏
22) If A is an invertible matrix of order 𝒏 , then 𝒅𝒆𝒕(𝑨−𝟏 ) = |𝑨−𝟏 | = |𝑨|

CONTINUITY AND DIFFERENTIATION

1) Left hand limit (𝐿 . 𝐻. 𝐿) :-

lim 𝑓(𝑥) = lim 𝑓 ( 𝑎 − 𝑥)

𝑥 → 𝑎− ℎ →0

2) Right hand limit (𝑅 . 𝐻. 𝐿): -

lim 𝑓(𝑥) = lim 𝑓 ( 𝑎 + 𝑥)

𝑥 → 𝑎+ ℎ →0

3) Continuity of the given function :

𝐿 . 𝐻. 𝐿 = 𝑅. 𝐻 . 𝐿 = 𝑓(𝑎)

𝑑
4) (𝑥 𝑛 ) = 𝑛 𝑥 𝑛−1
𝑑𝑥

𝑑
5) (𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡) = 0
𝑑𝑥

𝑑
6) (𝑥) = 1
𝑑𝑥

𝑑
7) (𝑒 𝑥 ) = 𝑒 𝑥
𝑑𝑥

VR 8
 𝑑
8) (𝑎 𝑥 ) = 𝑎 𝑥 log 𝑎
𝑑𝑥

𝑑 1
9) (log 𝑥 ) =
𝑑𝑥 𝑥

𝑑 1
10)
𝑑𝑥
(√𝑥) =2
√𝑥

𝑑 𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑣
11) (𝑢 ± 𝑣) = ±
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥

𝑑 𝑑𝑣 𝑑𝑢
12) ( 𝑢 . 𝑣) = 𝑢 +𝑣
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥

𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑣
𝑑 𝑢 𝑣 −𝑢
13)
𝑑𝑥 𝑣
( ) = 𝑑𝑥
𝑣2
𝑑𝑥

𝑑
14) (sin 𝑥) = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥
𝑑𝑥

𝑑
15) (cos 𝑥) = − 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥
𝑑𝑥

𝑑
16) (tan 𝑥) = 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 (𝑥)
𝑑𝑥

𝑑
17) (sec 𝑥) = 𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑥 . 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑥
𝑑𝑥

𝑑
18) (𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑥 ) = − 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑥 . 𝑐𝑜𝑡 𝑥
𝑑𝑥

𝑑
19) (cot 𝑥 ) = - 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 (𝑥)
𝑑𝑥

𝑑 1
20) (sin−1 (𝑥)) =
𝑑𝑥 √1− 𝑥 2

VR 9
 𝑑 −1
21) (cos −1 (𝑥)) =
𝑑𝑥 √1− 𝑥 2

𝑑 1
22) (tan−1 (𝑥)) =
𝑑𝑥 1+ 𝑥 2

𝑑 −1
23) (cot −1 (𝑥)) =
𝑑𝑥 1+ 𝑥 2

𝑑 −1
24) (𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 −1 (𝑥)) =
𝑑𝑥 𝑥 √ 𝑥 2 −1

𝑑 1
25) (sec −1 (𝑥)) =
𝑑𝑥 𝑥√ 𝑥 2 −1

26) log( 𝑥 . 𝑦 ) = log 𝑥 + log 𝑦

𝑥
27) log ( ) = log 𝑥 − log 𝑦
𝑦

28) log 𝑥 𝑚 = 𝑚 log(𝑥)

29) Rolle’s Theorem :- Let 𝑓 ∶ [𝑎 , 𝑏] → 𝑅 be a continuous function[𝑎 , 𝑏] on and

differentiable on (𝑎 , 𝑏) , such that 𝑓(𝑎) = 𝑓(𝑏) , where 𝑎 and 𝑏 are some real
numbers . then there exist some 𝑐 ∈ (𝑎 , 𝑏) such that 𝑓 ′ (𝑐) = 0
30) Mean Value theorem :- Let 𝑓 ∶ [𝑎 , 𝑏] → 𝑅 be a continuous function[𝑎 , 𝑏] on
and differentiable on (𝑎 , 𝑏) , then there exist some 𝑐 ∈ (𝑎 , 𝑏) such that
𝑓(𝑏) − 𝑓(𝑎)
𝑓 ′ (𝑐) =
𝑏−𝑎

VR 10
 APPLICATION OF DERIVATIVES
1) Area of a square = A = 𝑥 2 𝑠𝑞. 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑠

2) Area of a rectangle = A = 𝑥𝑦 𝑠𝑞. 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑠

3) Perimeter of a square = P = 4𝑥 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑠

4) Perimeter of a rectangle = P = 2 ( 𝑥 + 𝑦) 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑠

5) Area of a circle = A = 𝜋𝑟 2 𝑠𝑞. 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑠

