Assignment of Psychopatholog1-1

Assignment of psychopathology
Submitted to:
Ma’am Shamsa
Submitted by:
Saira Malik
Topic:
Bipolar disorder
Definition:
Bipolar disorder (formerly called manic-depressive illness or manic depression) is a
mental illness that causes unusual shifts in a person's mood, energy, activity levels, and
concentration.
or
Bipolar disorder, previously known as manic depression, is a mental disorder characterized
by periods of depression and periods of abnormally elevated mood that each last from days
to weeks.
Symptoms of bipolar disorder:

Most people experience mood changes at some time, but those related to bipolar
disorder are more intense than regular mood changes. Other symptoms can also occur. For
example, some people with bipolar disorder experience psychosis, which can include:
 delusions
 hallucinations
 paranoia
Between episodes, a person’s mood may be stable for months or years, especially if they are
following a treatment plan.
Types of bipolar disorder:
 Bipolar I
 Bipolar II
 Cyclothymic
Bipolar I:
You may get a diagnosis of bipolar 1 if you have experienced:
 At least one episode of mania which has lasted longer than a week.
 Some depressive episodes too, although not everyone does.
DSM-5-TR Diagnostic criteria:
You may get a diagnosis of bipolar 1 if you have experienced:
At least one episode of mania which has lasted longer than a week.
Some depressive episodes too, although not everyone does.
• During the period of mood disturbance and increased energy or activity, three (more)
of the following symptoms, as follows:
• Inflated self-esteem or grandiosity.
• Decreased need for sleep (e.g., feels rested after only 3 hours of sleep).
• More talkative than usual or pressure to keep talking.
• Flight of ideas or subjective experience that thoughts are racing.
• Distractibility (i.e., attention too easily drawn to unimportant or irrelevant external
stimuli), as reported or observed.
• Increase in goal-directed activity (either socially, at work or school) or psychomotor
agitation (i.e., purposeless non-goal-directed activity).
• Excessive involvement in activities that have a high potential for painful
Consequences.
Bipolar disorder II:
A type of bipolar disorder marked by hypomanic (mild manic) and major depressive
episodes.
DSM-5-TR Diagnostic criteria:
A distinct period of abnormally and persistently elevated, expansive, or irritable mood and
abnormally and persistently increased activity or energy, lasting at least 4 consecutive days
and present most of the day, nearly every day.
• During the period of mood disturbance and increased energy or activity, three (more)
of the following symptoms, as follows:
• Inflated self-esteem or grandiosity.
• Decreased need for sleep (e.g., feels rested after only 3 hours of sleep).
• More talkative than usual or pressure to keep talking.
• Flight of ideas or subjective experience that thoughts are racing.
• Distractibility (i.e., attention too easily drawn to unimportant or irrelevant external
stimuli), as reported or observed.
• Increase in goal-directed activity (either socially, at work or school) or psychomotor
agitation (i.e., purposeless non-goal-directed activity).
• Excessive involvement in activities that have a high potential for painful
Consequences.
Cyclothymic disorder:
Definition
A disorder marked by numerous periods of hypomanic symptoms and mild
depressive symptoms.
DSM-5-TR Diagnostic Criteria
For at least 2 years (at least 1 year in children and adolescents) there have been
numerous periods with hypomanic symptoms that do not meet criteria for a hypomanic
episode and numerous periods with depressive symptoms that do not meet criteria for a
major depressive episode.
During the above 2-year period (1 year in children and adolescents), Criterion A symptoms
have been present for at least half the time and the individual has not been without the
symptoms for more than 2 months at a time.
Criteria for a major depressive, manic, or hypomanic episode have never been met.
• There are the following causes of unipolar disorder, as follows:
Biological Causes / Etiology
Biological causes of unipolar disorder / depression include:
• Activity of brain chemicals: in bipolar disorders with mania low activity of serotonin
and high activity of norepinephrine which affect mood
• Physical differences in the structure of the brain: people with bipolar disorder have
less gray matter in certain parts of the Environmental causes of bipolar disorders
can include:
• Physical, emotional, or sexual abuse (past or present)
• Violent or traumatic events, including serious accidents
• Death of a loved one
• Depression after divorce or separation
• Financial hardship
• Depression after job loss
• Social isolation
• Relationship conflict at home or at work
• Major life transitions, such as moving to a new home
• Lifestyle habits such as abuse of alcohol or other drugs brain, including the temporal
and frontal lobes. A lower volume of gray matter may help explain why emotion
regulation and impulse control become difficult during mood episodes.
• Hormonal changes: such as those that occur with thyroid disorders, pregnancy, and
menopause.
Management & Treatment of Unipolar & Bipolar Disorders
Psychotherapy
Psychotherapy is recommended to manage the unipolar and bipolar disorders. There
are several different types, included:
1. Psychoeducation. Learning more and teaching family members about bipolar
disorder can help give you support when episodes happen.
2. Interpersonal Therapy (IPT). IPT is a form of psychotherapy with the aims to improve
interpersonal functioning and social support. It focuses on interpersonal
relationships and communication, here-and-now relationships.
3. Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT). This helps you replace bad habits and actions
with more positive alternatives. It also can help you learn to manage stress and other
negative triggers.

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Assignment of psychopathology

Symptoms of bipolar disorder:

major depressive episode.

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