Q. Explain with neat sketch Battery Electric Vehicle. Q. Describe Micro, Mild and Full Hybrid Electric Q.

brid Electric Q. Explain DC Motor drives

ANS Vehicle. ANS The DC motor drive is a type of amplifier or power
ANS modulator that integrate between the controller and a DC
The main function of battery is to store electric energy. Most motor. It takes the low current and then converts it into a
Hybrid and electric vehicle used lithium ion batteries. This Micro: A micro hybrid vehicle uses what's called a "start- high current which is appropriate for the motor. The DC
storage system is usually essential for hybrid electric vehicle, stop system," where regenerative braking technology helps to motor drive also provides the high current torque, 400 %
Plug in hybrid electric vehicle and all types of electric vehicles. stop a combustion engine when the vehicle pulls to a stop, and more than the rated continuous torque.
Due to advancing technologies, most of automobile to restart it when the driver accelerates. There are several
manufacturer uses rechargeable batteries different versions of the system, which some are now calling Working Principle of DC Drives: In DC motors, the
the "simplest hybrid technology" on the international market. speed is proportional to the armature voltage and
inversely proportional to the field current. And also, the
Mild hybrids—also called micro hybrids—use a battery and
armature current is proportional to the motor torque.
electric motor to help power the vehicle and can allow the Therefore, by increasing or reducing the applied voltage,
engine to shut off when the vehicle stops (such as at traffic the speed of the motor is varied. However, it is possible up
lights or in stop-and-go traffic), further improving fuel to the rated voltage. If the speed greater than the base
economy. Mild hybrid systems cannot power the vehicle using speed is required, the field current of the motor has to be
electricity alone. These vehicles generally cost less than full reduced.
hybrids but provide less fuel economy benefit than full
hybrids.
Full hybrids have larger batteries and more powerful electric
motors, which can power the vehicle for short distances and
at low speeds. These vehicles cost more than mild hybrids but
Battery Electric vehicle consist of an electric motor which is provide better fuel economy benefits.
powered by battery connected to it. Electric motor is used for
the movement in this type of vehicle. It does not produce Q. State all types of Hybrid electrified drive
emission. In traffic, BEV delivers high torque to the wheels and (power) train
smoother acceleration than Internal combustion engine. It is
ANS
noiseless while operating motor. But on other side there are
some disadvantages like, high production cost, limited top
speed, more recharge time required In armature controlled DC drives, drive unit provides a
rated current and torque at any speed between zero and
the base of the motor
Q.Explain with neat sketch Fuel Cell Electric
1. Non-regenerative DC Drive – This drive rotates only
Vehicle. in one direction and hence also called single quadrant
ANS drive.The non-regenerative DC motor drive does not
have any inherent braking capability. The motor is
terminated only by removing the supply. Such type of
drive is used in a placed where high friction load or
strong natural brake requires.
2. Regenerative DC Drive – It is a four quadrant drive,
and it controls the speed, direction and torque of
a motor. Under the braking condition, this drive
converts mechanical energy and load into electrical
energy which is returned to the power source.

Fuel cell electric vehicles (FCEVs) are powered by hydrogen.

