Section 4 – How did the Cold War develop?

Describe one decision made by the Allies about the war against Germany at the Tehran
Conference in 1943 (2 marks)

The allies agreed that in the aftermath of the war, the USSR could have a soviet sphere of influence amongst the
other countries in Eastern Europe.

Describe one reason why there was tension between the superpowers at the Tehran Conference
in 1943 (2 marks)

There was tension between USSR and USA and GBR because Stalin wanted to weaken Germany by forcing them to
pay large sums of reparations - this would mean that they would be too weak to attempt another war. However,
Churchill and Roosevelt wanted to rebuild Germany because they wanted to stop history from repeating itself, as it
did with World War I.

Describe one reason why the Allies met at Yalta in February 1945 (2 marks)

The allies met to discuss what would happen to Germany know that they had full control over them. They wanted to
equally share out the land and resources and thus they decided to divide Berlin into four sections, and Germany into
four sections as well – one for each country.

Describe one reason why the Marshall Plan was drawn up in 1947 (2 marks)

The Marshall Plan was drawn up because the USA wanted to contain the spread of communism. The USA was
committed to an economic recovery of the west and believed that poverty and hardship were the breeding ground
for communism; thus the USA wanted to make the West prosperous.

Describe one reason why NATO was formed in 1949 (2 marks)

NATO was formed as a military alliance consisting entire of Western European countries. The main purpose of it was
that if one country was attacked by the USSR and communism, the other members would help to defend it. This was
strength in numbers.

Describe one effect of the Soviet occupation on the people of Hungary in the late 1940’s (2
marks)

The Hungarian people opposed the communist government within their country. This hatred fuelled their
determination to overthrow the government in the Hungarian Uprising of 1956.

Describe one cause of the Soviet invasion of Hungary in 1956 (2 marks)

Khrushchev made his “secret speech” which criticised Stalin’s rule over the satellite states. This idea of de-
Stalinisation encouraged Hungary to take the opportunity to overthrow the communist government, as they thought
that Khrushchev was weaker than Stalin and thus easier to overthrow.

Briefly explain the key features of the Tehran conference in 1943 (6 marks)

In 1943 the three superpowers - USA, USSR and GBR- met at Tehran to briefly decide what would happen to
Germany and Europe after they win the war.
One key feature of the conference was that the three superpowers were at the height of good relations. Roosevelt,
Churchill and Stalin were very strong allies and were united against the overthrowing of Germany. During this time
all three allies were very agreeable to each other terms.

Another key feature was that USA and GBR agreed that Stalin could have a soviet sphere of influence over Eastern
Europe as he already claimed numerous territories amongst Eastern Europe. The western superpowers wanted
Stalin to keep his communism expansion contained to only Eastern Europe and not Western Europe.

A further key feature was that there were slight disagreements between USA and GBR and USSR. USSR wanted to
weaken and cripple Germany by making them pay huge reparation costs. However, USA and GBR wanted to rebuild
Germany and help it to recover because they did not want history to repeat itself, as it did with the Treaty of
Versailles.

Briefly explain the key features of soviet rule over Hungary in the years 1945-55 (6 marks)

In 1946 Stalin formed the Iron Curtain which gave him the opportunity to spread communism and enhance soviet
security. He banned all other parties in Hungary which allowed the communist government to be implemented in
Hungary.

In 1947, the Truman Doctrine was created. The USA was willing to spend $17 billion dollars to any countries who
needed help to recover. However, Stalin forced Hungary to refuse the Marshall Aid and instead forced them to agree
to Cominform and Comecon (an alternate version to Marshall Aid).

In 1949 NATO was formed. As retaliation to this threat, Stalin created the Warsaw Pact which stated that if one
member was attacked all the other members would help to defend it. Hungary was forced to join the Pact and this
enabled Stalin to tighten his hold over the satellite states.

Briefly explain what the Allies decided about Germany in the Potsdam conference in 1945 (6
marks)

The Allies came to various decisions about Germany in the Potsdam conference in July/ August 1945.

One decision was that USA, GBR, USSR and France would claim reparation costs from each of their zones in
Germany. Because the USSR had a less profitable zone, it was agreed that they would receive industrial reparations
from the Western zones in return for foodstuff.

Another decision was that the Nazi party would be banned. Surviving Nazi war criminals would be punished and
tried. Fair elections would be held in all liberated countries including Germanys itself.

A further decision was that the allies decided to split Berlin into four sectors. The capital of Germany would be
dominated by all four countries. Germany itself would be split into four zones. The USSR’s zone would be located in
the Eastern half and the others would be located in the Western half.

Briefly explain the key features of the events of the Hungarian Uprising in 1956 (6 marks)

One of the key features was the introduction of Khrushchev as the new soviet leader of Eastern Europe (he replaced
Stalin). In 1956 he made his “secret speech” where he criticised Stalin’s rule and implied that he would be willing to
change areas of the communist rule upon the satellite states. This idea of de-Stalinisation encouraged Imre Nagy,
prime minister of Hungary, to try to overthrow the communist rule placed upon Hungary.

Another feature was when Nagy decided to bring in the idea of reforms into Hungary. One of Nagy’s promises to the
Hungarians was to leave the Warsaw Pact. Up till that point, Khrushchev had allowed the rebellion take place in
Hungary. However, at the mention of leaving the Warsaw Pact Khrushchev realised that if one country left the
Warsaw Pact others would soon follow as part of the domino effect which would lead to the collapse in soviet
control over the satellite states.
A further key feature was when the Red Army moved into Budapest and began to capture and execute opposition
leaders. Hungarians pleaded with the USA to support them but the USA was preoccupied with the war in Vietnam
and did not want to risk angering the USSR in fear that they would align themselves with Vietnam. No help came
from the USA and thus the Red Army easily overthrew the Hungarians. 30,000 Hungarians died and Nagy was
executed. A communist government was re-established in Hungary and people lost hope in the USA.

Briefly explain the key features of the Berlin Blockade in the years 1958-49 (6 marks)

One key feature of the Berlin Blockade as that Stalin cut off access to all forms of transport and railways were also
closed down. This meant that East Berliners were unable to reach their workplace in West Berlin. The Berlin
Blockade succeeded in blocking off all form of contact between the East and West.

Another key feature was that Stalin wanted to move western troops out of Berlin. He felt it unfair that the Western
zones get to have a part of what was supposed to be his territory. He thought that by forming a blockade around
West Berlin, he could force the Western troops out of Berlin.

A further key feature was the airlift. The USA began to lift supplies into East Berlin via air ad any other decision
would have resulted in a direct war. The airlifts lasted for 11 months when up to 200, 00 flights were made to Berlin.
The airlift ended in May 1949 when Stalin realised that the USA would not give in.

Briefly explain the key features of Cominform in 1947 and Comecon in 1949 (6 marks)

One key feature of Cominform was that it was an alliance of all communist states. This was the USSR’s response to
Marshall Aid and was set up to coordinate the communist governments across Eastern Europe. This enabled Stalin
to tighten his hold over the Eastern European countries as contact with the West was limited.

Another key feature of Cominform was that it aimed to spread communism. Stalin wanted to gain influence over
Western Europe and the only way he could do that was by encouraging minority communist parties in France and
other Western European countries to gain more influence.

A key feature of Comecon was that it coordinated the production and trade of goods within Eastern Europe. It
discouraged trade with the US; instead the Eastern European countries would share resources around. Stalin forced
the Eastern European countries to boycott Marshall Aid for Comecon.
Briefly explain the key features of the Warsaw Pact in 1955 (6 marks)

The Warsaw Pact was Stalin’s response to NATO. It was exactly the same as NATO in that the main purpose was that
if one communist state was under threat, the rest of the communist states would come to its aid. This way Stalin was
able to secure more control over the Eastern European countries.

Another key feature was that Stalin forced members, mainly satellite states and East Germany, to join the Warsaw
Pact. This was significant because it expressed Stalin’s total dominance and control over Eastern Europe. It
contrasted with NATO whose members willingly joined.

A further key feature was that it worried the USA to the extent that they had to increase the numbers of NATO
troops in Germany. This led to an increased tension over who would dominate Berlin - the USA was clearly signalling
that they refused to move out of West Berlin.