6) Perimeter ( Circumference ) of a circle = P = 2𝜋𝑟 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑠

7) Surface area of a cube = S = 6 𝑥 2 𝑠𝑞. 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑠

8) Volume of a cube = V = 𝑥 3 𝑐𝑢𝑏𝑖𝑐 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑠

4
9) Volume of a sphere = V = 𝜋𝑟 3 𝑐𝑢𝑏𝑖𝑐 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑠
3

1
10) Volume of a cone = V = 𝜋𝑟 2 ℎ 𝑐𝑢𝑏𝑖𝑐 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑠
3

11) Curved Surface area of a cylinder = S = 2𝜋𝑟ℎ 𝑠𝑞. 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑠

12) Total surface area of a cylinder = S = 2𝜋𝑟ℎ + 2 𝜋𝑟 2 𝑠𝑞. 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑠

13) Volume of a cylinder = V = 𝜋𝑟 2 ℎ 𝑐𝑢𝑏𝑖𝑐 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑠

𝑑𝐴
14) Rate of change of area of a circle with respect to its radius =
𝑑𝑟

VR 11
 𝑑𝑉
15) Rate of change of volume of a sphere with respect to its time =
𝑑𝑡

16) Increasing and decreasing functions:-

Let 𝑓(𝑥) be a function then 𝑓(𝑥) is
𝑓 ′ (𝑥) ≥ 0 Increasing function
′ (𝑥)
𝑓 >0 Strictly increasing function
′ (𝑥)
𝑓 ≤0 Decreasing function
′ (𝑥)
𝑓 <0 Strictly decreasing function

𝑑𝑦
17) Slope of tangent to the curve 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥) is = 𝑚 =
𝑑𝑥

𝑑𝑦
18) Slope of tangent to the curve 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥) at P( 𝑥1 , 𝑦1 ) is = 𝑚 = ]
𝑑𝑥 (𝑥1 ,𝑦1 )

1
19) Slope of normal to the curve 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥) is = 𝑚1 = - 𝑑𝑦
𝑑𝑥

1
20) Slope of normal to the curve 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥) at P( 𝑥1 , 𝑦1 ) is = 𝑚1 = - 𝑑𝑦 ]
𝑑𝑥 (𝑥1 ,𝑦1 )

21) Equation of tangent to the curve with slope 𝑚 and the point P( 𝑥1 , 𝑦1 ) is

(𝑦 − 𝑦1 ) = 𝑚 ( 𝑥 − 𝑥1 )

22) Equation of normal to the curve with slope 𝑚1 and the point P( 𝑥1 , 𝑦1 ) is

(𝑦 − 𝑦1 ) = 𝑚1 ( 𝑥 − 𝑥1 )

23) Approximate value of given function :- let the given function 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥) , then

𝑑𝑦
approximate value of 𝑓(𝑥) is ∆𝑦 = 𝑓 ′ (𝑥)∆𝑥 = ∆𝑥
𝑑𝑥

24) Approximate change in the volume V of a side x meters , increasing the side by

𝑑𝑉
𝑥 % is 𝑑𝑉 = ( ) ∆𝑥
𝑑𝑥

VR 12
25) First derivative test
The given function 𝑓(𝑥)
Find𝑓 ′ (𝑥). Let us assume 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = 0 , find the critical values x = C
If left to 𝑓 ′ (𝐶) > 0 and right to
Local maxima
′
𝑓 (𝐶)< 0
If left to 𝑓 ′ (𝐶) < 0 and right to
Local minima
′ (𝐶)
𝑓 >0

26) Second derivative test

The given function 𝑓(𝑥)
Find𝑓 ′ (𝑥). Let us assume 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = 0 , find the critical values x = C
Find𝑓 ′′ (𝑥).
If 𝑓 ′′ (𝑥) > 0 , then function represent local minima
If 𝑓 ′′ (𝑥) < 0 , then the function represent local maxima
If 𝑓 ′′ (𝑥) = 0 , second derivative text fails .go back to first derivative test

INTEGRALS
𝑥 𝑛+1
1) ∫ 𝑥 𝑛 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑛+1
+𝐶

2) ∫ 1 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑥 + 𝐶

3) ∫ 𝑒 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑒 𝑥 + 𝐶

1
4) ∫ 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = log(𝑥) + 𝐶

1
5) ∫ 𝑑𝑥 = 2 √𝑥 + 𝐶
√𝑥

6) ∫ sin 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = − cos( 𝑥) + 𝐶

7) ∫ cos 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = sin 𝑥 + 𝐶

VR 13
8) ∫ 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 (𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 tan 𝑥 + 𝐶

9) ∫ 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 (𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 = − cot 𝑥 + 𝐶