A hybrid vehicle uses two or more distinct types
They are more efficient than conventional internal combustion
of power, such as: an internal combustion engine and Braking of DC Motor Drives:
engine vehicles and produce no tailpipe emissions—they only batteries or ultracapacitors in diesel hybrid vehicles. 1. Regenerative Braking: The regenerative braking is
emit water vapor and warm air. FCEVs and the hydrogen 1. a fuel cell and batteries in fuel cell hybrid vehicles. possible only when the speed of the rotor is more than the
infrastructure to fuel them are in the early stages of 2. an overhead electric line and batteries in Trolley hybrid rated speed. The speed torque characteristic for a
implementation. buses. separately excited motor is shown in the figure below.
- There are two different types of hybrid systems: 2. Dynamic Braking:
Working of Fuel Cell Electric Vehicle: The most 1. parallel hybrids: In a parallel hybrid bus, the
common type of fuel cell for vehicle applications is the polymer combustion engine and the electric motor are connected to
the transmission independently. The electric motor is
electrolyte membrane (PEM) fuel cell. In a PEM fuel cell, an
designed to provide power during stop-and-go traffic while at
electrolyte membrane is sandwiched between a positive highway speeds the vehicle is powered solely by the internal
electrode (cathode) and a negative electrode (anode). combustion engine. During acceleration, both the electric
Hydrogen is introduced to the anode, and oxygen (from air) is motor and the combustion engine power the transmission.
introduced to the cathode. The hydrogen molecules break apart 2. series hybrid: A series hybrid bus is exclusively
into protons and electrons due to an electrochemical reaction propelled by the electric motor. In a series hybrid bus, the
in the fuel cell catalyst. Protons then travel through the internal combustion engine (ICE) is connected to an electric
generator which converts the energy produced by the ICE into
membrane to the cathode.
electric power. This electricity powers a motor which turns
the wheels of the vehicle. The generator also recharges a
The electrons are forced to travel through an external battery pack which provides supplemental power to the In dynamic braking, the rotation of the arm causes
circuit to perform work (providing power to the electric car) motor. Since the ICE is not connected to the wheels, it can braking. The motor armature disconnects from the
then recombine with the protons on the cathode side where the operate at an optimum rate and can even be switched off for source and connects across a resistance
protons, electrons, and oxygen molecules combine to form short periods of time for a temporary all-electric operation of
water the bus.
Q. Explain DC Motor drives Plugging: In plugging the braking is done by reversing
the supply voltage of a separately excited motor. So that,
Q. Enlist Advantages of Electric Drives. ANS the motor assists the back emf in forcing armature current
ANS An electrical drive is defined as an electronic in the reverse direction. Resistance is also connected in
device designed to control certain parameters of the series with the armature to limit the current.The plugging
motor for controlling the electrical energy into gives fast braking as compared to generative and dynamic
mechanical power in a precise controllable way. braking.

Advantages of Electrical Drives: 1. It is more

economical. 2. It is more clean. 3. No air pollution. 4. It
occupies less space. 5. It requires less maintenance. 6. Easy to
start and control. 7. It can be remote controlled. 8. It is more
flexible. 9. Its operating characteristics can be modified. 10. No
standby losses. 11. High efficiency. 12. No fuel storage and
transportation cost. 13. Less maintenance cost. 14. It has long
life. 15. It is reliable source of drive.
Q. Explain Induction Motor drives. Q. Explain switched reluctance motor Q. Why electric drives are more popular in
ANS The induction motor drive is self-starting, or we can ANS An electric motor like SRM (switched reluctance industries.
say when the supply is given to the motor, it starts rotating motor) runs through reluctance torque. Different from the ANS An electric drive is defined as a basket of components
without any external supply. The initial resistance of the types of common brushed DC motor, power can be consisting of a mechanical axis, motor and motor controller.
supply is zero, and hence large current flows through the transmitted to windings within the stator instead of the Historically, they have been more cost-prohibitive than
rotor. An alternate name of this motor is VRM (Variable
motor, which damages the windings of the motor. pneumatic drives, but recent innovations have made these
Reluctance Motor). much more affordable
1. It’s all in the packaging 2. We appreciate feedback
Working Principle of Induction Motor: It is simple, Working Principle: The working principle of the 3. Taking control 4. Safe from harm 5. Again and again
from the name itself we can understand that here, the induction
switched reluctance motor is, it works on the principle of
process is involved. When we give the supply to the stator
variable reluctance that means, the rotor of this motor
winding, a magnetic flux gets produced in the stator due to the Q. Explain Electric motor characteristics based on
constantly tries to align through the lowest reluctance lane.
flow of current in the coil. The rotor winding is so arranged that
The formation of the rotary magnetic field can be done speed , torque and power
each coil becomes short-circuited. ANS
using the circuit of power electronics switching. In this, the
The flux from the stator cuts the short-circuited coil in the
magnetic circuit’s reluctance can mainly depend on the air 1. Absolutely Hard (flat) Speed-Torque
rotor. As the rotor coils are short-circuited, according to
gap. Therefore, by modifying the air gap among the rotor as Characteristic: A characteristic exhibiting no change in
Faraday’s law of electromagnetic induction, the current will
well as a stator, we can also modify the reluctance of this speed with change in load torque. Synchronous motors
start flowing through the coil of the rotor. When the current
motor. operate with such a characteristic
through the rotor coils flows, another flux gets generated in the
Here, reluctance can be defined as resistance toward the
rotor.
magnetic flux. For Electrical circuits, reluctance is the
Q. Explain Permanent Magnet Motor drives combination of resistance as well as the magnetic circuit.
ANS A PM motor is an ac motor that uses magnets imbedded
into or attached to the surface of the motor's rotor. The
magnets are used to generate a constant motor flux instead of
requiring the stator field to generate one by linking to the rotor,
as is the case with an induction motor