Briefly explain the main decisions made about Germany at the Yalta conference in February
1945 (6 marks)

One decision made was that Germany would be divided into four sections and Berlin into four sectors – one for each
superpower. This newfound territorial gain would enable the superpowers to maintain control over Germany and
prevent retaliation occurring by the Germans.
Another decision was that Germany would pay reparation costs for all the damage done to the superpowers.
Germany did not have much money left after spending on World War II thus it was agreed that the reparation costs
would be paid back through various resources in each of their zones e.g. Coal, foodstuff.

A further decision was that the Nazi party would be banned from Germany. The superpowers would establish their
own governments in their won sectors. Any surviving Nazi criminals/supporters would be put on trial and punished.

Briefly explain the key features of the NATO in 1949 (6 marks)

One key feature was that NATO was formed because the USA was worried about the threat of nuclear war with the
USSR. The USSR had developed its first atomic bomb thus starting the Arms Race. This was a risk for Western
European countries as none had created the atomic bomb yet, except the USA.

Another key feature was that it was a military alliance consisting of Western European countries. The main aim was
that if one member was attacked the other members would help to defend it. Thus other Western European
countries granted permission for the USA to build airbases with planes containing nuclear weapons, within their
countries.

A further key feature of NATO was that although it was formed as a militarily defensive alliance, the USSR didn’t see
it that way. Stalin assumed that it was a direct threat to the USSR and thus this worsened relations between the two
superpowers.

Briefly explain the role of Nagy in the Hungarian Uprising of 1956 (6 marks)

Nagy became the new prime minister of Hungary and he promised to bring in reforms. He promised free elections to
Hungarians which was very appealing as most of them opposed the communist dictatorship that Rakosi had upheld.

Another role he played was that he wanted to establish some capitalist aspects into Hungary. He wanted to
introduce the idea of private farming. This went against the communist ideology as it would mean that the
government would not be in control over distributing the money.

Nagy also promised Hungary to leave the Warsaw Pact. He did not want Hungary to be affected by other political
situations; he wanted Hungary to remain neutral. Leaving the Warsaw Pact would symbolise leaving soviet rule
upon Hungary.

Briefly explain the key features of the beginnings of the Arms Race in the years 1945-49 (6
marks)

One key feature of the Arms Race was that Truman announced the development of the atomic bomb in the Potsdam
conference of July/August 1945. Although Stalin did not show visible interest in this mew development, he was
highly worried about the threat the atomic bomb would pose to soviet control over Eastern European countries.

Another key feature was that Stalin began working on the USSR’s own atomic bomb which was made in 1949. This
was the trigger of the Arms Race as both countries were equally militarily matched and posed an equal threat to
each other’s safety.

A further key feature was that after Stalin had produced his own atomic bomb, the USA increased military spending
on the development of more nuclear weapons. Likewise, the USSR also increased their spending on the Arms Race.
Both countries used vast amounts of money from the economy to fund for the nuclear weapons.

Briefly explain the key features of the USA’s growing involvement in Europe during 1947 (6
marks)
One key feature was that Stalin demanded control of the Dardanelles- a strategic passage- in Turkey. However, the
USA dispatched military aid to Turkey so that they would maintain chief control over the passageway. USA was
unwilling to allow communism to spread to Western Europe.

Another key feature was the introduction of Marshall Aid and the Truman Doctrine. The main policy in the Truman
Doctrine was to contain communism. Truman believed that poverty and hardship was the breeding ground for
communism. Thus he introduced Marshall Aid which was committed to the economic recovery of the West by
supplying and distributing $17 billion dollars to any countries under threat of communism. This was known as dollar
imperialism/diplomacy.

A further key reason was the civil war in Greece. GBR intervened to help the Monarchists fight the Communists.
However, when expenses increased GBR withdrew their troops. The USA stepped in and supplied arms and money
to the Monarchists. This turned the US away from isolationism.

Explain why Stalin decided to blockade Berlin in 1948 (12 marks)

One reason why Stalin blockaded Berlin was because the allies joined their zones together to form Trizonia. Whilst
the USSR’s zone was full of poverty, Trizonia was prospering and recovering. Stalin thought that the allies were
building up Germany to attack him.

Stalin wanted Berlin to be dependent on the USSR. He wanted to blockade around West Germany so that he could
control them. He did not want the western zones to be strong because this could be a threat to the USSR. Thus the
blockade would make West Berlin dependant on the USSR.

A further reason is because Stalin did not want East Berliner’s to see the poverty they were living in. He wanted the
western zones and West Berlin in to be poor so that the people in the East would not realise the poverty they were
living in. This would keep Germany poor and prevent them from being strong enough to attack the USSR.

It was a combination of all of these factors that made Stalin decided to blockade Berlin. However, the most
significant reason was because Stalin did not want West Berlin to prosper because it threatened his control over his
zones. He wanted to keep Germany weak so that they could not retaliate.

Why did the gulf between the Allies widen in the years 1943-46 (12 marks)

One reason why the gulf widened was because of the creation of the atomic bomb in 1945. Truman bragged about
this new weapon at the Potsdam conference – he thought that the USA was superior to the other superpowers
because they had the ultimate weapon. However, Stalin was concerned about the threat that the atomic bomb
posed upon the USSR and so began the Arms Race.

Another reason is because of the Iron Curtain speech in 1946 where Churchill highlighted the division between the
East and West, and the formation two camps. Churchill was subtly calling upon the USA to defend Europe against
Stalin’s communist expansion. Stalin saw this speech as a declaration of war.

A further reason was because of the Long Telegram and Novikov Telegram in 1946. The Novikov telegram stated that
the USA wanted to dominate the world and was unable to cooperate with the USSR. The Long Telegram spoke of the
USSR building up its military power and also highlighted the USSR as being evil and corrupt. This hatred towards each
other widened the gulf.

In conclusion, it was all a combination of these reasons that the gulf between the allies widened. However, the most
significant reason was because of the creation of the atomic bomb. This posed a real threat to the USSR and
encouraged Stalin’s retaliation. It was because of this that the other events occurred.

Explain why there was growing involvement of the USA in Europe in the years 1945-48 (12
marks)
One reason why there was growing involvement was because the USA did not want communism to spread to
Western Europe. USA helped the Monarchists fight the Civil War in Greece in 1947 because Greece was under attack
from Communists. The USA turned away from isolationism by supplying arms and money to the Monarchists.

Another reason was because Stalin demanded control over the Dardanelles – a strategic passageway- in Turkey, in
1947. The USA was worried about the threat the USSR posed if to the US if they used this strategic passageway to
invade the USA. Thus the USA dispatched military aid so that Turkey held chief control over the Dardanelles.

A further reason was because the USA was committed to the economic recovery of Western Europe. They believed
that poverty and hardship was the breeding ground for communism. They came up with the Marshall Plan in 1947 –
this was an economic recovery plan which would spend $17 billion to any country who needed the money. This was
known as dollar imperialism as the USA was trying to buy its allies.

In conclusion, it was all a combination of these reasons that there was growing involvement from the USA. However,
the most significant reason was because of Marshall Aid. This seemed to really turn the USA away from isolationism.
The other two reasons contributed to this idea of gaining allies but it was the Marshall Plan which enabled the US to
gain more allies.

Explain why relations between the USA and USSR worsened in the years 1947-49 (12 marks)

One reason why relations worsened was because of the Marshall Plan in 1947. This was an economic recovery
programme which would help countries to recover financially. The USSR saw this as dollar imperialism – the USA
trying to buy its allies. Thus the USSR made its own version of Marshall Aid, known as Comecon in 1949. Stalin forced
members of Comecon to boycott Marshall Aid. This worsened relations.

Another reason was because of the Berlin Blockade in 1948. Stalin wanted West Berlin dependant on the USSR so he
cut off all canal, road and rail links from West Berlin to West Germany. However, the USA decided to airlift supplies
from the West to East Berlin. This expressed that they would not give in to Stalin. The airlifts lasted for 11 months
until Stalin realised that the USA would not give up. This worsened relations and made the superpowers more
competitive towards each other.

