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Biochemistry

SESSION I
OBJECTIVES:
A. Define Biochemistry
B. Recall the organic functional groups
C. Identify the parts and functions of a Complete Cell
D. Compare Eukaryote and Prokaryote
Biochemistry is the study of the
chemical substances found in living
organisms and the chemical interactions
of these substances with each other.
FUNCTIONAL GENERAL
GROUP FOMULA EXAMPL
E

ALCOHO CH3CH2OH
ROH
L Ethanol

CH3OCH3
ETHE ROR Dimethyl
R ether

RNH2 CH3NH2
AMIN R2NH Methyl
E R3N amine
CH3CHO
ADLEHYD RCOH Acetaldehyde
E

CH3COCH2
KETON RCOR Acetone
E

CARBOXYLI CH3COOH
C RCOOH Carboxylic
ACID acid

CH3CH2OH
ESTER RCOOR Methyl
acetate
1. Basic unit of life
2. Movement
CELL 3. Communication
4. Energy released and metabolism
5. Inheritance
COMPLETE CELL PART, STRUCTURE AND
FUNCTIONS
PARTS STRUCTURE FUNCTIONS
Mitochondria Rodlike, double membrane Site of ATP synthesis;
structures; inner membrane powerhouse of the cell
folded into projections called
cristae
Ribosomes Dense particles consisting of The sites of protein
two subunits, each composed synthesis
of ribosomal RNA and protein.
Free or attached to the rough
endoplasmic reticulum.
Rough ER Membranous system enclosing Internal membranes
a cavity, the cistern, and coiling studded with ribosomes
through the cytoplasm that carry out protein
synthesis
Smooth ER Membranous system of sacs Site of lipid and steroid
and tubules; free of ribosomes (cholesterol) synthesis,
lipid metabolism and
drug detoxification
COMPLETE CELL PART, STRUCTURE AND
Golgi
FUNCTIONS A stack of flattened Packages, modifies and segregates proteins
apparatus membranes and for secretion from the cell, inclusion in
associated vesicles close lysosomes and incorporation into the plasma
to the nucleus membrane
Peroxisomes Membranous sacs of The enzymes detoxify a number of toxic
catalase and oxidase substances. The most important enzyme,
enzymes catalase, breaks down hydrogen peroxides

Lysosomes Membranous sacs Sites of intracellular digestion


containing hydrolases
(powerful digestive
enzymes)
Microtubules Cylindrical structures Support the cell and give it shape. Involved
made of tubulin in intracellular movement, helps form the
proteins cell cytoskeleton
centrioles Paired cylindrical Organize a microtubule network during
bodies, each composed mitosis to form the spindle and asters. Form
of microtubules the bases of cilia and flagella.
COMPLETE CELL PART, STRUCTURE AND
FUNCTIONS
Nucleus Large organelle. Surrounded by Control center of the cell;
the nuclear envelope; contains responsible for transmitting genetic
fluid nucleoplasm, nucleoli and information and providing the
chromatin instructions for protein synthesis

Nuclear Double-membrane structure Separates the nucleoplasm from


envelope pierced by pores. Outer the cytoplasm and regulates
membrane continuous with the passage of substances to and from
endoplasmic reticulum the nucleus.

Nucleolus Dense spherical Site of ribosomes subunit


(non-membrane-bounded) manufacture
bodies, composed of ribosomal
RNA and proteins
Chromatin Granular, threadlike material DNA constitute the genes
composed of DNA and histone
proteins
PROKARYOTES
Microorganisms that
lack a distinct nucleus and
membrane-enclosed
organelles.
Literally means
“before the nucleus.”
Examples: Bacteria
, Cyanobacteria
EUKARYOTES
Means “true
nucleus.”
Organisms whose cells
have a well-defined
nucleus and membrane
Example: animal & plant
cells
ORANISM ACCORDING TO THE NUMBER OF CELLS
MULTICELLULAR
UNICELLULAR ORGANISM
ORGANISM
The body organism is The body organism is
composed of a single cell composed of numerous cells
Division of labor may be at
Division of labor is at the cellular, tissue, organ and
organelle level. It gives low organ system level. It gives
level of operation efficiency high degree of operational
efficiency.
A single cell carries out all the Different cells are specialized
life processes to perform different functions
Only outer cell are specialized
The cell body is exposed to the to face the environment. Inner
environment on all sides cells are devoted to other
function.
ORANISM ACCORDING TO THE NUMBER OF CELLS
MULTICELLULAR
UNICELLULAR ORGANISM
ORGANISM
A cell body cannot attain a
A multicellular body can attain
large size because of the limit
a large size increasing the
imposed by surface area to
number of small cells
volume ratio
An injury of the cell can cause An injury of the cell can cause
death of the organism death of the organism
The capacity of regeneration
A well-marked capacity of
decreases with increasing
regeneration is present
specialization
Cells have double role, one for
The cell has the same role for
themselves and for the
itself and the organism
organism
DIFFERENCE BETWEEN PROKARYOTES AND EUKARYOTES
CLASSIFICATION OF CELL
EUKARYOTIC
ORGANELLES PROKARYOTIC CELL
CELL
True Membrane Present Absent (Nucleoid only)
bound Nucleus and
nuclear membrane
Number of More than one One--but not true chromosome:
chromosomes Plasmids
Usually Usually unicellular (some
Cell Type
multicellular cyanobacteria may be multicellular)
Example Animalia, Plantae, Bacteria and Archeae (Monera)
Fungi and Protista
Lysosomes and Present Absent
peroxisomes
Endoplasmic Present Absent
reticulum
DIFFERENCE BETWEEN PROKARYOTES AND EUKARYOTES

CLASSIFICATION OF CELL
ORGANELLES EUKARYOTIC CELL PROKARYOTIC CELL
Mitochondria Present Absent

Cytoplasm Present with cytoskeleton Present w/o cytoskeleton


Ribosomes larger smaller

Golgi apparatus Present Absent


Flagella Microscopic in size; membrane Submicroscopic in size,
bound; usually arranged as nine composed of only one fiber
doublets surrounding two
singlets
Cell wall Only in plant cells and fungi Usually chemically
(chemically simpler that contains complexed (contains
cellulose and chitin) peptidoglycans)

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