Construction of Permanent Magnet DC Motor: A

PMDC motor mainly consists of two parts. A stator and an
armature. Here the stator which is a steel cylinder. The magnets
are mounted in the inner periphery of this cylinder.

The permanent magnets are mounted in such a way that the N-

pole and S-pole of each magnet are alternatively faced towards
armature as shown in the figure below. That means, if N-pole of Construction of The Switched Reluctance Motor:
one magnet is faced towards armature then S-pole of very next
The construction of the switched reluctance motor is shown
magnet is faced towards armature.
below. This motor includes 6- stator poles as well as 4 rotor
poles. The design of the stator can be done using silicon
Working Principle of Permanent Magnet DC Motor: steel stampings inside projected poles. The poles in the
stator are either an odd number or even number. Most of
As in a permanent magnet DC motor, the armature is placed the electric motors have an even number of poles within the
inside the magnetic field of a permanent magnet; the armature stator which have field coils. 2. Hard Speed-Torque Characteristic:
rotates in the direction of the generated force. A characteristic showing a speed which drops only slightly
with increase in torque.
Q. Explain Electric drive with neat sketch. 3. Soft Speed Characteristic: A characteristic showing
The phasor groups are formed by joining the windings of the
stator with one another. These phasor groups are joined ANS Electric drive: An Electric Drive can be defined as considerable drop in speed with rise in torque. Series wound
together to form different connections like a star, Delta, double an electromechanical device for converting electrical energy dc motor possesses such characteristic, especially along the
and single phases. To reduce harmonic voltages, the windings low-torque portion of the characteristic
to mechanical energy to impart motion to different
should be wound shortly with each other. When the machines and mechanisms for various kinds of process
3-phase AC supply is given to the stator, it creates a rotating
magnetic field and the constant magnetic field is induced due to
control. Q. Explain the Grid connected solar PV system
the permanent magnet of the rotor. This rotor operates in with the help of block diagram
synchronism with the synchronous speed. The whole working
of the PMSM depends on the air gap between the stator and
rotor with no load.
Here each conductor of the armature experiences the
mechanical force F = B.I.L Newton where, B is the magnetic field
strength in Tesla (weber / m2), I is the current in Ampere
flowing through that conductor and L is the length of the
conductor in meter comes under the magnetic field.

Each conductor of the armature experiences a force and the Block diagram of electric drive: 1. Load: usually a How solar power works
compilation of those forces produces a torque, which tends to
rotate the armature. machinery to accomplish a given task. Eg-fans, pumps,

washing machine etc. 2. Power modulator: modulators  The sun shines on the solar
panels generating DC electricity
(adjust or converter) power flow from the source to the  The DC electricity is fed into a solar inverter that
motion 3. Motor: actual energy converting machine converts it to 240V 50Hz AC electricity.
 The 240V AC electricity is used to power appliances in
(electrical to mechanical) 4. Source: energy requirement for your home.
the operation the system. 5. Control: adjust motor and load  Surplus electricity is fed back into the main grid.

characteristics for the optimal mode.

Whenever the sun shines (and even in overcast weather),
the solar cells generate electricity. The grid connect inverter
Changing motor connection to change its quadrant of converts the DC electricity produced by the solar panels into
240V AC electricity, which can then be used by the
provides higher efficiency at high speeds operation. property/household.
available in small sizes at different packages
maintenance and installation is very easy than an induction Changing motor circuits parameters in discrete steps for If a grid connect system is producing more power than the
motor home consumes, the surplus is fed into the power grid. Some
capable of maintaining full torque at low speeds. automatic starting and braking control. electricity companies meter the electricity fed into the grid
high efficiency and reliability by your system and provide a credit on your bill. How much
gives smooth torque and dynamic performance For operating motors and drives according to a you are paid is determined by the feed-in tariff.