A further reason was because of the formation on NATO in 1949. The USSR had developed its own atomic bomb.
This placed the rest of the Western European countries at risk because they didn’t have an atomic bomb to defend
themselves. NATO was formed as a military alliance so that if one member was attacked, the other members would
help to defend it. Stalin did not see this as a defensive alliance rather a direct threat to the USSR.

In conclusion it was a combination of all these reasons that relations worsened. However, the most significant
reason was because of the Berlin Blockade. This signified that neither superpower were willing to give up and would
put up a good fight. However, the other reasons did contribute to the worsening of relations.

Explain why relations between USA and USSR changed in the years 1948-53 (12 marks)

One reason why relations changed was because of the Arms Race. Bothe superpowers were intent on having the
best defence if it ever came to nuclear war. In 1949 the USSR produced its first atomic bomb. This put both the USA
and USSR on equal footing. However, in 1952 the USA produced the hydrogen bomb which was 1000 times more
powerful than the atomic bomb. By 1943 the USSR had also developed the hydrogen bomb. This competitive nature
worsened relations between the USSR and USA.

Another reason was because of the Berlin Blockade in 1948. Stalin wanted West Berlin dependant on the USSR. The
only way he could do this was by blockading West Berlin so that all transport links were cut off from West Germany
and West Berlin. The USA did not want to risk a nuclear war but they couldn’t leave West Berlin in the soviet control.
So, the USA airlifted supplies; this lasted for 11 months until Stalin realised that the USA would not give in. This
worsened relations.
A further reason was because of the formation on NATO in 1949. This was a defensive alliance consisting of mainly
Western European countries. The aim was to help defend any members who were attacked by the USSR. However,
Stalin saw this as a direct threat instead of a defensive alliance. This worsened relations.

In conclusion it was a combination of all these reasons that relations changed. However, the most significant reason
was because of the atomic bomb. This was what posed a real threat to Stalin and triggered the rest of the events.
Without the atomic bomb, Stalin may have attacked the USA instead of blockading Berlin. Also, NATO may never
have been formed.

Explain why relations between USA and USSR changed in the years 1949-55 (12 marks)
One reason was because of the Arms Race. Both superpowers were competing against each other to build up the
best military defence. The USA had introduced the first atomic bomb in 1945 and by 1949 the USSR had its own
atomic bomb. This seemed to make both superpowers more eager to build even better nuclear weapons such as the
hydrogen bombs in 1952 and 1953. Thus relations worsened between the superpowers.

This provoked the USA to form NATO in 1949. This was formed as a defensive alliance consisting of mainly western
European countries. The policy was that if one member was attacked by the USSR the rest would help to defend it.
This was particularly important to have as only the USA had the atomic bomb - no other country had any nuclear
weapons to defend them. However, Stalin saw this as a direct threat to the USSR and thus relations worsened.

This aggravated the USSR and led to the forming of the Warsaw Pact in 1955. This was a communist version of NATO
except that members were forced to join. The USA responded to this new threat by increasing the number of NATO
troops in Germany. This worsened relations.

In conclusion it was a combination of all these reasons that relations changed. However, the most significant reason
was because of the Arms Race. This is because the threat of a nuclear war was always present and provoked the
USSR and USA to form defensive alliances as a form of protection.

Explain why there was an uprising in Hungary in 1956 (12 marks)

One reason was because of Khrushchev's Secret Speech in 1956. In this speech Khrushchev attacked Stalin and
denounced him as a wicked tyrant. He began to promote de-Stalinization. This speech was misleading because many
Eastern European countries, such as Hungary, thought they could overthrow the communist regime. However,
Khrushchev had no intentions of Eastern European countries be independent of soviet control.

Another reason was because the Hungarians were dictated by Rakosi and hated the USSR’s control over them. They
wanted greater freedoms and improved living standards. Nagy, the new Prime Minister, promised reforms such as
censorship and more control over the economy. Khrushchev was prepared to support some reforms but did not
want soviet control to be entirely weakened by these new reforms.

A further reason was because Nagy wanted Hungary to leave the Warsaw Pact and maintain a neutral role.
Khrushchev refused to let Hungary leave the Warsaw Pact because this would leave a gap in the Iron Curtain and the
Buffer Zone would be destroyed. This would weaken soviet security and leave them vulnerable to potential attacks.
Thus, Khrushchev sent in200, 000 soviet troops to crush the uprising.

In conclusion it was a combination of all these reasons that there was an uprising in Hungary. However, the most
significant reason was because of Nagy’s intention to leave the Warsaw Pact. Khrushchev was prepared to allow a
little de-Stalinisation by introducing reforms but he refused to let any country leave the Warsaw Pact because it
would leave the USSR vulnerable to attacks.

Section 5 – The three Cold War crises

Describe one reason why the summit conference between Eisenhower and Khrushchev in May
1960 collapsed (2 marks)
The Paris Summit in 1960 collapsed because Khrushchev demanded an apology from Eisenhower over the U2
incident where the soviets had caught an American spy plane on their territory. However, Eisenhower refused to
apologise which led to Khrushchev walking out on the summit.

Describe one reason why President Kennedy visited West Berlin in 1963 (2 marks)

Kennedy visited West Berlin to make his famous speech “Ich Bin Ein Berliner” (I am a Berliner). In this speech he
declared that the city of Berlin was a symbol for the struggle between forces of freedom (West) and communism
(East). It was his way of exploiting his propaganda victory over the construction of the Berlin Wall.

Describe one decision made about the testing of weapon following the signing of the Partial
Nuclear Test Ban Treaty in 1963 (2 marks)

The superpowers could only limit their nuclear testing to underground. They were not allowed to test nuclear
weapons in outer space. This limited the development of nuclear weapons in the Arms Race.

Describe one reason why the Test Ban Treaty was signed in 1963 (2 marks)

After the Cuban Missile Crisis the superpowers wanted to prevent the threat of nuclear war becoming very possible
again. Thus, they signed the Test Ban Treaty which limited nuclear testing to underground only – they weren’t
allowed to test them in space.

Describe one reason why the “hot line” between the USA and USSR was set up in 1963 (2 marks)

After the Cuban Missile Crisis, the superpowers did not want to risk the threat of nuclear war ever becoming so
serious again. Thus they formed a hotline between the Kremlin in the USSR and the White House in the USA. This
allowed direct communication between the two superpowers in case a similar situation ever occurred again.

Describe one international reaction to USSR’s invasion of Czechoslovakia in 1968 (2 marks)

Although the USA was opposed to the invasion of Czechoslovakia, also known as the Prague Spring, they did not
interfere with the soviet invasion because they did not want to disrupt improving relations between the two
superpowers.

Describe one way that the USSR re-established control in Czechoslovakia in 1968 (2 marks)

Brezhnev moved 400,000 Warsaw Pact troops into Czechoslovakia to restore the strict communist government. The
Czechs did not resist militarily rather they offered passive resistance - thus they were easily able to overthrow the
riots and reform leaders and re-establish soviet control over Czechoslovakia.

Briefly explain the impact of the building of the Berlin Wall in the years 1961-63 (6 marks)

One impact was that people could no longer freely travel from East to West Berlin. From 1946-1960, 3 million East
Berliners crossed to the West. This drain of people was having a great economic effect on the East and threatened
the collapse of soviet zone. By building the wall, highly skilled workers were unable to leave the East – these people
were vital to keep ensuring economic recovery.

Another impact was that the US western zone could no longer spy on the East. The USSR was concerned about the
opportunity that Berlin provided for western subversion and espionage. By building the wall, the West could not use
Berlin as a “listening post” to observe soviet actions.

A further impact was that the USA won a propaganda victory because the building of the wall made it seem that the
USSR had to build walls to prevent people from leaving the low standard of living of the East. This made the west
look like a symbol of freedom and thus the USA were cast in a more favourable light.
Describe the key features of the attempts made by the USA and the USSR to deal with the
problems of a divided Berlin in the years 1959-61 (6 marks)

One key feature was that Khrushchev demanded that Kennedy move US troops out of West Berlin. He thought that
Kennedy was weak because he was young and inexperienced. He wanted troops to move out because he thought
Berlin was being used as a base for subversion and espionage. However, Kennedy refused to move his troops out.

