TOK Essay May 2025 Title 1 Guide

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1. The Basic One: Do historians and human scientists have an
ethical obligation to follow the directive: “do not ignore
contradictory evidence”? Discuss with reference to history and
the human sciences.

Choose this if:


• You want to find easy evidence
• You want an easy organization
• You don’t want to choose AOKs

History
• US Founding Fathers – “All men are created equal,” yet they
owned slaves. Do we ignore this or not? This is usually ignored.
Is this ethical or not?
• Religion – be careful! You can treat holy texts of any religion
academically, but don’t use your own faith as an aspect of the
TOK essay. Religious response. Non-religious response. Think
about this as a work of history, not as religion, and you’re fine.
Islamic and Anti-Islamic responses.
• There is a modern debate about the historic accuracy of the
Hebrew Bible (Old Testament) and historic records regarding
king Darius. Religious response. Historic article. Article about
Xerxes.
• The Hitler Diaries – What happens when something greatly
contradicts common and shared knowledge? A very easy (and
popular) “yes” answer here.
Human Sciences
• The Mead-Freeman Controversy – two Human Scientists find
contradictory evidence. What do we do with evidence that
completely disagrees with the other?
• Rat Park & Replication – We can think about contradictory
evidence as a part of the replication crisis. What happens
when big claims are made but can’t be backed up?
• ManyLabs 2 – the warning flag in the replication crisis. It’s easy
to go into a discussion on what we should do because of this.
• Aliens! - The first two examples in this list of scientific
controversies (not all are HS) talk about how ignoring
contradicting evidence can cause us to assume that aliens are
real!
• Disagreement in Science – this article explores why people
who are similarly educated in the sciences come to wildly
diaerent conclusions about important and controversial
issues.

Important: Don’t just say that someone is ethically bound to do


something. Also say what ethical framework applies to each answer
that you provide. Here are some resources.
Link 1
Link 2
Link 3

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