PHYSICS

INVESTIGATORY
PROJECT

NAME :- Duvvi .Eekshitha Reddy

CLASS :- XII

SECTION :- A

ROLL NO. :- 42
DEFECTS OF VISION
AND
THEIR REMIDIES
 VISAKHA VALLEY SCHOOL
VISAKHAPATNAM

CERTIFICATE

THIS IS TO CERTIFY THAT DUVVI

EEKSHITHA REDDY STUDENT OF CLASS 12
SECTION-A HAS SUCCESSFULLY COMPLETED
HIS / HER PHYSICS INVESTIGATORY PROJECT
ON THE TOPIC “DEFECTS OF VISION AND
THEIR REMIDIES ” FOR THE YEAR 2024-2025.
UNDER PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF CBSE PRACTICAL
EXAMINATION UNDER THE GUIDANCE OF
MRS. G. L JYOTSNA.

____________________ ______________________
SIGNATURE OF THE TEACHER SIGNATURE OF THE EXTERNAL
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I WOULD LIKE TO EXPRESS MY SPECIAL THANKS OF

GRATITUDE TO MY RESPECTED PRINCIPAL MA’AM
DR.ESHWARI PRABHAKAR AND ALSO TO MY
PHYSICS TEACHER MRS. G L JYOTSNA WHO GAVE ME
THE GOLDEN OPPORTUNITY TO DO THIS WONDERFUL
PROJECT OF PHYSICS ON “DEFECTS OF VISION AND
THEIR REMIDIES”AND WHO HAVE ALSO HELPED ME IN
COMPLETING MY PROJECT. I CAME TO KNOW ABOUT SO
MANY NEW MY PROJECT. THINGS, I AM REALLY THANKFUL
TO THEM.SECONDLY I WOULD ALSO LIKE TO THANK MY
PARENTS AND MY FRIENDS WHO HELPED ME A LOT IN
FINALIZING THIS PROJEST WITHIN THE LIMITED TIME
FRAME
 INDEX

1. MYOPIA
2. HYPERMETROPIA
3. CATARACT
4. COLOUR BLINDNESS
5. BIBLOGRAPHY
MYOPIA

• The objects that are at a distance or nearby can be

focused by the human eye due to their abilities. To
watch nearby objects and focus on them, the eye’s
lens has a short focal length. If the curvature of
the lens is large, it will be able to focus on closer
objects, whereas if the curvature is small, it will be
able to focus on objects further far away. Most of
the time, the effects of the defect start showing up
at the extreme ends of the visual spectrum.
Myopia or Nearsightedness occurs when the eye loses
its ability to focus on far-off objects as the lenses do
not possess a long focal length. Objects that are near
are clearly visible to patients of this defect. As we
know, from the reference for countless ray diagrams
describing the functioning of the eye, when the light
suffers higher refraction than usual, the eye would not
be able to form an image for faraway objects

Myopia Causes

• Hereditary is one of the natural factors for a

person to have the defect of myopia. If any of the
parents have the defect, then there are chances
that the child will inherit the same defect upon
reaching adulthood.

• Predominantly young folks suffer from myopia

which occurs due to elongation of the eyeball or
bulging of the cornea. When the normal curvature
of the cornea bulges, the light rays are refracted so
that the image is formed in front of the cornea.
The rods and cones of our eyes have areas where
 the image has the best clarity when the image is
focused. Thus, as the image of the distant objects
is not formed at the right spot, it is detected as
blurry.

• Another worst cause of this type of eye defect is

uncontrolled diabetes. Some unattended cataract
growths may also lead to myopia

Symptoms of Myopia

• One of the common symptoms of

Shortsightedness or Myopia is squinting and
frowning.

• Short-sighted people may suffer from tired eyes

and severe headaches by overstraining their eyes.

• One of the simplest symptoms is facing difficulty in

reading the alphabets or letters from a specific
distance

Myopia Formula
 • The formula used to calculate the power of the
correcting lens for myopia is by using the
approximate formula of the focal length of
combined lenses given as:

• 1 =1 1+1 2

• Where,

• f is the effective focal Length

• f1 is the focal length of the lens required

• f2 is the focal length of the human eye

Nearsightedness – How to Correct It?

A diverging lens can be used to fix the problem of

nearsightedness. As mentioned above, the image was
blurry as the light rays were not diverging at the right
point, creating a focused image. The rays get focused
before it reaches the retina. The convergence of the
light rays takes place due to the cornea producing an
image on the retina .Unlike when viewing objects that
are near, in the diagrammatic depiction above, the
light rays are coming from far-off points, which make
them roughly parallel to each other by the time they
reach the cornea.