Another key feature was that Khrushchev constructed the Berlin Wall. He wanted to divide East and West Berlin
because: too many people were leaving the East for the West, he felt the West was spying on the East and because
the West was a continual reminder to East Berliners of their low standard of living. The wall would prevent all these
things from occurring.

A further key feature was that Kennedy provoked the USSR by pulling more troops into West Berlin. The soviet tanks
did not allow any crossings into the East. The tanks faced each other for 18 hours and then finally withdrew. This
marked a clear divide between the East and the West

Briefly explain the key features of the refugee problem in Berlin in the years 1957-61 (6 marks)

One key feature was that highly skilled workers were leaving East Berlin for the West. These workers were essential
for the recovery of the East’s economy. Khrushchev built a wall to prevent them from leaving the East.

Another key feature was that the refugee problem made the USSR look bad. 3 million people left the East from 1946-
60. The West remained a symbol of freedom whilst the people who had left the East told the rest of the world about
the hardship and poverty they’d endured living in the East.

A further key feature was that people risked their lives crossing the border from East to West. Khrushchev
demanded that guards should shoot escapees and almost 200 people dies from shot wounds. People continued to
risk their lives and those who were successful were welcomed by the West.

Briefly explain Khrushchev’s challenge to the USA over Berlin in the years 1957-60 (6 marks)

Khrushchev thought that the new president, J.F Kennedy, was weak because he was young and inexperienced. He
demanded that Kennedy move US troops out of Berlin and gave him sixth months to do so.

Khrushchev was worried about the opportunity that Berlin provided for western subversion and espionage. He
wanted the USA to move out of Berlin for this reason.

Khrushchev was also angry that the other superpowers had their own zones. West Berlin was located within the
soviet zone. This was extremely unfair in his opinion because the USSR had suffered most after the war and deserved
a larger zone as repayment.

Briefly explain the key features of the refugee problem in Berlin in the late 1950’s (6 marks)

One key feature was that 3 million people left East Berlin in favour of the West, over the years 1946-60. Many of
these people were highly skilled workers. Khrushchev needed these people to remain in the East to help the
economy of the East to survive.

Another key feature was that the people who lived in East Berlin told the rest of the world about the poor conditions
that they’d lived in the East. This criticism of soviet rule undermined communism and cast them in a negative light.

A further key feature was that many people risked their lives trying to cross the border from East to West Berlin. Any
escapees were shot and up 200 people were killed. Those that escaped were welcomed by the West.

Briefly explain the key features of the events of the crisis about Berlin in 1961 (6 marks)
One key feature was that 3 million people had crossed from East to West Berlin in the years 1946-60. East Berlin was
losing a lot of highly skilled workers who were essential for the economy of East Berlin to thrive. This drain of people
could threaten the collapse of USSR’s control over their zone.

Another key feature was that Khrushchev wanted western troops out of Berlin as it was within his zone. He worried
that the western troops could use this opportunity for subversion or espionage. He gave the West 6 months to leave
Berlin.

A further key feature was that the USA won a propaganda victory over the USSR. To the rest of the world it looked
like the USSR had to build a wall to stop its people from leaving East Berlin. This way West Berlin remained a symbol
of freedom.

Describe the key features of the involvement of the USA in the Bay of Pigs invasion of 1961 (6
marks)

One key feature was that Kennedy wanted to use pro-US Cuban rebels to invade Cuba. Kennedy did not use his own
US troops because he did not want outright war against the USSR by directly intervening. Instead he sent 1, 400
Cuban exiles to the Bay of Pigs to overthrow Castro.

Another key feature was that Kennedy’s attempt at using the Cuban exiles failed. Castro was prepared for the attack
and the Cuban people did not support the rebels as the USA has expected. Moreover, the US had not provided air
cover so the Cubans were easily outnumbered by Castro’s troops. 20,000 Cuban troops were killed.

A further key feature was that the USA was left humiliated because everyone knew that they were indirectly behind
the attack. This made Castro look stronger and he gained more popularity. The USSR and Cuba became even closer
allies due to this event.

Briefly explain the key features of the Bay of Pigs invasion in 1961 (6 marks)

One key feature was that Kennedy used Cuban rebels to try to overthrow Castro. This way the USA was not directly
intervening or risking a nuclear war. He placed 1,400 anti-communism Cuban rebels at the Bay of Pigs.

Another key feature was that the attempted invasion failed. Castro was prepared for the attack and the Cuban rebels
were outnumbered. Also, the US had not provided ait cover. Thus, 20,000 Cuban troops were killed.

A further key feature was that Kennedy and the US were left humiliated because everyone knew that they were
indirectly responsible for the attempted overthrow. Castro was made to look stronger and ties between Cuba and
the USSR grew stronger.

Briefly explain the key features of the events of the Cuban Missile Crisis in 1962 (6 marks)

One key feature was that Kennedy knew that the USSR was placing nuclear missiles on Cuba. Cuba was located only
90 miles away from the US. Kennedy was very worried about the threat that nuclear war from the USSR could pose
through Cuba.

A further key feature was that Kennedy had to decide the best was to retaliate. His advisors, the Hawks, wanted n
aggressive policy whilst the Doves wanted a peaceful solution. Ultimately, he decided on a naval blockade to prevent
anymore soviet missiles from reaching Cuba.

A further key feature was the Thirteen Days where deliberations between the USSR and USA took place. During this
time the USSR and USA sent letters back and forth discussing what either party would do considering the
circumstances. During this time the world held its breath. However, USSR agreed to withdraw missiles from Cuba is
USA (secretly) withdrew missiles from Turkey.
Briefly explain the key features of the Prague Spring reforms in 1968 (6 marks)

When Brezhnev became the leader of the USSR, he brought about the idea of “socialism with a human face”.
However, the Czechs became increasingly disappointed with Brezhnev who failed to deliver economical, personal
and political freedom. This encouraged Dubcek, leader of Czechoslovakia, to reform the communist system. Dubcek
was friends with Brezhnev and reassured him that the reforms were not a threat to communism, and that the Czechs
wouldn’t attempt to leave the Warsaw Pact.

Another key feature of the reforms was the Brezhnev was worried that with these new reforms, Czechoslovakia
would become a democracy and would leave the Warsaw Pact. This would leave a gap in the Iron Curtain and West
German troops would be able to use it as an entrance to the USSR. This worried Brezhnev as if one country left, the
rest would follow in a domino effect and then the Iron Curtain would collapse and the USSR would have no form of
security or protection.

A further key feature was that Brezhnev moved 400,000 Warsaw Pact troops into Czechoslovakia to stop the reforms
from taking place. The Czechs did not resist militarily but they did offer passive resistance. This way the violence was
limited. Dubcek was flown to Brezhnev and was forced to resign. Loyal communist, Husak, replaced him and the
reforms were reversed.

Briefly explain the key features of the soviet invasion of Czechoslovakia in 1968 (6 marks)

One key feature was that Brezhnev was concerned about the reforms that Dubcek was implementing in
Czechoslovakia. He thought that Czechoslovakia may try to leave the Warsaw Pact and would thus create a gap in
the Iron Curtain – the USSR would be left vulnerable to attacks made by the USA. Thus he sent in 400,000 Warsaw
Pact troops in to restored order to Czechoslovakia.

Another key feature was that Dubcek was forced to resign. Loyal communist follower, Husak, replaced him and
reversed the reforms – Czechoslovakia was firmly under soviet control once again. Western powers did not do
anything to help the Czechs because they weren’t prepared to upset improving relations.

A further key feature was that the USSR produced the Brezhnev Doctrine. It argued that a threat to one communist
country was a threat to them all. This clearly echoed Truman’s Doctrine and the USA’s fear of the domino effect. It
stated that there must only be a one party system and members could not leave the Warsaw Pact.

Briefly explain the key features of the opposition to soviet control in Czechoslovakia in the
spring of 1968 (6 marks)

One key feature was that the Czechs became increasingly disappointed with Brezhnev’s promise of introducing the
policy of “socialism with a human face” because the USSR was not delivering what they’d promised. Dubcek, leader
of Czechoslovakia, had promised new reforms such as the end of censorship, freedom to travel, other political
parties etc. USSR’s failure to implement these reforms led the opposition in Czechoslovakia.