10) ∫ sec 𝑥 . tan 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = sec(𝑥) + 𝐶

11) ∫ 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑥 . cot 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = −𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑥 + 𝐶

12) ∫ cot 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = log|sin 𝑥| + 𝐶

13) ∫ tan 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = − log|cos 𝑥| + 𝐶 = log|sec 𝑥 | + 𝐶

14) ∫ sec 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = log|sec 𝑥 + tan 𝑥| + 𝐶

1
15) ∫ √1− 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 = sin−1 𝑥 + 𝐶

−1
16) ∫ √1− 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 = cos −1 𝑥 + 𝐶

1
17) ∫ 1+ 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 = tan−1 𝑥 + 𝐶

−1
18) ∫ 1+ 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 = cot −1 𝑥 + 𝐶

1 1 𝑥
19) ∫ 𝑎2+ 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑎 tan−1 (𝑎) + 𝐶

𝑑
20) ∫(𝐼 . 𝐼𝐼) 𝑑𝑥 = 𝐼 ∫ 𝐼𝐼 𝑑𝑥 − ∫ (𝑑𝑥 𝐼. ∫(𝐼𝐼) 𝑑𝑥) 𝑑𝑥

1 1 𝑥−𝑎
21) ∫ 𝑥 2− 𝑎2 𝑑𝑥 = 2𝑎
log |
𝑥+𝑎
|+𝐶

VR 14
 1 1 𝑎+𝑥
22) ∫ 𝑎2− 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 = 2𝑎
log |
𝑎−𝑥
|+𝐶

1
23) ∫ √𝑥 2+ 𝑎2 𝑑𝑥 = log|𝑥 + √𝑥 2 + 𝑎2 | + 𝐶

1
24) ∫ √𝑥 2− 𝑎2 𝑑𝑥 = log|𝑥 + √𝑥 2 − 𝑎2 | + 𝐶

1 𝑥
25) ∫ √𝑎2− 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 = sin−1 (𝑎) + 𝐶

𝑥 𝑎2
26) ∫ √𝑥 2 − 𝑎2 𝑑𝑥 = 2
√𝑥 2 − 𝑎2 −
2
log|𝑥 + √𝑥 2 − 𝑎2 | + 𝐶

𝑥 𝑎2
27) ∫ √𝑥 2 + 𝑎2 𝑑𝑥 = 2
√𝑥 2 + 𝑎2 + 2
log|𝑥 + √𝑥 2 + 𝑎2 | + 𝐶

𝑥 𝑎2 𝑥
28) ∫ √𝑎2 − 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 = √𝑎2 − 𝑥 2 + sin−1 ( ) + 𝐶
2 2 𝑎

𝑏 𝑏
29) ∫𝑎 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 = ∫𝑎 𝑓(𝑡)𝑑𝑡

𝑏 𝑎
30) ∫𝑎 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = − ∫𝑏 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥

𝑏 𝑐 𝑏
31) ∫𝑎 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 = ∫𝑎 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 + ∫𝑐 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 , 𝑐 ∈ (𝑎 , 𝑏)

𝑏 𝑏
32) ∫𝑎 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 = ∫𝑎 𝑓(𝑎 + 𝑏 − 𝑥) 𝑑𝑥

𝑎 𝑎
33) ∫0 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 = ∫0 𝑓(𝑎 − 𝑥) 𝑑𝑥

2𝑎 𝑎 𝑎
34) ∫0 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 = ∫0 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 + ∫0 𝑓(2𝑎 − 𝑥) 𝑑𝑥

VR 15
 𝑎
2𝑎 2 ∫ 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 , 𝑖𝑓 𝑓(2𝑎 − 𝑥 ) = 𝑓(𝑥)
35) ∫0 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 = { 0
0 , 𝑖𝑓 𝑓(2𝑎 − 𝑥 ) = −𝑓(𝑥)

𝑎
𝑎 2 ∫ 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 , 𝑖𝑓 𝑓(𝑥)𝑖𝑠 𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑛
36) ∫−𝑎 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 = { 0
0 , 𝑖𝑓 𝑓(𝑥)𝑖𝑠 𝑜𝑑𝑑

DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS
1) Define differential equation
An equation containing an independent variable, a dependent variable and the
derivatives of the dependent variable is called a differential equation

2) Define order of differential equation

The order of the highest order derivative occurring in a differential equation is
called the order of the differential equation

3) Define degree of differential equation

The power of highest order of polynomial differential equation is called degree

4) Define the solution of the differential equation

A function of the form 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥) + 𝐶 which satisfy a given differential equation
is called its solution

5) Define general solution of the differential equation

A differential equation having arbitrary constant is called general solution

6) Define particular solution of the differential equation

A differential equation does not have any arbitrary constant is called particular
solution

