Biochemistry & Genetics: II SHS 109: Resource Person: DR Tanveer Akbar Reference Text

Biochemistry & Genetics : II
SHS 109
Resource Person: Dr Tanveer Akbar

Reference Text:
Semester: II (Fall 2014)
Objectives
Introduction to the formation of complex

biomolecules from simple inorganic
elements
Study of cell and main structural features of

Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic cells
Cell - The basic unit of
Life
Abundance of important
elements on earth relative to
Carbon
Element Abundance in Organisms
Hydrogen 80-250
Carbon 1,000
Nitrogen 60-300
Oxygen 500-800
Sodium 10-20
Magnesium 2-8
Phosphorus 8-50
Sulphur 4-20
Potassium 6-40
Calcium 25-50
Manganese 0.25-0.8
Iron 0.25-0.8
Formation of Biomolecules
from simple precursors
Chemical composition of
human body
Human body constitutes of various

elements that combine to form
biomolecules.
Levels of Structural
organization in Human Body
Most Biologically important
Elements
• Carbon
• Oxygen
• Hydrogen
• Nitrogen
• Phosphorus
• Sulpher
Biochemical composition of
Human body
Carbohydrates
Proteins
Fats
Water
Minerals
Normal chemical composition of
a man weighing 65 kg
Biomolecules Kg Percent
Proteins 11 17.0
Fats 09 13.8
Carbohydrates 01 1.5
Water 40 61.6
Minerals 04 6.1
Water
Total body water is roughly 50 to 60%

of body weight in adults
Life –From simple to complex
An Example!
Stages in the evolution of a
system or the levels of
complexity, of self-
replicating RNA molecules
RNAs can self-replicate
Syntheses of several RNAs
from one RNA
The Vital importance of
cell membrane in the
origin of life
The Vital importance of cell
membrane in the origin of life
Without Compartments
Compartmentalization by Cell
membrane
Cell
The cell is the basic unit of biology.
It was established as fundamental unit of

biologic activity by Schleiden &
Schwann.
Types of Cells
PRO-Before, KARYON-Nucleus
Prokaryotic cells lack a nucleus
(Prokaryotes are unicellular organisms)
EU-True, KARYON-Nucleus
Eukaryotic cells have a nucleus
(Eukaryotes can be multi-cellular
or unicellular)
Main difference between
Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic cell
The main difference between
prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells is the
existence of organelles especially the
nucleus, in eukaryotes.
An organelle is a part of the cell
that has a distinct function; it is
surrounded by its own membrane
within the cell
Prokaryote Cell
Structural features
of
prokaryotic cell
Arrangement of hereditary material
in prokaryotic cell
DNA of Prokaryotic
cell is concentrated in
‘Nuclear region”
Electron microscope image of E. Coli

Cell membrane
The only membrane present in the

prokaryotic cell
Separates cell from the outside world
Consists of double layer of lipid molecules

and proteins
Cytosol:
The fluid portion outside
the nuclear region
Ribosomes:
Also called ribonucleoprotein particles
Made up of RNA and Protein
Sites of protein synthesis
Cell Wall:
Present in bacterial cells
Provides protection
Comparison between
Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cells
Characteristic Prokaryotes Eukaryotes

Nucleus Absent Present
Cell membranes Present Present

(Plasma
membranes)
Membrane bound Absent Present
organelles e.g mitochondria,
ER, Golgi
apparatus,
Lysosomes
Comparison between Prokaryotic
and Eukaryotic Cells
Cytoskeleton Absent Present
Complex with
microtubules,
intermediate
filaments etc
Genome DNA with no DNA complexed

histone protein with histone &
non histone
proteins in
chromosomes
Chromosomes circular Linear

Comparison between Prokaryotic
and Eukaryotic Cells
Cell Division Fission or Mitosis
budding, no including mitotic
mitosis spindle,
centrioles in
many species
Size Small Large