Another key feature was that 400,000 Warsaw Pact troops moved into Czechoslovakia to restore order. The Czechs
did not resist militarily; instead they offered passive resistance. This way the violence was limited.

A further key feature was that Dubcek was forced to resign and in his place was Husak who reintroduced a strict
communist government. The reforms were reversed. It had been a failed attempt by the Czechs.

Briefly explain the role of Alexander Dubcek in the events in Czechoslovakia in 1968 (6 marks)

Dubcek wanted to introduce new reforms into Czechoslovakia. He was friends with Brezhnev and was for his policy
of “socialism with a human face”. He promised to not leave the Warsaw Pact if these new reforms were
implemented.
Dubcek told the Czechs to not resist militarily when the Warsaw Pact troops moved into Czechoslovakia. Instead he
told them to offer passive resistance. This way the violence was limited.

Dubcek was flown to Brezhnev and forced to resign. His place was taken by Husak, a loyal communist follower. His
reforms were reversed and the strict communist government was reintroduced.

Briefly explain the key features of the re-establishment of soviet control over Czechoslovakia
after the Prague Spring in 1968 (6 marks)

After the Prague Spring, Dubcek was forced to resign. His place was taken by loyal communist follower Husak who
reversed the reforms and re-established a strict communist government in Czechoslovakia.

Another key feature was that the western powers did not intervene to help the Czechs oppose the USSR. The USA
did not want destroy the detente that had formed between the two superpowers after the Cuban missile crisis.

A further key feature was the creation of the Brezhnev Doctrine which stated that a threat to one communist
country is a threat to them all. This clearly echoed the Truman’s Doctrine and the USA’s fear of the domino effect.

Explain why relations between USSR and USA worsened in the years 1959-61 (12 marks)

One reason was because of the U2 incident. An American U2 plane was spying on the USSR and was shot down by a
soviet missile. The pilot, Gary Powers, was taken into for questioning where he admitted to spying on the USSR. The
USA did not know that he had admitted to it so they lied and said that he was studying weather conditions. The USA
had been caught out on their lying and was humiliated.

Another reason was because of the Paris Summit in 1960. In this summit Khrushchev demanded an apology over the
U2 crisis. Although the USA agreed to not spy on the USSR anymore, Eisenhower refused to apologise. Khrushchev
stormed out of the meeting. This emhasises how low relations had become.

A further reason was because of the building of the Berlin Wall. Khrushchev wanted to stop the East Berliners from
leaving to go to the West because many of these people were highly skilled workers. He also thought that the USA
was spying on the USSR from West Berlin. He made a physical division (Wall) to separate the two sectors. This
worsened relations as people were unable to leave East Berlin and USA could not do anything because they had no
control over the USSR’s zone.

In conclusion it was a combination of all these reasons that relations changed. However, the most significant reason
was because of the construction of the Berlin Wall. This cut off all communication between the East and West and
seemed to reject the idea of peaceful coexistence and thus worsened relations more than the others.

Explain why relations between Cuba and USA worsened in the years 1959-61 (12 marks)

One reason why relations worsened was because of Fidel Castro’s revolution in Cuba. Cuba had been dictated by
Batista who was very pro-capitalist and thus, pro-USA. Castro overthrew Batista and established a communist
government. This deteriorated relations between the USA and Cuba.

Another reason is because the USA cut off trade with Cuba. This provoked Cuba to appeal to USSR for financial trade.
The USSR agreed to financially aid Cuba by giving them $100 million as well as establishing trade links. The USA felt
threatened because if USA and Cuba became close allies, it could pose a threat for the US as Cuba was only located
90 miles from the US.

A further reason was because of the Bay of Pigs incident in 1961. Kennedy tried to indirectly attack Cuba by using
Cuban rebels to overthrow Castro. However, Castro was prepared for this attack and outnumbered the exiles. 20,000
Cuban troops ended up killed. The USA was left humiliated as everyone knew they were behind the attack, whilst
Castro gained even more popularity.
In conclusion, all of these reasons led to a worsening in relations. However, the most significant reason was because
of the fact that Cuba was located 90 miles from the USA. Although the USA opposed communism, they would not
have gone to the extent that they did go to if there was no real threat of nuclear war and thus the Bay of Pigs
incident may never have occurred.

Explain why there was a crisis over Cuba in 1962 (12 marks)

One reason why there was crisis over Cuba was because a U2 American spy plane took pictures which showed soviet
missile bases in Cuba. This was a direct threat to US security as Cuba was located only 90 miles away from the USA.
This meant that the USSR could fire nuclear missiles from Cuba and the USA would not have time to retaliate.

Another reason was because Kennedy was unsure of his options to stop soviet missiles from reaching Cuba. His
advisors, the Hawks, wanted an aggressive retaliation whilst the Doves wanted a peaceful solution. Ultimately he
decided on a naval blockade as any other option would have led to a direct nuclear war.

A further reason was because of the 13 days of negotiation between the USSR and USA. Kennedy and Khrushchev
sent threatening letters back and forth until they came to an agreement. The USA would remove missiles from
Turkey if the USSR removed their missiles from Cuba. This way the threat of nuclear war was not so possible to
either country.

In conclusion, all of these reasons led to the Cuban crisis. Although the other events did contribute to Cuba being in
crisis, the most significant reason was the 13 days because that was when the world held its breath as the risk of
nuclear war was at its most serious.

Explain why Czechoslovakia was a flashpoint in the years 1957-63 (12 marks)

One reason why Czechoslovakia was a flashpoint was because of Dubcek’s idea of bringing in new reforms. Dubcek
wanted to act upon Brezhnev’s policy of “socialism with a human face” and he wanted to bring greater freedom to
the Czechs. He was friends with Brezhnev and reassured him that Czechoslovakia would not leave the Warsaw Pact.

Another reason was because of Brezhnev’s reaction to the introduction of new reforms. He was worried that if
Czechoslovakia had reforms they would become a democracy and would pull away from the Warsaw Pact. This
would leave a gap in the Iron Curtain and would leave the USSR vulnerable to attacks from the West.

A further reason was because Brezhnev moved in 400,000 Warsaw Pact troops into Czechoslovakia to crush the
uprising. The Czechs offered passive resistance- this way the violence was limited. Dubcek was flown to Brezhnev
and was forced to resign. In his place was Husak, a loyal communist follower, who reversed the reforms and re-
established soviet control over Czechoslovakia.

In conclusion, all of these reasons led to Czechoslovakia being a flashpoint. However, the most significant reason was
because of Brezhnev’s fear of the disintegration of the Iron Curtain if Czechoslovakia left the Warsaw Pact. He may
not have invaded if the threat wasn’t so serious.

Explain why Berlin was a Cold War flashpoint in the years 1957-63 (12 marks)

One reason why Berlin was a flashpoint was because of the construction of the Berlin Wall. Khrushchev feared that
West Berlin was being used as abase to spy on the East. Also, millions of people were leaving East Berlin for the
West – many of these people were highly skilled workers. The Berlin Wall physically cut off all communication
between the East and West and kept the ideologies separate from each other.

Another reason was because of the increased number of troops that moved into West Berlin after the Berlin Wall
was constructed. The US wanted to test the reaction of the USSR by doing this. The soviet tanks refused to allow any
crossings and either countries tank’s faced each other for 18 hours until they withdrew. This highlighted how tense
relations had become.
A further reason was because of Kennedy’s speech “Ich Bin Ein Berliner” (I am a Berliner). Kennedy made a visit to
West Berlin and declared that the city was a symbol of the struggles between forces of freedom and communism. He
exploited his propaganda victory but did not risk a nuclear war.

In conclusion, all of these reasons led to Berlin being a flashpoint. However, the most significant reason was because
of the construction of the Berlin Wall which physically separated the East from the West. All of the other events may
not have occurred if the Wall wasn’t constructed.