7) Write the equation of the family of circles touching the X-axis at origin
𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 2𝑎𝑦

8) Write the equation of the family of circles touching the Y-axis at origin
𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 2𝑎𝑥

9) Variable separable method

The given differential equation can be expressed as 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = 𝑔(𝑦)𝑑𝑦 is called method
of variable and separable method

VR 16
10) Linear differential equations
TYPE - I TYPE -II
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑥
+ (𝑃)𝑦 = 𝑄 form + (𝑃)𝑥 = 𝑄 form
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦
Here P and Q are variables of 𝑥 and Here P and Q are variables of 𝑦 and
constant constant
I.F = 𝑒 ∫ 𝑃𝑑𝑥 I.F = 𝑒 ∫ 𝑃𝑑𝑦
The general solution is The general solution is
𝑦 (𝐼. 𝐹) = ∫ 𝑄(𝐼. 𝐹) 𝑑𝑥 + 𝐶
𝑥 (𝐼. 𝐹) = ∫ 𝑄(𝐼. 𝐹) 𝑑𝑦 + 𝐶

VECTOR ALGEBRA
1) Define scalar quantity
A physical quantity which has only magnitude but no direction is called scalar

2) Define vector quantity

A physical quantity which has both magnitude and direction is called vector

3) Define zero vector

A vector whose initial and terminal points coincide is called a zero vector

4) Define unit vector

A vector whose magnitude is equal to one is called a unit vector

5) Define co-initial vectors

Two or more vectors having the same initial points are called co-initial vectors

6) Define co-terminal vectors

Two or more vectors having the same terminal points are called co-terminal
points

7) Define collinear vectors

Two or more vectors are said to be collinear if they are parallel to the same line
irrespective of their magnitudes

8) Define coplanar vectors

Two or more vectors lie on the same plane are called coplanar vectors

9) Define equal vectors

Two vectors 𝑎⃗ and 𝑏⃗⃗ are said to be equal if they have the same magnitude and
direction regardless of the position of their initial points

VR 17
10) Define negative vector
A vector whose magnitude is the same as the given vector but opposite in the
direction to the given vector is called negative vector

11) Define free vectors

If the initial point of the vector is not specified, then it is said to be free vector

12) Define scalar product of two vectors

The scalar product of two given vectors 𝑎⃗ and 𝑏⃗⃗ having 𝜃 angle between them is
define as 𝑎⃗. 𝑏⃗⃗ = |𝑎⃗||𝑏⃗⃗| cos 𝜃

13) Define vector product of two vectors

The vector product of two given vectors 𝑎⃗ and 𝑏⃗⃗ having 𝜃 angle between them is
define as 𝑎⃗ × 𝑏⃗⃗ = |𝑎⃗||𝑏⃗⃗| sin 𝜃 𝑛̂

14) ⃗⃗
Write the formula for unit vector in the direction of 𝒂
𝑎⃗
𝑎̂ =
|𝑎⃗|
15) ⃗⃗
Write the formula for unit vector in the opposite direction of 𝒂
𝑎⃗
𝑎̂ = −
|𝑎⃗|

16) ⃗⃗ and ⃗𝒃⃗

Write the formula for unit vector in the direction of sum of 𝒂
(𝑎⃗ + 𝑏⃗⃗)
|𝑎⃗ + 𝑏⃗⃗|

17) ⃗⃗ which has a magnitude is P(some

Find the a vector in the direction of 𝒂
constant)
𝑎⃗⃗
= P 𝑎̂ = P |𝑎⃗⃗|

⃗⃗)
(𝑎⃗⃗ × 𝑏
18) ⃗⃗ and ⃗𝒃⃗ is
Unit vector perpendicular to both 𝒂 ⃗⃗|
|𝑎⃗⃗ × 𝑏

19) Write direction ratios of a line passing through the points (x1 , y1 , z1 ) and
( x2 ,y2 , z2 ) = (a , b , c ) = ( x2 – x1 , y2 – y1 , z2 – z1)

20) Write the formula for direction cosines of a position vector when direction
ratios are given ( a, b ,c)
𝑎 𝑏 𝑐
(𝑙 , 𝑚, 𝑛) = ( , , )
√𝑎2 +𝑏2 +𝑐 2 √𝑎2 +𝑏2 +𝑐 2 √𝑎2 +𝑏2 +𝑐 2

VR 18
21) Write the formula for the position vector of a point R dividing a line segment
the points P and Q whose position vectors 𝒂⃗⃗ and ⃗𝒃⃗ in the ratio m : n
i) internally ii) externally
⃗⃗ + 𝑛𝑎⃗⃗
𝑚𝑏
i) Internally = 𝑟⃗ =
𝑚+𝑛
⃗⃗− 𝑛𝑎⃗⃗
𝑚𝑏
ii) Externally = 𝑟⃗ =
𝑚−𝑛

