1ST SEMESTER_FIRST QUARTER

UNDERSTANDING CULTURE, SOCIETY AND POLITICS (UCSP)

GRADE 12 ABM SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL
Q1 SM1

Who Franz Boas –considered as Auguste Comte – French

LESSON 1: Natural Science and started the father of modern philosopher and
this American anthropology. His mathematician. He coined
Social Science field? study led to the doctrine of
“historical
the term sociology. He
saw the need for a
particularism,” where he systematic science of
The study of culture, society, and politics are parts and stated that each society is studying society and in
parcel of a larger body of knowledge with the integration considered as having a dealing with the solution
of systematic processes and scientific method called, unique form of culture that of its basic problems.
cannot be understood under
Social Science. an overall definiton of
general culture.
Nisbet (1974) stated that “it is a branch of discipline
or branch of science that deals with human behavior in its
social and cultural aspects. It includes anthropology, Concept Anthroplogy is the study of Sociology is the study of
people and their culture. It society, patterns of social
sociology, political science, economics, psychology, and uses a special research interactions, and culture of
geography as its branches. method known as everyday life. Unlike
 It also the field of human knowledge that deals ethnography in which anthropology, the
with all aspects of the group of life of human beings antropologists are required knowledge created by
therefore, it is subject to change with the to live with their subject of sociology is used to
study for a long period of understand one’s own
changes of the human behavior. time in order to make their society. Sociologists use
writings more reliable and qualitative research
Social Science goes side by side with Natural Science as credible. method in doing their
both branches of Science. It is a branch of science that studies.
deals with the natural world. However, social science is a
branch of science primarily focuses in human society and Biological anthropology Anything in a society that
Subjects
social relationships. Consequently, the main difference of refers to the study of human influences people’s lives
between natural science and social science is that natural Inquiry origins (genetics, race, can be subjects of inquiry,
science studies natural events whereas social science studies evolutions, fossils, like different social
the human society. primates). phenomena, issues,
and problems.
Cultural anthropology is
LESSON 2: Nature, Goals and the study of living people
(religion, social system,
Sociologists can also look
into things that influence
Perspectives in Anthropology, language, clothing, foods, life like family
beliefs, traditions, etc). background,
Sociology and Political Science socioeconomic status,
Linguistics is the study of ethnicity, social classes,
language, its evolution, its religion, gender, beliefs,
Anthropology Sociology connection to other traditions, norms, among
languages, and others. others.

Anthropology started as a Sociology emerged as an Archeology refers to the Some fields are social
Where
science during the time of academic field right at the study of dead culture organization, social
did it
exploration when European height of Industrial (religion, social system, psychology, applied
start? language, how they dress, sociology, and human
countries started to colonize Revolution in Europe
what they considered as which mobilized the entire foods, beliefs, traditions, ecology.
primitive societies where population in a way that etc).
people were believed to be had never been before in
savages and barbaric. human history. These era
had brought great Goals The goals of anthropology The goals of Sociology are
Anthropology started as the changes in the way people are the following: the following:
study of non-European live in a society.  See the commonalities  Obtain possible
people by European people among people theories and
(outward). Sociology started as the (tradition, language, principles about
study of European society kinship, etc). society as well as
During their colonial by European people  Look at what makes us various aspects of
encounter with these (inward). the same to social life.
people, Europeans started to understand more about  Study the nature of
make a written records During that time, human nature. humanity to further
about non-Europeans. They emerging institutions  Discover what makes examine our roles
focus on kinship, language, arose and replaced the people different from within a society.
race, religion, cultural old ones. People saw the each other in order to  Appreciate that all
perceptions, and others. importance of studying understand and things in society are
these emerging preserve diversity interdependent.
institutions and how they  Produce new  Expose our minds to
started and what impact knowledge and new different perspectives
they could make to an theories about in attaining truth
individual and the new mankind and behaviour
society in general.  Look at one’s own
culture more
objectively.

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1ST SEMESTER_FIRST QUARTER

UNDERSTANDING CULTURE, SOCIETY AND POLITICS (UCSP)

GRADE 12 ABM SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL
Q1 SM1

Political Science 6. Culture is continuous and cumulative.

