Geology 229 Engineering and Environmental Geology: Engineering Properties of Rocks (West, Ch. 6)

Geology 229 Engineering and Environmental Geology Lecture 6
Engineering Properties of Rocks (West, Ch. 6)
Outline of this Lecture

1. Triaxial rock mechanics test Mohr circle Combination of Coulomb shear failure criterion and Mohr circle Expressing Coulomb criterion by principal stresses 2. Engineering classification of intact rock 3. Engineering tests for strength and durability
Triaxial Compression Test

In a triaxial compression test, the direction of the load is called the maximum principal direction and the direction of the confining pressure applied is the minimum principal direction. Attention should be exercised to the fact that the convention for defining the principal direction and principal stress may be different from earth science and physics. In physics, it is usually define the tensile stress, the extensional deformation as positive, whereas in earth science it is the opposite. We define compressive stress, and compressional deformation as positive, simply because the nominal status in the crust is compressive and compressional (think about a diver at the depth of 100 m, but the material is not water but rock now).
In the directions of the principal stresses (1, and 3) there is no shear stress. Rock mechanic experiments show that the shear stress reaches its maximum in the direction of about 30 degrees (depends on frictional angle ) from the maximum principle stress 1. Theoretical prediction is 45 degrees from the principle directions. Angle is the normal of the plane relative to 3 on which the stresses are calculated.
1 1
3 3 3
uniaxial
triaxial
Mohrs Circle
Mathematically, it can be shown that the normal stress and the shear stress on any plane that has an angle of from the minimum principle stress 3 direction related to the maximum and minimum stress in the following equations. These relationships can also be expressed graphically by the Mohrs Circle:
1 1 = ( 1 + 3 ) + ( 1 3 ) cos 2 2 2 1 = ( 1 3 ) sin 2 2
When =0, (the plane is parallel to 3) we have
When =90 (the plane is parallel to 1), we have 1 1 = ( 1 + 3 ) ( 1 3 ) = 3 2 2 1 = ( 1 3 ) sin 2 = 0 2 When =45, we have 1 1 = ( 1 + 3 ) = ( 1 + 3 ) = ave 2 2 1 1 = ( 1 3 ) sin( ) = ( 1 3 ) = max 2 2 2
1 1 = ( 1 + 3 ) + ( 1 3 ) = 1 2 2 1 = ( 1 3 ) sin 2 = 0 2
Analogy
In analytic geometry, a circle with the center at (x0, y0), and a radius of r can be expressed as
x = x0 + r cos y = y0 + r sin
and the expression of Mohrs Circle:
y (X0,y0) y0
X0
1 1 = ( 1 + 3 ) + ( 1 3 ) cos 2 2 2 1 = ( 1 3 ) sin 2 2
Mohrs Circle (cont.)

In a triaxial test, the normal stress and shear stress on a given plane are the functions of 1 and 3 and fall on a circle.
3 3
center ( 0 , 0) with: 1 0 = ( 1 + 3 ) 2 the radius r and the angle : 1 r = ( 1 3 ) 2 =2

(, )
2 3 1
- tension compression +
(a)
(b)
Mohr-Coulomb shear failure criterion

The combination of the Coulombs criterion on shear failure and the Mohrs circle representation of the relationship between the principal stresses and the shear and normal stresses on a shear plane. Now we can examine not the pair, but also the 1 - 3 pair to see if their relativity satisfies the stable/unstable condition.
= S0 + Compared with y=a+bx
a x
Mohr-Coulomb shear failure criterion (cont.)

at the point the circle touches the straight line and this is the point of failure. Remember: is the angle of the shear plane with respect to the minimum compressive principal stress, on which the normal and shear stress are calculated, and is the angle of friction on the shear plane.
> S 0 + Failed Zone

(, )
= S0 +
S0
3 ff
2=2
Mohr-Coulomb shear failure criterion (cont.)