22) Write the formula for position vector of a point R divide the line segment
⃗⃗ + 𝑎⃗⃗
𝑏
⃗⃗ as the mid-point 𝑟⃗ =
⃗⃗ and 𝒃
points P and Q whose position vectors 𝒂
2

23) Write the formula for projection of 𝑎⃗ on 𝑏⃗⃗

𝑎⃗. 𝑏⃗⃗
|𝑏⃗⃗|

24) Write the formula for projection of 𝑏⃗⃗ on 𝑎⃗

𝑎⃗. 𝑏⃗⃗
|𝑎⃗|

25) Write the formula for area of the triangle representing the adjacent sides are
1
⃗⃗ and ⃗𝒃⃗ = |𝑎⃗ × ⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝒂 𝑏|
2

26) Write the formula for area of the parallelogram representing the adjacent
⃗⃗ and ⃗𝒃⃗ = |𝑎⃗ × ⃗⃗⃗⃗
sides are 𝒂 𝑏|

27) Write the formula for area of the parallelogram whose diagonals are
1
⃗⃗ and ⃗𝒃⃗
𝒂 = |𝑎⃗ × ⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑏|
2

28) If 𝑎⃗ = 𝑎1 𝑖̂ + 𝑏1 𝑗̂ + 𝑐1 𝑘̂ and = 𝑎2 𝑖̂ + 𝑏2 𝑗̂ + 𝑐2 𝑘̂ then

𝑖̂ 𝑗̂ 𝑘̂
a) 𝑎⃗. 𝑏⃗⃗ = 𝑎1 𝑎2 + 𝑏1 𝑏2 + 𝑐1 𝑐2 b) 𝑎⃗ × 𝑏⃗⃗⃗⃗ = |𝑎1 𝑏1 𝑐1 |
𝑎2 𝑏2 𝑐2
𝑎 𝑏1 𝑐1
c) both vectors are parallel to each other or collinear 𝑎⃗ = 𝜆 𝑏⃗⃗ (or) 1 = =
𝑎2 𝑏2 𝑐2
d) both are perpendicular to each other 𝑎1 𝑎2 + 𝑏1 𝑏2 + 𝑐1 𝑐2 = 0

VR 19
29) Scalar triple product : -If 𝑎⃗ , 𝑏⃗⃗ 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑐⃗ are the given vectors then 𝑎⃗. (𝑏⃗⃗ × 𝑐⃗) is
called scalar triple product of three given vectors.it is denoted by [𝑎⃗ 𝑏⃗⃗ 𝑐⃗]

30) [𝑎⃗ 𝑏⃗⃗ 𝑐⃗] = [𝑏⃗⃗ 𝑐⃗ 𝑎⃗] = [𝑐⃗ 𝑎⃗ 𝑏⃗⃗]

31) [𝑎⃗ 𝑎⃗ 𝑐⃗] = [𝑎⃗ 𝑎⃗ 𝑎⃗] = 0

32) Volume of a parallelepiped = [𝑎⃗ 𝑏⃗⃗ 𝑐⃗]

33) Three vectors 𝑎⃗ , 𝑏⃗⃗ , 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑐⃗ are coplanar if [𝑎⃗ 𝑏⃗⃗ 𝑐⃗] = 0

34) Given four points A , B , C and D with their position vectors are coplanar if
[⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐴𝐵 𝐴𝐶 𝐴𝐷] = 0
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗

35) If 𝑎⃗ , 𝑏⃗⃗ 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑐⃗ are coplanar then 𝑎⃗ + 𝑏⃗⃗ , 𝑏⃗⃗ + 𝑐⃗ 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑐⃗ + 𝑎⃗ are coplanar

36) If 𝑎⃗ , 𝑏⃗⃗ 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑐⃗ are coplanar then 𝑎⃗ − 𝑏⃗⃗ , 𝑏⃗⃗ − 𝑐⃗ 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑐⃗ − 𝑎⃗ are coplanar

37) [𝑎⃗ + 𝑏⃗⃗ 𝑏⃗⃗ + 𝑐⃗ 𝑐⃗ + 𝑎⃗] = 2 [𝑎⃗ 𝑏⃗⃗ 𝑐⃗]

38) [𝑎⃗ 𝑏⃗⃗ 𝑐⃗ + 𝑑⃗] = [𝑎⃗ 𝑏⃗⃗ 𝑐⃗] + [𝑎⃗ 𝑏⃗⃗ 𝑑⃗]