Explain why Cuba developed close relations with the USSR in the years 1959-62 (12 marks)

One reason why relations developed between Cuba and USSR was because Fidel Castro overthrew dictator Batista
and established a communist government in 1959. Castro nationalised American companies and distributed the
countries land and wealth at the expense of American companies. This angered the USA who retaliated by cutting off
trading links. The USSR set up trading links with Cuba and gave them $100 million to recover. This strengthened their
relation.

Another reason was because of the Bay of Pigs incident in 1961. Kennedy attempted to use Cuban rebels to
overthrow Castro. However, Castro was prepared for this attack and his troops easily outnumbered Kennedy’s exiles.
Castro was victorious and was made to look even stronger. This event brought the USSR and Cuba closer as allies.

A further reason was because of the Missile Crisis. The USSR was using Cuba as a base to place soviet missiles. The
USA saw this as a direct threat because Cuba was located only 90 miles from the USA. The USSR and Cuba’s relations
developed as the soviets brought in more missiles to Cuba.

In conclusion, all of these reasons led to the development of Cuba and the USSR’s relationship. However, the most
significant reason was because of the missile crisis. This expressed how far Cuba was willing to go to aid the USSR in
their cold war against the USA.

Explain why relations between USSR and USA changed in the years 1961-63 (12 marks)

One reason why relations changed for the worse was because of the Bay of Pigs incident in 1961. Kennedy used
Cuban exiles to try to overthrow Castro. However, Castro was prepared for this attack and easily outnumbered the
rebel troops. Castro won the attack and was made to look even stronger and became closer allies with the USSR
whilst Kennedy and the US were left humiliated because everyone knew that they were behind the attack.

Another reason was because of the Missile Crisis in 1962. A U2 spy plane took photos that showed soviet missile
bases in Cuba. Kennedy viewed this as a threat to US security because Cuba was located only 90 miles from the US-
the nuclear missiles could reach the US in a very short time. This worsened relations between the two superpowers.

A further reason why relations changed was because of the setting up of the Hot Line in 1963 so that the Kremlin and
Washington would have direct communication with each other in case the threat of nuclear war ever got so serious
again. This improved relations as the superpowers could negotiate things before the threat got as serious again. This
improved relations.

In conclusion, all of these reasons led to a change in relations. However, the most significant reason was because of
the Missile Crisis. This worsened relations to the extent that nuclear war seemed very likely. If the missile crisis had
not occurred, the Hot Line would never have been set up. Moreover, although the Bay of Pigs was humiliating for the
US Kennedy was not threatened until he realised that soviet missiles were being placed in Cuba.

Explain why Soviet and Warsaw Pact forces invaded Czechoslovakia in 1968 (12 marks)

Alexander Dubcek, leader of Czechoslovakia, wanted to introduce reforms into the system after Brezhnev made his
“socialism with a human face” policy. Dubcek was friends with Brezhnev and reassured him that the reforms weren’t
a threat and that Czechoslovakia would not leave the Warsaw Pact. However, Brezhnev worried that if they did leave
the Pact, this would leave a gap in the Iron Curtain and thus West German troops would be able to enter.
Brezhnev was also worried about the domino effect. He thought that if there were reforms in one country, other
countries would want similar reforms and this would lead to them becoming a democracy. The USSR would be
vulnerable to any attacks and there would be no Warsaw Pact to defend them – this would lead to a collapse of
communism and soviet control.

Brezhnev sent in 400, 000 Warsaw Pact troops into Czechoslovakia to reverse the reforms. He knew that USA would
not do anything to upset improving relations with the USSR and this meant that they would not try to help
Czechoslovakia in their fight against the troops.

In conclusion, all of these reasons led to a worsening in relations. However, the most significant reason was because
of Brezhnev’s fear that the countries would leave the Warsaw Pact in a domino effect. Brezhnev was already in
favour of reforms so the idea of introducing them couldn’t have been what triggered him to invade Czechoslovakia.
Also, he never would have invaded if the threat of the Iron Curtain dissembling wasn’t so serious.

Section 6 – The end of the Cold War

Describe one reason why the Test Ban Treaty was signed in 1963 (2 marks)

The Test Ban Treaty was signed to limit the testing of nuclear weapons to underground only – not in outer space.
The superpowers were intent on slowing down the Arms Race so as to prevent the threat of Nuclear War ever
getting so serious again after the Cuban Missile Crisis.

Describe one decision made about nuclear weapons in the SALT in 1972 (2 marks)

The superpowers agreed to reduce the numbers of ICBM’s, ABM’s and SLBM’s so as to slow down the Arms Race as
well as to stop spending so much money on it.

Describe one decision made about human rights in the Helsinki Agreements 1975 (2 marks)

Over 35 countries agreed that all states should respect Human Rights and also allow freedom of speech. This was
particularly pleasing to the USA as it showed that the USSR was willing to sacrifice some policies to maintain detente.

Describe one reason why the USA boycotted the Moscow Olympic Games in 1980 (2 marks)

The USA boycotted the Moscow Olympic Games because they were furious with the USSR for invading Afghanistan
in 1979 – if the USSR had successfully taken control over Afghanistan, the USA would not have been able to access
the oil reserves in the Gulf.

Describe one decision made about nuclear weapons in the INF Treaty in 1987 (2 marks)

The USA and USSR signed the INF Treaty to remove all medium ranged intermediate missiles from Europe. This
meant that the two countries could not attack with their nuclear bombs from such a close range and thus the threat
posed by the missiles was not as serious – there would be time to retaliate or stop it from reaching its destination.

Describe one effect of the fall of the Berlin Wall in 1989 (2 marks)

The collapse of the Berlin Wall allowed East Germans greater freedom to travel. Thousands of German’s crossed the
borders and Checkpoint Charlie was reopened to allow them through to West Germany.

Describe one reason why the Warsaw Pact ended in 1991 (2 marks)

Gorbachev introduced his reform Glasnost meaning “openness”. This new policy allowed people to have freedom of
speech, freedom to travel etc. He did not use armed forces to prevent members from leaving the Warsaw Pact as he
believed that the way to rejuvenate socialism should be by introducing a degree of liberalism. Thus member of the
Warsaw Pact easily left and thus ended it.

Briefly explain the key features of the summit conferences between the superpowers in the
years 1985-88 (6 marks)

One key feature was the 1985 Geneva summit conference where Reagan and Gorbachev met to lay down
foundations. Reagan hated the idea of communism however he liked Gorbachev. This made future negotiation
between the two superpowers seem highly possible.

Another key feature was the Reykjavik summit in 1896 where Gorbachev offered a series of concessions that took
the USA by surprise. However, the USA was unwilling to negotiate SDI withdrawal.

A further key feature was the Washington summit of 1987 where the INF treaty was signed. All medium range
missiles were removed from Europe. This halted down the Arms Race slightly.

Briefly explain the key features of the collapse of the USSR in the years 1989-91 (6 marks)

One key feature was the collapse of the Berlin wall in 1989. This symbolised the end of the wall and soviet
dictatorship over the east. People sensed a weakening in the USSR’s dominance after the wall fell.

Another key feature was the reunification of Germany in 1990. Although Gorbachev was unwilling to reunite
Germany because he felt they people would favour the USA over the USSR, he agreed because it would help to
improve relations between the superpowers.

A further key feature was that Gorbachev was made to look weak because his promised reforms of Glasnost
(openness) and perestroika (restructuring of the economy) did not bring about any improved living standards.
Reformers within the USSR wanted an end to soviet control and communism. Boris Yeltsin, an anti-communist,
became Gorbachev’s successor.

Briefly explain the key features of the changing attitudes of Reagan and Gorbachev at the
summit conferences in the years 1985-87 (6 marks)

One key feature was that at the 1985 Geneva summit, Regan and Gorbachev got along very well despite the fact that
Reagan hated the ideology of communism. This expressed that the superpowers were willing to negotiate in a
friendly and cordial manner.

Another key feature was the 1986 Reykjavik conference where Gorbachev offered a series of concession which
seemed to unexpectedly please the USA. This showed an improvement in relations – although, Reagan was still
unwilling to withdraw SDI.

A further key feature was the 1987 Washington summit where both superpowers signed the INF treaty. This treaty
stated that both parties had to remove medium- range missiles from Europe. This signified a further strengthening in
relations.