(1-3μm) (10-100μm)
Eukaryotic Cell
Animal cell
Plant cell
Human Cell
Structural features of
Eukaryotic
cell
Nucleus:
Surrounded by nuclear double membrane
called nuclear envelope
Contains nucleolus, rich in RNA
RNA is transported to the cytoplasm through

pores in the nuclear envelope
Contains chromatin, an aggregate of

DNA and protein
The nucleus of tobacco leaf
cell
Mitochondria:
Almost 1 μm in diameter and 2-8 μm in length
Inner membrane folded (Cristae)
Space within inner membrane called matrix
Power house of the cell, oxidation process yields energy
Also contain ribosome and some DNA, different from

that found in nucleus
Mouse Liver mitochondria
Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)
Membranous structure
Attached to the cell membrane and

nuclear membrane
Occurs in two forms: rough and smooth
Rough ER has ribosomes bound to it

Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum
from mouse liver cells
Golgi apparatus:
series of membranous sacs
involved in secretion of proteins from the cell
site in the cell in which sugars are linked

to other cellular components, such as proteins
Golgi apparatus from
mammalian cells
Lysosomes:
Membrane enclosed sacs
Contain hydrolytic enzymes
These enzymes breakdown

the target molecules
Peroxisomes:
Contains enzyme catalase
Responsible for the metabolism

of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2)
Glyoxysomes:
Only found in plant cells
contain the enzymes that

catalyze the glyoxylate
Glyoxylate cycle
a pathway that converts lipids to
cycle
carbohydrate
Cytoskeleton
Connected to all organelles
Maintain the infrastructure of the Cell

Cell Membrane:
Separates the cell from outside world
Consists of double layer of lipids with several

type of proteins embedded in it
Responsible for the transport of material across

the cell
Basic structure of an animal
cell membrane
Similarities among Cells
Cells are also amazingly similar they are
self contained units surrounded by a
membrane that separates them from their
environment & they are all composed of
same types of molecules.
Come to
Class
(atleast 80%
of times)
your chances to
success might
increase
The main difference between
prokaryotic and Eukaryotic
cell is the existence of:
Plasma membrane
Ribosomes
Nucleus
Cell Wall
The powerhouse of the cell is:
• Nucleus
• Endoplasmic Reticulum
• Cell membrane
• Mitochondria
In a Eukaryotic cell, DNA is
present in:
a) Nucleus
b) Mitochondria
c) Endoplasmic reticulum
d) Both a & b
Peroxisomes are responsible
for the metabolism of :
a) Hydrogen peroxide
b) Hydrolytic enzymes
c) Hydrogen monooxide
d) All of the above
If your attendance of lectures
is
less than 80%:
1) Your degree will be posted to your house
2) You will be awarded scholarship to
study abroad
3) You will struggle to understand lecture
and might not as well allowed to sit in
final exam
Text Books and References
Biochemistry-5th ed- Campbell & Farrel
Basic Medical Biochemistry- A clinical approach

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Biochemistry & Genetics : II

Resource Person: Dr Tanveer Akbar

Introduction to the formation of complex

Study of cell and main structural features of

Human body constitutes of various

Total body water is roughly 50 to 60%

The cell is the basic unit of biology.

It was established as fundamental unit of

Electron microscope image of E. Coli

The only membrane present in the

Separates cell from the outside world

Consists of double layer of lipid molecules

Characteristic Prokaryotes Eukaryotes

Cell membranes Present Present

Genome DNA with no DNA complexed

Chromosomes circular Linear

Size Small Large

Contains nucleolus, rich in RNA

RNA is transported to the cytoplasm through

Contains chromatin, an aggregate of

Inner membrane folded (Cristae)

Space within inner membrane called matrix

Power house of the cell, oxidation process yields energy

Also contain ribosome and some DNA, different from

Attached to the cell membrane and

Occurs in two forms: rough and smooth

Rough ER has ribosomes bound to it

series of membranous sacs

involved in secretion of proteins from the cell

site in the cell in which sugars are linked

Membrane enclosed sacs

Contain hydrolytic enzymes

These enzymes breakdown

Responsible for the metabolism

contain the enzymes that

Connected to all organelles

Maintain the infrastructure of the Cell

Consists of double layer of lipids with several

Responsible for the transport of material across

Biochemistry-5th ed- Campbell & Farrel

Basic Medical Biochemistry- A clinical approach

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