Origin - The study of political science was started by the ancient Greeks.  Culture exists as a continuous process. In its
 Aristotle on his book “Politics” stated that Man is a political
animal. It means that it is our nature to live in a society
historical growth, it tends to become cumulative.
and to have power over another.  Ralph Linton called culture “the social heritage” of
Concepts - Political Science is the systematic study of government, man. No culture ever remains constant or
politics, and political power. permanent.
 It is often defined as who gets what, when, where and  It is subject to slow but constant variation.
how.
Subjects of Inquiry - political theory,
 Likewise, culture is responsive to the changing
 philosopy and different political ideologies conditions of the physical world; hence, it is
 public management dynamic.
 human rights
 international relations and foreign policies 7. Culture is gratifying and idealistic.
Goals - Make people a better citizens.
 Keep social order and harmony among different group of
 Culture provides proper opportunities for the
people. satisfaction of our needs and desires. Our needs,
 Protect the rights of an individual. both biological and social, are fulfilled in cultural
 Avoid conflict and promote cooperation. ways.
 Culture consists of the intellectual, artistic, and social
ideals, and institutions where members of the
society profess and strive to confirm.
LESSON 3: Concepts, Aspects, and
Changes of Culture and Society
LESSON 4: Cultural Relativism and
CHARACTERISTICS of CULTURE
1. Culture is social because it is the product of Ethnocentrism
behavior.
 Culture does not exist in isolation. It is a product Enculturation
of society. It develops through social interaction.  Process by which people learn the requirements of
 No man can acquire culture without association their surrounding culture and acquire values and
with others. behaviours appropriate or necessary in that culture
 According to Stephen A. Grunland and Marvin K. Mayers
2. Culture varies from society to society. (1988) (as cited from Hoebel, 1982), ENCULTURATION
 Every society has a culture of its own that differs is both a conscious and an unconscious conditioning
from other societies. The culture of every society is process whereby man, as child and adult, achieves
unique by itself. competence in his culture, internalizes his culture and
 Cultures are not uniform. becomes thoroughly enculturated.
 Cultural elements like customs, traditions, morals,  Parents and other authorities are called the initiators
values, and beliefs are not constant. of enculturation

3. Culture is shared. SOCIALIZATION

 Culture is not something that an individual alone can  The process of learning one’s society and its culture.
possess. Culture, in sociological sense, is shared.  It is moreover the same as interacting, mingling and
 For example, people of a society share all customs, being with other people or groups within/ outside of
traditions, beliefs, ideas, values, morals, etc. your society.
 Through socialization, one learns the culture’s language,
4. Culture is learned. their roles in life, and what is expected from them.
 Culture is not inborn. It is learned. Without socialization, a person will develop different
 Unlearned behavior then, is not culture. physical and mental disabilities
Shaking hands, saying thanks, etc. are cultural
behaviors. NOT ALL BEHAVIORS ARE LEARNED, BUT CONCEPT OF SOCIAL GROUPS
MOST OF THESE CAN BE.
 Combing hair, standing in line, telling jokes, What is a Group?
criticizing the president, and going to movies all A group is composed of two or more persons
constitute behaviors that need to be learned. interacting with each other and guided by a set of
norms. It is also defined as specified number of individuals
5. Culture is transmitted among members of where each recognizes members as distinct from non-
society. members.
 Cultural ways are learned by people from others.
Many of these ways are handed down from elders, BASIC CLASSIFICATIONS OF
parents, teachers, and others (most likely individuals SOCIAL GROUPS
of older generation), while other cultural
behaviors are handed up to elders. 1. PRIMARY GROUPS
 Transmission of culture is made possible by  marked by concern for one another, shared
language. Language is the main vehicle of culture. activities and culture, and long periods of time
 Transmission of culture may take place also through spent together.
imitation as well as through instruction.

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1ST SEMESTER_FIRST QUARTER

UNDERSTANDING CULTURE, SOCIETY AND POLITICS (UCSP)

GRADE 12 ABM SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL
Q1 SM1
 They are influential in developing an  In this manner, it is easier to form connections,
individual’s personal identity. The goal of relationships and linkages.
primary groups is actually the relationships  Example: Family Members, Friends, Work
themselves rather than achieving some other Colleagues, Classmates
purpose.
 The examples of a primary group but not limited AGENTS OF SOCIALIZATION
to be your family and childhood and close
friends. A. Family
 The concept of the primary group was introduced  First agent of socialization.
by Charles Cooley in his book, Social Organization:  Most of the habits, manners, beliefs and the way
A Study of the Larger Mind. (Contreras, Antonio P. et we think are develop in the family.
al. “Social Groups”. Understanding Culture, Society  A huge part of your personality is molded by
and Politics. Quezon City: Phoenix Publishing House, your family because this is where you spent your
Inc. 2016) childhood.
 Your family influences you on the way you behave
2. SECONDARY GROUPS and act as a person.
 involve weak emotional ties and little personal  This is when socialization process is crucial and
knowledge of one another. intense. Do you still remember your happy
 In contrast to primary groups, secondary groups moments in school? Of course you do.
don’t have the goal of maintaining and developing
the relationships themselves. These groups are B. School
based on usual or habitual interests or affairs.  Interact or socialize with other people- your
 It includes groups in which one exchanges classmates, teachers, administrators and others
explicit commodities, such as labor for wages, which are outside your family within a society.
services for payments, and such.  Your socialization with them has made a lot of
 Sample Groups: Nation, Church Hierarchy, experiences in you. It is in the school that your
Professional Association, Corporation, University behavior and attitude are shape to become a
classes, Athletic teams, and groups of coworkers. better member of society. So a part of your
personality is developed by this agent.
3. IN-GROUP
 same group as others who share the same C. Peers
common bond and interests who are more  Your peers usually have similar ages, social status
likely to understand each other refers to an in- and share interests.
group.  Your peer group influences you on the way you
 Sample Groups: Sports team, Unions and can accept yourself. It is with your peer group
Sororities that you find yourself belonged