PROPERTIES OF VECTORS
⃗⃗ . 𝑘
𝑖⃗. 𝑖⃗ = 𝑗⃗. 𝑗⃗ = 𝑘 ⃗⃗ = 1

⃗⃗ = 𝑘
𝑖⃗. 𝑗⃗ = 𝑗⃗. 𝑘 ⃗⃗ . 𝑖⃗ = = 0

⃗⃗ × 𝑘⃗⃗ = 0
𝑖⃗ × 𝑖⃗ = 𝑗⃗ × 𝑗⃗ = 𝑘
𝑖⃗ × 𝑗⃗ = 𝑘⃗⃗ ⃗⃗
𝑗⃗ × 𝑖⃗ = - 𝑘
𝑗⃗ × 𝑘⃗⃗ = 𝑖⃗ ⃗⃗ × 𝑗⃗ = - 𝑖⃗
𝑘
𝑘⃗⃗ × 𝑖⃗ = 𝑗⃗ 𝑖⃗ × 𝑘⃗⃗ = - 𝑗⃗

The scalar product of two given vectors is a scalar

The vector product of two given vector is a vector
VR 20
 THREE DIMENSIONAL GEOMETRY
1) Define direction cosines of a line
Direction cosines of a line are the cosine of angles made by the line with the
positive directions of the coordinate axes. If a line makes angles 𝛼 , 𝛽 , 𝛾 with the
X-axis, Y-axis and Z-axis. Then, ( 𝑙 , 𝑚 , 𝑛 ) = ( cos 𝛼 , cos 𝛽 , cos 𝛾 )

2) Define direction ratios of a line

Any three numbers a , b , c proportional to the direction cosines 𝑙 , 𝑚 , 𝑛
respectively of a line , are called the direction ratios of the line

3) Define skew lines

Lines which are neither intersecting nor parallel, such lines are non-coplanar and
are called skew lines

4) Write the direction cosines of X-axis

(1 , 0 , 0 )

5) Write the direction cosines of Y-axis

(0,1,0)

6) Write the direction cosines of Z- axis

( 0 , 0 , 1)

7) Write the direction cosines of a line parallel to X-axis

(1 , 0 , 0 )

8) Write the direction cosines of a line parallel to Y-axis

(0,1,0)

9) Write the direction cosines of a line parallel to Z- axis

(0,0,1)

10) Write the formula for direction ratios of a line joining two points
P ( x1 , y1 , z1 ) and Q ( x2 , y2 , z2 )

( a , b , c ) = ( x2 – x1 , y2 – y1 , z2 – z1 )

VR 21
11) Write the direction cosines of a line having direction ratios (a ,b ,c )
𝑎 𝑏 𝑐
(𝒍 , 𝒎, 𝒏) = ( , , )
√𝑎2 +𝑏2 +𝑐 2 √𝑎2 +𝑏2 +𝑐 2 √𝑎2 +𝑏2 +𝑐 2

12) Write the formula for direction cosines of a line joining two points
P ( x1 , y1 , z1 ) and Q ( x2 , y2 , z2 )
𝑥2 − 𝑥1 𝑦2 − 𝑦1 𝑧2 − 𝑧1
(𝑙 , 𝑚 𝑛 ) = ( , , )
𝑃𝑄 𝑃𝑄 𝑃𝑄

13) Write the direction cosines of a line which makes equal angles with
co-ordinate axes
1 1 1
(𝑙 , 𝑚 , 𝑛 ) = (± ± ,± )
√3 √3 √3

14) Write the formula for the two lines with direction ratios ( a1 , b1, c1 ) and
(a2 , b2 , c2 ) are parallel or collinear
𝑎1 𝑏1 𝑐1
= = = 𝜆
𝑎2 𝑏2 𝑐2

15) Write the formula in vector and Cartesian form the equation of a line
through a given point and parallel to a given vector

Vector form : 𝑟⃗ = 𝑎⃗ + 𝜆 𝑏⃗⃗

𝑥 − 𝑥1 𝑦 − 𝑦1 𝑧 − 𝑧1
Cartesian form : = = = 𝜆
𝑎 𝑏 𝑐

16) Write the formula in vector and Cartesian form the equation of a line
passing through two points

Vector form : 𝑟⃗ = 𝑎⃗ + 𝜆 (𝑏⃗⃗ − 𝑎⃗)

𝑥 − 𝑥1 𝑦 − 𝑦1 𝑧 − 𝑧1
Cartesian form : = = = 𝜆
𝑥2 − 𝑥1 𝑦2 − 𝑦1 𝑧2 − 𝑧1

17) Write the formula for angle between two lines in vector and Cartesian form

⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑏1 . ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑏2
Vector form : cos 𝜃 = ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
|𝑏1 | |𝑏 2|