HYPERMETROPIA

Eye related or ophthalmological problems are most

common these days due to the strain on the eye.

Hypermetropia is one of the common eye problems

that affect people of all age groups. Many infants and
small children tend to have far-sightedness, but it gets
normal once the babies are three years old.

What is Hypermetropia?

• Hypermetropia is also referred to as hyperopic or

long-sightedness, or far-sightedness.
Hypermetropia is the condition of the eyes where
the image of a nearby object is formed behind the
retina. Here, the light is focused behind the retina
instead of focusing on the retina.

• The picture helps you to understand the cause of

hypermetropia in a better way.
• The person suffering from hypermetropia will have
difficulty focusing on nearby objects but can
clearly see distant objects. Accommodation is the
process used to treat hypermetropia without any
defects in vision in the early stages.

• Hypermetropia is mainly caused due to certain

structural defects in the retina. Structural defects
include:

• Small-sized eye-ball

• Non-circular lenses

• The cornea is flatter than usual

• Defective blood vessels in the retina

• Weakness in ciliary muscle

• Changes in the refractive index of the lens

• Alterations in the position of the lens or absence

of lens
 • Low converging power of eye lens Risk factors
include:

• Cancer around the eye

• Some medications
• Diabetes
• Small eye syndrome (microphthalmia)

Symptoms

• This problem shows no major symptoms initially but

later leads to a mild aversion to light, blurry vision,
watering, tiredness in eyes, inward turning of the
eyes and causes headaches too.

Types of Hypermetropia
 • Clinically far-sightedness is classified based on the
structural appearance of the eyes, severity, or how
the eyes respond to the accommodative status
• Based on severity hypermetropia is classified
into:
• Low Hypermetropia: Refractive error is less than
or equal to +2.00 dioptres (D).
• Moderate Hypermetropia: Refractive error is more
than +2.00 D up to +5.00 D.
• High Hypermetropia: Refractive error is beyond
+5.00 D.

Treatment

• Usage of proper corrective lenses and spectacles

as prescribed by the ophthalmologist can help to
overcome Low Hypermetropia.
• High degree hypermetropia is corrected using
intraocular lens implantation.

• Surgery like LASIK (Laser-Assisted In situ

Keratomileusis) Laser eye surgery, PRK
 (PhotoRefractive Keratectomy) and LASEK (Laser
Subepithelial Keratomileusis).

CATARACT

A cataract is a clouding of the lens of the eye, which is

typically clear. For people who have cataracts, seeing
through cloudy lenses is like looking through a frosty or
fogged-up window. Clouded vision caused by cataracts
can make it more difficult to read, drive a car at night or
see the expression on a friend's face.
Most cataracts develop slowly and don’t
disturb eyesight early on. But with time,
cataracts will eventually affect vision.
At first, stronger lighting and eyeglasses can help
deal with cataracts. But if impaired vision affects
usual activities, cataract surgery might be needed.
Fortunately, cataract surgery is generally a safe,
effective procedure.
Symptoms

• Clouded, blurred or dim vision.

• Trouble seeing at night.

• Sensitivity to light and glare.

• Need for brighter light for reading and other

activities.

• Seeing “halos” around lights.

• Frequent changes in eyeglass or contact lens

prescription.

• Fading or yellowing of colours.

• Double vision in one eye.

Causes
 • Most cataracts develop when aging or injury
changes the tissue that makes up the eye’s lens.
Proteins and fibres in the lens begin to break
down. This causes vision to become hazy or
cloudy. Some disorders passed down from parents
that cause other health problems can increase
your risk of cataracts. Cataracts also can be caused
by other eye conditions, past eye surgery or
medical conditions such as diabetes. Long-term
use of steroid medicines also may cause cataract
to develop

Types of cataracts

• Cataract types include:

• Cataracts affecting the centre of the lens, called

nuclear cataracts. A nuclear cataract may at first
cause objects far away to be blurry but objects up
close to look clear. A nuclear cataract may even
improve your reading vision for a short time. But
with time, the lens slowly turns more yellow or
 brown and makes your vision worse. It may
become difficult to tell colors apart.

• Cataracts that affect the edges of the lens, called

cortical cataracts. A cortical cataract begins as
white, wedge-shaped spots or streaks on the outer
edge of the lens cortex. As the cataract slowly
grows, the streaks spread to the centre and affect
light passing through the lens.

• Cataracts that affect the back of the lens, called

posterior sub capsular cataracts. A posterior sub
capsular cataract starts as a small spot that usually
forms near the back of the lens, right in the path
of light. A posterior sub capsular cataract often
affects your reading vision. It also may reduce your
vision in bright light and cause glare or halos
around lights at night. These types of cataracts
tend to grow faster than others.