predetermine sequence

To provide inter locking their by preventing maloperation

Q. What are the different types of Inverters? Q. Discuss different types of Power Converters with Q. Explain the concept of Solar-street lights.
Explain. block diagrams. ANS
ANS I) According to the Output Characteristic
ANS Diode Rectifier: This circuit (Diode rectifier)
1. Square Wave Inverter 2. Sine Wave Inverter 3. Modified Sine
Wave Inverter converters AC power into fixed DC power. The applied input
voltage can be single-phase or three-phase. The input alternating
voltage is converted into a steady & smoother DC output.

AC-DC Converters (Controlled Rectifier): This type  Solar street lights are effective and efficient light sources in
of converters converts the applied AC signal into DC
signal using controlled switches (Thyristors). For this reason, which power is fed with the help of Photo-voltaic Panels.
the converter is also known as a controlled rectifier. Four natural
commutated thyristors are used in this circuit instead of diodes  They are generally mounted on the lighting
(II) According to the Source of Inverter: 1. Current Source as shown in the figure.
structure.
Inverter 2. Voltage Source Inverter
 There is a Rechargeable battery, which is

(III) According to the Type of Load: 1. Single Phase Inverter charged by photo voltaic panels.
A. Half Bridge Inverter B. Full Bridge Inverter
2. Three Phase Inverter A. 180-degree mode B. 120-degree  Then the charge of that battery is used to powers
mode
a fluorescent or Led Lamp during the night.

 There have sensors, through them solar panels turn

AC-AC Converters: These converters convert the fixed AC on and turn off automatically by sensing outdoor light with
source into variable AC output voltage. A single-phase AC-AC
converter is shown in the figure with a TRIAC. By varying the the help of light source.
conduction time of TRIAC, the output voltage of converter can be
controlled directly. AC-AC converters are also known as AC
 They are designed to work at night.

voltage controllers.
Working Principle:
 The Working Principle of Solar Street Light is very simple.

 Photo voltaic solar cells convert the radiation of sun light

into electrical energy.

 This conversion takes place by the use of the semiconductor

material of the device.

 This process of energy conversion is generally called

AC-AC Converters: These converters convert the fixed AC
source into variable AC output voltage. A single-phase AC-AC the “Photo voltaic effect”.
converter is shown in the figure with a TRIAC. By varying the
conduction time of TRIAC, the output voltage of converter can be  It is also known as solar cells, or “photo voltaic cells.”
controlled directly. AC-AC converters are also known as AC  With the help of photo voltaic solar cells made of the
voltage controllers.
principle effect of solar panels during the day.

 The received electrical energy stored in batteries.

 At night when the illumination reduced to 10lux.

(IV) According to different PWM Technique: 1. Simple Pulse  Then Solar cells board open the circuit voltage of
Width Modulation (SPWM) 2. Multiple Pulse Width Modulation
(MPWM) 3. Sinusoidal Pulse Width Modulation (SPWM) 4. about 4.5V.
Modified sinusoidal Pulse Width Modulation (MSPWM) DC-DC Converters: DC-DC converters convert or change
 Then charge and discharge controller is used to detect
the voltage level of applied DC input into a DC output. These
converters are also known as choppers, or a transistor chopper, movement of the voltage value.
(V) According to Number of Output Levell 1. Regular Two-
Level Inverter 2. Multi-Level Inverter  Charge and discharge controllers are generally used to

protect the battery

Q. Explain the need for Maximum Power Point
Tracking?
ANS MPPT or Maximum Power Point Tracking is a special
technology that you can apply to produce better power output
from turbines and PV solar modules in various circumstances.
MPPT controller can detect in real time the generated voltage
DC-AC Converter: DC-AC converters convert the input DC
of solar panels and track the maximum voltage and current power into AC power. These converters are also known
values(the VI), so that the system could charge the battery with as inverters. There are a lot of different types of inverters;
the maximum power output. MPPT can be applied
however, a typical Inverter uses four switches or thyristors.
in photovoltaic inverter to coordinate with solar panels,
batteries and work loads. The four switches make 2 pairs, individually controlled by a
switching circuit where each pair is switched on at one

interval of time.

Static Switches