4. OUT-GROUP D. Social media

 Those who do not belong to the in-group are  Majority of us, young and old, are connected
part of the out-group, which exist in the through social media.
perceptions of the in group members and takes on  Much of our waking time is spent on using social
social reality as a result of behavior by in-group media.
members who use the out group as a negative
point of reference.
LESSON 5: Significance of
5. REFERENCE GROUPS (TINITINGALA OR IDOL Cultural, Social, Political and
MO)
 A reference group is a collection of people that Economic Symbols and Practices
we use as a standard of comparison for
ourselves regardless of whether we are part of HUMAN CULTURAL EVOLUTION
that group. It is a saying that “human has no contentment”. As the
 We rely on reference groups to understand social environment changes, we continuously grow and find ways
norms, which then shape our values, ideas, to make maximize our effort as we live. It is very evident in
behavior, and appearance. This means that we the different stages of human cultural evolution:
also use them to evaluate the relative worth, Palaeolithic Period, Neolithic Period, and Age of
desirability, or appropriateness of these things. Metal.
 Sample of these groups are parents, siblings,
teachers, peers, associates and friends. PALEOTHIC PERIOD

6. NETWORK The term “Palaeolithic” was coined by archaeologist John

 collection of people tied together by a specific Lubbock in 1865. It is derived the from Greek word,
pattern of connections. They can be palaios, which means "old"; and, lithos, "stone", In
characterized by the number of people short, the Palaeolithic Period, which happened 2.5 million
involved, as in the dyad (by twos) and triad years ago, is also known as "Old Stone Age".
(by threes), but also in terms of their structures  In the Palaeolithic period, the Earth was extremely
(who is connected to whom) and functions (what cold and ocean levels were much lower than they
flows across ties). are now. Due to the cold climate, much of the
Stone Age is also called the Ice Age.

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1ST SEMESTER_FIRST QUARTER

UNDERSTANDING CULTURE, SOCIETY AND POLITICS (UCSP)

GRADE 12 ABM SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL
Q1 SM1

During these years, people were nomads and able to use EARLY CIVILIZATION and RISE of the STATE
simple tools and weapons made of unpolished stone.
The caves served as their shelter. Ancient State and Civilization
One of the earliest states and civilizations was found in the
Similarly, this was the time when people discovered to use Fertile Crescent which is known as the Mesopotamian
the fire, through the use of stone, for their protection civilization. The word Mesopotamia is a Greek word for
against cold temperature and to cook their own food. “Land between two rivers” which is often referred to as the
cradle of civilization. It is the region of the Western Asia
NEOLITIC PERIOD located between the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers.
 It is known as the Fertile Crescent where the first
Likewise, the term “Neolithic” also comes from the same evidence of agriculture was also found. Here
archaeologist and from the Greek word “neo” which the first human civilizations were taking the earliest
means new and “lithos” meaning stone or in short, steps from hunter-gatherer society into settled
the “New Stone Age” which was happened for about community
10,000 B.C. In this period, the Cro Magnon disappeared
and the new people who are considered the modern MODERN STATE AND CIVILIZATION
man appeared. In the European continent, several states and civilization
grew tremendously over centuries. In England, around
The Neolithic Revolution is also called as the First 1500s, most of the people lived in small villages. They
Agricultural Revolution. During this period, there was a paid tithes to their feudal landlords. Henry VII won the
wide-scale transition of many human cultures from a War of the Roses in England, which led into what is
lifestyle of hunting and gathering to of agriculture known as the Tudor dynasty, and begun the
and settlement kind of society which eventually led to development of the English nation-state.
population increase. People depend on domesticated plants
and animals. They learned to create such crafts as pottery In Spain in the year 1492, Spanish monarchs Ferdinand
and weaving. They likewise developed boat as means of and Isabella took Spain back from the Muslim. It became
transportation and for fishing as well. the era of Spain as a global power

From being nomads during the early stage, human began to

develop a sedentary type of society of which they built-up
villages and towns.

This period was known as Age of Metals (4000 B.C –

1500 B.C). The used of metal such as bronze, copper,
and iron produced a new historical development from the
cradle civilization of Egypt, Mesopotamia, Persia including
the India, and China which later spread throughout Asia.

There were three stages distinguished within this Age due

to the different types of metals that were used: The Copper
Age, the Bronze Age and the Iron Age; copper was
the first known metal, it is of a low hardness and it was
used to make ornaments; bronze is an alloy of copper and
tin and it is harder and stronger than copper.

During this age, agricultural tools were developed with

bronze, such as plows and sickles, military weapons like
swords, spears and shields, as well as household utensils like
jars, bowls and cups. Likewise, a more developed social,
cultural, political, and economic system were improved.
Tribes, empires, and state were recognized at this point.