Briefly explain the key features of the fall of the Berlin Wall in 1989 (6 marks)

One key feature was that the collapse of the wall symbolised the end of soviet control as well as the end of the Cold
War. This expressed to the rest of the world that communism was collapsing.

Another key feature was that the fall of the Berlin Wall allowed East Germans greater freedom to travel. Thousands
crossed the borders and dismantled the wall. Families and friends were reunited after years apart.

A further key feature was that the collapse of the Wall indicated that there was no longer a divide between the East
and the West. This led to many people wanting a reunification of Germany.
Describe the key features of the detente in the years 1975-79 (6 marks)

One key feature was the discussions of the Strategic Arms Limitation Treaty II (SALT II) in 1979. The superpowers
discussed about a further reduction on the numbers of missiles and nuclear weapons that they should cut down on.
This halted the Arms Race.

Another key feature was the Apollo-Soyuz mission in 1975 where both USA and soviet astronauts went to space. This
ended the competitive space race and showed that both superpowers could work and live together.

A further key feature was the Helsinki conference which was attended by over 35 countries including the USSR and
the USA. The conference discussed human rights, trading and freedom to travel – all of which were agreed by both
superpowers.

Briefly explain the key features of detente in the years 1972-75 (6 marks)

One key feature was the signing of SALT – Strategic Arms Limitation Treaty- in 1972. This treaty reduced the number
of ABM’s, ICBM’s and SLBM’s that each superpower had. It also stated that when existing stocks of ICBM’s became
obsolete, Polaris (SLBM’s) could be introduced. This treaty should last five years.

Another key feature was the Apollo-Soyuz mission in 1975. This was joint mission to space with both Soviet and
American astronauts. This expressed that both superpowers could work together, and ended the space race.

A further key feature was the Helsinki conference in 1975. 35 countries, including USA and USSR, attended this
conference to discuss issues. The USSR agreed to respect human rights and allow greater freedom to the satellite
states. The USSR and USA also set up trading links – oil for grain.

Describe the key features of the summit conferences between the USA and the USSR in the years
1985-87 (6 marks)

One key feature was the Geneva summit of 1985 where the superpowers met to lay down the foundations for future
negotiations, in a cordial manner. Although Regan despised the ideology of communism, he liked Gorbachev’s
character and was willing to work with the USSR.

Another key feature was the Reykjavik conference of 1986 where Gorbachev offered a series of concessions that
took the USA by surprise. Despite these compromises, Reagan was unwilling to negotiate SDI withdrawal.

A further key feature was the Washington summit of 1987 where the INF treaty was signed. This removed medium-
range missiles from Europe and thus halted the Arms Race.

Briefly explain the key features of the Helsinki agreements in 1975 (6 marks)

One key feature was that the USSR promised and signed to allowing greater freedom of travel. This made relations
between USSR and USA better because it showed that the USSR was willing to lessen their control over the satellite
states.

Another key feature was that trading ties between the USSR and USA were formed. The USSR would trade oil for
grain from the USA. This showed that the superpowers were willing to work together and cooperate with each other.

A further key feature was that the USSR agreed to respect human rights. This meant greater freedom of speech and
loosening of censorship within the satellite states. It indicated to the USA that the USSR was willing to adopt some of
the USA’s policies which strengthened relations.

Briefly explain the key features of the SALT between the USA and USSR in the 1970’s (6 marks)
One key feature was that both superpowers had enough nuclear missiles to destroy the world over repeatedly. After
the threat of nuclear war in the Cuban Missile Crisis, both parties wanted to slow down the Arms Race as it was
leaving a huge dent in their economy. The SALT would slow it down.

Another key feature of SALT was that it aimed to reduce the number of ABM’s, SLBM’s and ICBM’s that both parties
had. This was done to gradually decrease the threat of a nuclear war.

A further key feature was that only when existing stocks of ICBM’s became obsolete could Polaris (SLBM’s) be
introduced. This way the superpowers could decrease their spending on the Arms Race.

Briefly explain the key features of the INF treaty in 1987 (6 marks)

One key feature was that the INF treaty removed all medium-range missiles from Europe. This meant that neither
superpowers medium-range missiles would be able to reach each other from opposite parts of the world. Thus the
threat posed by either party was not as serious as it was during the Cuban Missile Crisis.

Another key feature was that Gorbachev wanted to sign this treaty desperately because the USSR was spending too
much money on the Arms Race. Signing this treaty gave the USSR a chance to spend the money on much needed
resources for the soviets.

A further key feature was that Gorbachev increased his own popularity with the USA for signing the treaty. By
limiting the number of soviet missiles, the USA saw this as a sign that the USSR was willing to cooperate and get
along with the USA.

Briefly explain the key features of the collapse of the Warsaw Pact in 1991 (6 marks)

One key feature was that communism was collapsing alongside soviet control over Eastern Europe because of
Gorbachev’s new reforms. Because soviet control was declining, people started to leave the Warsaw Pact and
Gorbachev did not try to stop them.

Another key feature was the conversion from communism to capitalism in many Eastern European countries.
Hungary, Poland, East Germany and Czechoslovakia were some of the countries that broke away from communism
and held free elections in the years 1989 to 1991. As the countries were no longer communist, the Pact wasn’t
viable, as the West was no longer a threat to these countries now that they were a democracy.

A further key feature was that Gorbachev himself was overthrown by Boris Yeltsin, an anti-communist leader, in
1991. The USSR was no longer communist thus the rest of the satellite states followed in a domino effect and
became capitalist states or a democracy or a republic.

Briefly explain the key features of the loosening soviet grip on Eastern Europe in 1989 (6 marks)

One key feature was the Sinatra Doctrine where Gorbachev stated that he would not interfere in the politics of the
Warsaw Pact. This meant that members of the Warsaw Pact could deal with own internal affairs such as having
greater freedom to travel, free elections etc. Thus this reduced soviet grip over the satellite states.

Another key feature was the disassembling of the Berlin Wall in 1989 which symbolised the end of soviet control
over Eastern Europe. People were able to cross the borders and be reunited with family and friends. The USSR could
no longer keep the Eastern people out of the Western zone.

A further key feature was the end of the Brezhnev Doctrine in 1985. Gorbachev stated that the way to rejuvenate
socialism was by introducing a degree of liberalism; the armed forces should not be involved. Without the threat if
military resistant from the USSR, the satellite states began to pull away from the communist ideology.

Briefly explain the key features of relations between the USSR and the USA in the years 1979-84
(6 marks)
One key feature is the 1979 soviet invasion of Afghanistan. The USSR were worried about the Muslim take over in
the Middle East and thought that they might threaten soviet control. The USSR invaded Kabul but told the USA that
they had been invited by the communists in Kabul. The USA did not want USSR to gain influence over Afghanistan
because they had interests in the oil reserves in the Gulf. Thus, relations were worsened and detente was broken.

Another key feature was that USA supplied the Mujahedeen- Muslim rebels in Afghanistan- with the necessary
resources for War. This way they were not directly intervening. However this worsened relations as the finance from
the USA was enabling the Mujahedeen to win the war against the USSR.

A further key feature was Reagan’s evil empire speech in 1983 where he rejected the idea of peaceful coexistence
and believed that any sign of communication with the USSR was a sign of weakness. He stated that communism
undermined the moral value of the USA and that the US should pray for communists. This worsened relations
between the superpowers.

Briefly explain the key features of the Olympic boycotts in 1980 and 1984 (6 marks)

One key feature was the 1980 boycott of the Moscow Olympics. The USA boycotted this event because they were
angry over the soviet invasion of Afghanistan. The USA refused to associate itself with the USSR in any possible way.

Another key feature was the 18984 boycott of the LA Olympics. This was USSR’s retaliation over the USA’s boycott.
Instead the USSR held the “Friendship Games”.

A further key feature is that the boycotts reflected how much relations had worsened between the superpowers.
The detente that had formed after the Cuban missile Crisis was officially over.