𝑎1 𝑎2 + 𝑏1 𝑏2 + 𝑐1 𝑐2
Cartesian form : cos 𝜃 =
√𝑎1 2 + 𝑏1 2 + 𝑐1 2 √𝑎2 2 + 𝑏2 2 + 𝑐2 2

VR 22
18) Write the formula for distance between two skew lines in vector and
Cartesian form
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
(𝑏 1 × ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑏2 ) . (𝑎 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗−
2 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗)
𝑎1
Vector form : d = | ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
|
|𝑏 1 × ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑏2 |

𝑥2 −𝑥1 𝑦2 −𝑦1 𝑧2 −𝑧1

| 𝑎1 𝑏1 𝑐1 |
𝑎2 𝑏2 𝑐2
Cartesian form : d = || |
√(𝑏1 𝑐2 − 𝑏2 𝑐1 )2 + (𝑐1 𝑎2 − 𝑐2 𝑎1 )2 + (𝑎1 𝑏2 − 𝑎2 𝑏1 )2 |

19) Write the formula for distance between two parallel lines

⃗⃗ × (𝑎
|𝑏 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗−
2 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗)
𝑎1 |
Vector form : d = ⃗⃗|
|𝑏

20) Write the formula for vector and Cartesian form of the equation of the
plane in normal form

Vector form : 𝑟⃗ . 𝑛̂ = 𝑑

Cartesian form : 𝑙𝑥 + 𝑚𝑦 + 𝑛𝑧 = 𝑑

21) Write the formula for equation of the plane perpendicular to the given
vector( normal ) and passing through a given point in vector and Cartesian
form

⃗⃗ = 0
Vector form : (𝑟⃗ − 𝑎⃗) . 𝑁

Cartesian form : 𝐴( 𝑥 − 𝑥1 ) + 𝐵( 𝑦 − 𝑦1 ) + 𝐶 ( 𝑧 − 𝑧1 ) = 0

22) Write the equation of the plane passing through three non-collinear points in
both and vector form

Vector form : (𝑟⃗ − 𝑎⃗) . {(𝑏⃗⃗ − 𝑎⃗) × (𝑐⃗ − 𝑎⃗)} = 0

𝑥 − 𝑥1 𝑦 − 𝑦1 𝑧 − 𝑧1
Cartesian form : |𝑥2 − 𝑥1 𝑦2 − 𝑦1 𝑧2 − 𝑧1 | = 0
𝑥3 − 𝑥1 𝑦3 − 𝑦1 𝑧3 − 𝑧1

VR 23
23) Write the equation for intercept form of the equation of the plane
𝑥 𝑦 𝑧
+ + =1
𝑎 𝑏 𝑐

24) Write the angle between two planes in vector and Cartesian form

⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑛1 . ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑛2
Vector form : cos 𝜃 = |𝑛 1 |𝑛
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗| ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗|
2

𝐴1 𝐴2 + 𝐵1 𝐵2 + 𝐶1 𝐶2
Cartesian form : cos 𝜃 =
√𝐴1 2 + 𝐵1 2 + 𝐶1 2 √𝐴2 2 + 𝐵2 2 + 𝐶2 2

25) Write the formula for distance of the point from the plane in vector and
Cartesian form

|𝑎⃗⃗ .𝑛
⃗⃗−𝑑|
Vector form : D = ⃗⃗|
|𝑛

𝐴𝑥1 +𝐵𝑦1 +𝐶𝑧1 −𝑑

Cartesian form : D = | |
√𝐴 2 + 𝐵 2 + 𝐶 2

26) Write the equation of the plane passing through the intersection of two given
planes in vector and Cartesian form

Vector form : 𝑟⃗. (𝑛

⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗1 + 𝜆𝑛
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗)
2 = 𝑑1 + 𝜆𝑑2

Cartesian form : (𝑎1 𝑥 + 𝑏1 𝑦 + 𝑐1 𝑧 − 𝑑1 ) + 𝜆(𝑎2 𝑥 + 𝑏2 𝑦 + 𝑐2 𝑧 − 𝑑2 ) = 0

27) Write the formula for the angle between a line and a plane
𝑏⃗⃗. 𝑛⃗⃗
𝜑 = sin−1 | |
⃗⃗
|𝑏| |𝑛⃗⃗|

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28) Write the formula for two lines are said to be coplanar in vector and
Cartesian form

Vector form ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗2 − 𝑎

: (𝑎 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗) ⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
1 . (𝑏1 × 𝑏2 ) = 0
𝑥2 − 𝑥1 𝑦2 − 𝑦1 𝑧2 − 𝑧1
Cartesian form :| 𝑎1 𝑏1 𝑐1 | = 0
𝑎2 𝑏2 𝑐2

29) Write the formula for the equation of the plane with intercept k on the X-
axis and parallel to YOZ plane