• Cataracts you're born with, called congenital

cataracts. Some people are born with cataracts or
develop them during childhood. These cataracts
may be passed down from parents. They also may
 be associated with an infection or trauma while in
the womb.

• These cataracts also may be due to certain

conditions. These may include myotonic
dystrophy, galactosemia, neurofibromatosis type 2
or rubella. Congenital cataracts don't always affect
vision. If they do, they're usually removed soon
after they're found. Risk factors

• Factors that increase your risk of cataracts include:

• Increasing age.

• Diabetes.

• Getting too much sunlight.

• Smoking.

• Obesity.

• Family history of cataracts.

• Previous eye injury or inflammation.

 • Previous eye surgery.

• Prolonged use of corticosteroid medicines.

• Drinking excessive amounts of alcohol

Prevention

No studies have proved how to prevent or slow the

growth of cataracts. But health care professionals think
several strategies may be helpful, including:

1. Regular eye exams

2. Do not smoke.

3. Follow your treatment plan

4. Choose a healthy diet

5. Wear sunglasses

6. Do not drink alcohol.

Colour blindness
Colour blindness can be simply defined as trouble in
seeing or identifying colours like blue, green and red.
There are some rare cases where a person cannot see
and identify any colours at all. A person with this
syndrome also finds difficulties in differentiating the
colours with shades. This syndrome is also called a
colour vision problem or colour vision deficiency.
Colour blindness was discovered by an English chemist
named John Dalton in the year 1798. During the
discovery, he was also suffering from colour blindness.
He wrote his first article about colour blindness, which
was based on his own experience. Colour blindness is
also called as Daltonism, which is named after its
discoverer – John Dalton.
Types of Colour Blindness

• Monochromic
This syndrome occurs when two or three-cone
pigments (red, blue and green) are absent or
damaged. In this type of colourblindness both the
colour and lightness vision is reduced to one
dimension. This results in total colour blindness.

• Dichromacy
 This syndrome occurs when only one of the cone
pigments (red, blue and green) is absent or damaged.
In this type of colourblindness, only the colour vision
is reduced to two dimensions. This results in partial
colour blindness.

Causes of Colour Blindness

The healthy human eye retina contains two

lightsensitive cells – rod cells and the cone cells.
The rod cells are for low light and the cone cells are for
normal and bright light and responsible for colour
vision.
Colour blindness is affected when these two
lightsensitive cells fail to perform their functions.
There are several factors, which causes acolour vision
problem in a person. The factors include:
• Damaged caused to brain or eye or to the nerve

cells.
• Genetic disorders.

• Side effects of drugs.

• Use of tobacco and alcohol.

Symptoms of Colour Blindness

Symptoms of this eye syndrome include:

• Rapid eye movement.
• Sensitivity towards the bright light.
• Trouble in seeing colours and the brightness of
colours.
 • The problem in identifying the differences between
colours shades.

Diagnosis Of Colour Blindness

There are certain tests available to diagnosis and to

measure colour vision deficiency in a patient.
Doctors can easily diagnose colour blindness by
using the Ishihara Plate Test.

Ishihara Plate t est

A test, which is most commonly used for routine colour

vision screening. This is present in all eye clinics and in
schools. There are totally 38 plates of circles, which are
created by irregular coloured dots using two or more
colours. During this diagnosis, patients are asked to
identify the number on a plate.
Screening test

This test is mainly used to detect and determines the

type and severity of the colour blindness.

Treatment for Colour Blindness

Currently, there is no treatment for this syndrome.

Photographic frames or filters and eyeglasses with
contact lenses can be used to a certain extent to
improve the dimension between some colours. A
properly balanced diet can be followed to improve the
symptoms of colour blindness.
Patients with the colour blind syndrome face many
difficulties in their daily life. They may face difficulties
in choosing fresh vegetables, fruits, flowers,
differentiating the pulses, driving a car, selecting
clothes and much more. The most common type of
inherited colour blindness is red and green colour
blindness. As per the studies and medical records, red
and green colour blindness is seen more in men than in
women.
Blue colour blindness is seen both in men and women.

BIBLOGRAPHY

FOR SUCCESSFULLY COMPLETING MY PROJECT FILE I

HAVE TAKEN HELP FROM THE FOLLOWING WEBSITE
LINKS ALONG WITH FEW REFERENCE BOOKS:-
https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseasesconditions/cataracts/symptomscau
ses/syc-20353790

https://byjus.com/physics/myopia/
https://byjus.com/physics/hypermetropia/