The particular angle is = , where 2 = /2 - , or = /4 /2 = , = ff , at this point the circle touches the straight line and this is the point of failure. For example, coarse granite has a frictional angle of 48 degree, so that = 45 48/2 = 21 degree.
the normal stress on the shear plane at shear failure: 1 1 ff = ( 1 + 3 ) ( 1 3 ) sin 2 2 the shear stress on the shear plane at shear failure: 1 ff = ( 1 3 ) cos 2
> S 0 + Failed Zone

(, )
= S0 +
S0
3 ff
2=2
When shear failure is occurring, equivalent to express the failure criterion by the Coulomb criterion: >= S0 + We can also find that the principal normal stresses are related as: 1 >= C0 + 3tan2 with C0 = 2S0tan, and = /4-/2
Thus, when the circle touches the Coulomb failure criterion (the straight line) shear failure occurs. There are three ways for the circle reach the straight line to reach failure: 1) Increase 1; 2) Decrease 3 ; 3) Decrease both 1 and 3 at the same amount (equivalent to increase the pore pressure on the shear plane that we will discuss later)
Engineering classification of intact rock

There are two ways to classify the intact rock in terms of 2 parameters: 1) using compressive strength alone (C0) 2) use the ratio of E/ C0
Engineering classification of intact rock (cont.)

Using compressive strength alone (C0) we can classify the rocks in to 5 classes: A, B, C, D, E For rocks with very high compressive strength to very low compressive strength.
Engineering classification of intact rock (cont.)

Using the ratio of Youngs modulus to the compressive strength E/ C0 we can classify the rocks into 3 classes: H (for high); M (for mediate); L (for low). So by combining the 2 methods we may have rocks classified as BH, BM, CM, etc.
Engineering Classification of Intact Rock Based on Compressive Strength Class A B Level of Strength Very high High Strength in psi 32,000 16,00032,000 Strength in MPa 220 110-220 Representative Rocks Quartzite, diabase, and dense basalt Most igneous rocks, most limestones, and dolomite, wellcemented sandstones and shales Most shales, porous sandstones, and limestones Friable sandstones, porous tuff Clay-shale, rock salt
Medium
8,00016,000 4,000-8,000 4,000
55-11
D E
Low Very low
27.5-55 25.5
Engineering Classification of Intact Rock Based on E/C0 Class H M L Level of Strength High Medium Low E/C0 500 200-500 200
Igneous Rocks
Sedimentary Rocks
Metamorphic Rocks
Aggregate are the most frequently used engineering materials for construction. What is Aggregate? An aggregation of sand, gravel, crushed stone slag; Used in cement concrete, mortar, asphalt pavement, etc., or used along in railroad ballast. By surface excavation we can get these materials. Quarry: - production of bedrocks; Pit: - production of gravel, sand, or other unconsolidated materials.
For rock as engineering material we care about its strength and durability. For getting the strength test we can use abrasion test. For durability test we can use the sulfate soundness test and freezing and thawing test.
Abrasion resistance test: Sample weight 5 kg, specific size gradation specific number of steel spheres, interior projecting shelf, 500 revolutions, then use #12 sieve with d=0.141 mm. Percent loss = (material finer than #12 sieve) / (original weight) For highway construction, we need percent loss less than 35 50 %.
For durability test there are two major methods: 1) sulfate soundness: Soaking the material under test into sulfate solution and put it into oven for drying to crystal for 5 cycles, then use the same sieve and get the percent loss; 2) freezing-thawing test: Freezing and thawing the material for 25 cycles, then use the same sieve and get the percent loss; For highway construction material, the maximum loss for concrete aggregate is 12-15%, and for base course this number is 15-18%.
For durability Concern, different geographic regions may have different emphases. For example, in Florida, the heating-cooling, wettingdrying are the main processes for material deterioration; while in our New England, freezingthawing, and the chemical reaction caused by road salt are the major damager for road material.
Readings: Ch. 6, 7 Homework: Chapter 6, Problems: 5, 6, 7, 8, 9

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Geology 229 Engineering and Environmental Geology Lecture 6

Engineering Properties of Rocks (West, Ch. 6)

Outline of this Lecture

Triaxial Compression Test

When =0, (the plane is parallel to 3) we have

Mohrs Circle (cont.)

center ( 0 , 0) with: 1 0 = ( 1 + 3 ) 2 the radius r and the angle : 1 r = ( 1 3 ) 2 =2

Mohr-Coulomb shear failure criterion

= S0 + Compared with y=a+bx

Mohr-Coulomb shear failure criterion (cont.)

> S 0 + Failed Zone

Mohr-Coulomb shear failure criterion (cont.)

> S 0 + Failed Zone

Engineering classification of intact rock

Engineering classification of intact rock (cont.)

Engineering classification of intact rock (cont.)

8,00016,000 4,000-8,000 4,000

Low Very low

Readings: Ch. 6, 7 Homework: Chapter 6, Problems: 5, 6, 7, 8, 9

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