The equation of required plane is x = k

30) Write the formula for the equation of the plane with intercept k on the Y-
axis and parallel to XOZ plane

The equation of required plane is y = k

31) Write the formula for the equation of the plane with intercept k on the Z-
axis and parallel to XOY plane

The equation of require plane is z = k

LINEAR PROGRAMMIMG PROBLEM

1) Define Linear programming problem
The problems in which we have to optimize the linear function Z subject to the
constraints are called linear programming problem

2) Define objective function

A linear function of the involved variables, which we want to maximize or
minimize subject to the given linear constraints is known as an objective
function

3) Define feasible region

The common region determined by all the constraints including non - negative
constraints 𝑥 ≥ 0 , 𝑦 ≥ 0 of a linear programming problem is called feasible
region

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4) Define feasible solution
A set of values of the variables satisfying all the constraints is known as feasible
solution of the feasible solution

5) Define Optimal solution

A feasible solution which leads to the optimal value of an objective function is
known as optimal solution of the system of inequations

PROBABILITY
1) The conditional probability of the event E , assuming that F has already occur
𝑃(𝐸∩𝐹)
𝑃(𝐸/𝐹) =
𝑃(𝐹)

2) The conditional probability of the event F , assuming that E has already occur
𝑃(𝐸∩𝐹)
𝑃(𝐹/𝐸) =
𝑃(𝐸)

3) 𝑃((𝐸 ∪ 𝐹)/𝐺) = P(E/G) + P(F/G) – P((𝐸 ∩ 𝐹)/G)

4) Multiplication Theorem : - Let E and F be two events, then 𝑃(𝐸 ∩ 𝐹) =

P(E).P(F/E) = P(F). P(E/F)

5) Independent Events :- Two events E and F are said to independent , if

i) P(E/F) = P(E)
ii) P(F/E) = P(F)
iii) P(𝐸 ∩ 𝐹 ) = P(E) P(F)
iv) P( E ∩ 𝐹 ′ ) = P(E) P(𝐹 ′ )
v) P(𝐸 ′ ∩ 𝐹 ) = P(𝐸 ′ ) P(F)
vi) P ( 𝐸 ′ ∩ 𝐹 ′ ) = P(𝐸 ′ )P(𝐹 ′ )
vii) P( at least one of E or F) = P(E ∪ F) = 1 - P(𝐸 ′ )P(𝐹 ′ )

6) Three events A , B and C are said to be mutually independent if

P( 𝐴 ∩ 𝐵 ∩ 𝐶 ) = P(A) P(B) P(C)

7) Total theorem on probability

Let 𝐸1 , 𝐸2 , 𝐸3 … . . 𝐸𝑛 be events associated with sample space S, having mutually
exclusive and exhaustive events and A be the set subset of S , then
P(A) = 𝑃(𝐸1 )𝑃(𝐴⁄𝐸1 ) + 𝑃(𝐸2 )𝑃(𝐴⁄𝐸2 ) + … … … 𝑃(𝐸𝑛 )𝑃(𝐴⁄𝐸𝑛 ) =

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 𝑛

∑ 𝑃(𝐸𝑗 )𝑃(𝐴⁄𝐸𝑗 )
𝑗=1

8) Bayes Theorem :- Let 𝐸1 , 𝐸2 , 𝐸3 … . . 𝐸𝑛 be events associated with sample space

S, having mutually exclusive and exhaustive events and A be the set subset of S
𝑃(𝐸𝑖 )𝑃(𝐴⁄𝐸𝑖 )
,then 𝑃(𝐸𝑖 ⁄𝐴) = 𝑛
∑𝑗=1 𝑃(𝐸𝑗 )𝑃(𝐴⁄𝐸𝑗 )

9) Random Variables and Probability Distribution :-

A random variable is a real valued function whose domain is the sample space of
a random experiment.
The probability distribution of a random variable X with real numbers with their
probability distributions respectively, then
X 𝑥1 𝑥2 𝑥3 ……. 𝑥𝑛
P(X) 𝑝1 𝑝2 𝑝3 …….. 𝑝𝑛

Mean = E(X) = 𝑝1 𝑥1 + 𝑝2 𝑥2 + ⋯ + 𝑝𝑛 𝑥𝑛

10) Bernoulli’s trails and Binomial Distribution :-

The probability distribution of number of successes in an experiment consisting
of 𝑛 Bernoulli’s trials may be obtained by the binomial expansion of (𝑞 + 𝑝)𝑛
The probability of 𝑥 successes is =𝑃( 𝑋 = 𝑥) = 𝑛𝐶𝑥 𝑞 𝑛−𝑥 𝑝 𝑥
𝑛 = number of times experiment did
𝑝 =probability of success of one time experiment did.
𝑞 = 1 − 𝑝

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