Explain why relations between the USSR and USA changed in the years 1979-83 (12 marks)

One reason why relations changed was because of the invasion of Afghanistan in 1979. The USSR was concerned by
the expansion of Islamic influence in the USSR where 30 million Muslim’s resided. Thus, the USSR decided to invade
Afghanistan and establish a communist government before a Muslim takeover occurred. However, the USA saw this
as a direct invasion and supplied arms and money ($2 billion) to the Muslim rebel forces (Mujahedeen) in
Afghanistan.

Another reason was because of the Carter Doctrine in 1980. This stated that the USSR must not gain access to the oil
reserved in the Gulf. It also ended diplomacy relations and stopped the trading links between the USA and USSR that
had been established in the Helsinki Conference in 1945. This worsened relations.

A further reason was because of Ronald Reagan’s Evil Empire speech. In 1983, Reagan made his Evil Empire speech
and labelled the USSR as “modern evil” and that the USA should pray for communists and hope they find God. He
rejected the idea of peaceful coexistence. This worsened relations between the USA and USSR.

In conclusion, all of these reasons led to a change in relations. However, the most significant reason was because of
the invasion of Afghanistan. This destroyed the detente that had been established after the Cuban Missile Crisis. If
the invasion had not happened, the other events would not have occurred either and the superpowers may have
remained in detente.

Explain why detente collapsed in the years 1979-84 (12 marks)

One reason why detente collapsed was because of the invasion of Afghanistan in 1979. The USSR was worried about
the expansion of Islam over the Middle East. The USSR invaded Kabul to establish a communist government before
Muslim rebels could take control. The USSR lied and said that they had been invited in by communists residing in
Afghanistan. However, the USA saw this as an invasion and supplied the Muslim rebel troops with financial and
military aid.
Another reason why detente collapsed was of the boycotting of the Olympics. In 1980 the USA boycotted the
Moscow Olympics because they were angry over the invasion of Afghanistan. The USSR retaliated in 1984 by
boycotting the LA Olympics. Instead the USSR held the Friendship Games. This worsened relations and further
destroyed detente.

A further reason was because of Reagan’s formation of SDI. Reagan thought that the USA could win a nuclear war by
forcing the USSR to disarm by SDI. SDI was located in space so that it could use lasers to intercept soviet missiles
before they could reach the USA. The USA would be able to attack without fear of retaliation. This would lead to the
end of MAD.

In conclusion, all of these reasons led to a collapse in detente. However, the most significant reason was because of
the invasion of Afghanistan. This destroyed the detente that had been formed after the Cuban Missile Crisis. If the
invasion had not occurred perhaps detente would have remained and the rest of the events would not have
occurred.

Explain why relations between the USSR and USA changed in the years 1980-84 (12 marks)

One reason why relations changed was because of the Carter Doctrine in 1980. Jimmy Carter, President of the USA,
was furious over the invasion of Afghanistan. He pledged the USA’s allegiance to Afghanistan and not the USSR. He
also stopped trade between the USSR and USA. This worsened relations.

Another reason why relations changed was because of Carter’s refusal to ratify to SALT II which would have further
limited the number of nuclear weapons. This signified that the threat of nuclear war was never below the surface.
Both sides started nuclear testing and the Arms Race once again started.

A further reason was because of Reagan’s Evil Empire speech in 1983 where he stated that communism undermined
the moral value of the USA. He rejected the idea of peaceful coexistence as he believed that any sign of negotiation
with the USSR was a sign of weakness. This further worsened relations.

In conclusion, all of these reasons led to relations changing. However, the most significant reason was because of
Reagan’s Evil Empire speech. Reagan was unwilling to negotiate anything with the USSR and thus these worsened
relations to the ultimate point.

Explain why relations between the USSR and USA changed in the years 1981-85 (12 marks)

One reason why relations changed was because of the soviet invasion of Afghanistan which lasted until 1979-1989.
The USSR feared a Muslim takeover in the USSR and thus they invaded Afghanistan to establish a communist
government. However, the USA saw this as a direct invasion – not an invitation as the USSR claimed – and financially
and militarily helped the Mujahedeen fight the war against the soviets. This worsened relations as the ideologies
were in conflict once again.

Another reason why relations changed for the worse was because of Reagan’s SDI project in 1983. SDI would enable
lasers to intercept and destroy soviet missiles from space before they landed on American soil. This would give the
USA an upper hand in the Arms Race. The USSR could not financially compete with this new development, nor did
they have the computer technology for it.

A further reason why relations changed for the better was because of the Geneva Summit in 1985. This meeting was
important for laying down foundations for future negotiations in a cordial manner. Although Reagan hated the
concept of communism, he liked the new soviet leader Gorbachev. This improved relations.

In conclusion, all of these reasons led to a change in relations. However, the most significant reason was because of
the invasion of Afghanistan. This was the rigger for all the other events and it also destroyed the detente that had
been formed.

Explain why relations between the USSR and USA changed in the years 1983-87 (12 marks)
One reason why relations changed was because of Reagan’s Evil Empire speech in 1983. In this speech he claimed
that the USSR were “morally evil” and that the real crisis was not bombs and weapons; rather it was the test of US
moral, faith and will. He rejected the idea of peaceful coexistence. This worsened relations.

Another reason why relations changed was because of the Reykjavik conference in 1986. Gorbachev offered a series
of concessions that took the USA by surprise. Both superpowers were getting along well with each other despite the
fact that Reagan was unwilling to discuss SDI withdrawal. This improved relations.

A further reason why relations changed was because of the signing of the INF treaty in the Washington Summit in
1987. This treaty removed all medium-range missiles from Europe. Gorbachev signed this treaty because the soviet
economy was suffering due to the large costs of the Arms Race, as well as Reagan’s oath to not invade the USSR.

In conclusion, all of these reasons led to a change in relations. However, the most significant reason was because of
the INF treaty. This showed that both superpowers were willing to slow down the Arms Race and focus on their own
countries, thus halting the Cold War and bringing about a thaw in relations.

Explain why the USSR loosened its grip on Eastern Europe in the years 1985-90 (12 marks)

One reason why the USSR loosened its grip was because of Gorbachev’s new thinking. He could see that the USSR
was being crippled by the Arms Race and thus he decided to reduce military spending. His reform, Perestroika,
meant restructuring of the economy. He allowed some capitalist aspects to be introduced to the Eastern European
countries such as private profits. This loosened soviet grip.

Another reason was because of his reform Glasnost which meant openness. This way Gorbachev could promote the
interests of all people and the value of human rights. Glasnost enabled freedom of speech and greater personal and
political freedoms e.g. other political parties were introduced and people had freedom to travel.

A further reason was because of the ending of the Brezhnev Doctrine in 1985. Gorbachev believed that the way to
rejuvenate socialism was by introducing a degree of liberalism. The armed forces shouldn’t be used to maintain
control over the satellite states.

In conclusion, all of these reasons led to the USSR loosening its grip on Eastern Europe. However, the most
significant reason was because of Gorbachev’s policy of Glasnost which enabled countries greater freedom without
fear of a soviet military retaliation.

Explain why summit conferences were important in improving relations between the USA and
USSR in the years 1985-89 (12 marks)

The Geneva summit in 1985 improved relations because it gave the USSR and USA a chance to lay down the
foundations for future negotiations in a cordial manner. Although Reagan despised communism, he liked Gorbachev.
This made negotiations between the USSR and USA seem more possible and thus improved relations.

The Reykjavik summit in 1986 improved relations as it showed that the USSR was willing to cooperate. Gorbachev
made a series of concessions that took the USA by surprise. Despite the fact that USA was unwilling to negotiate SDI
withdrawal, both countries seemed to be friendlier towards each other.

The Washington Summit in 1987 saw the signing of the INF treaty. This treaty removed all medium-range missiles
from Europe. Gorbachev wanted to sign this treaty as the USSR’s economy was suffering because of the Arms Race,
and the USA had promised to not attack the USSR. This improved relations between the superpowers.

In conclusion, all of these summits led to an improved relationship between the USSR and USA. One reason on its
own cannot be to blame. However, the most significant reason was because of the Washington Summit and the
signing of the INF treaty. This brought about a halt in the Arms’ Race as well as a further thaw in relations.

24-29th May 2013, Half Term Holidays