Type of Micro Computers

General Purpose Microprocessors
Microprocessors lead to versatile products

Data bus
CPU General Serial

Purpose RAM ROM I/O Timer COM
Microprocessor Port
Address bus
These general microprocessors contain no RAM, ROM, or I/O
ports on the chip itself
Ex. Intel’s x86 family (8088, 8086, 80386, 80386, 80486,
Pentium)
Motorola’s 680x0 family (68000, 68010, 68020, etc)
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Microcontrollers
Microcontroller
CPU RAM ROM
Serial Com
I/O TIMER
Port
A microcontroller has a CPU in addition to a fixed amount of RAM, ROM, I/O

ports on one single chip; this makes them ideal for applications in which cost and
space are critical
Example: a TV remote control does not do computing power of a 486
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Embedded Systems
• An embedded system uses a microcontroller or a microprocessor to
do one task and one task only
– Example: toys, garage door openers, answering machines, ABS,
keyless entry, etc.
– Inside every mouse, there is a microcontroller that performs the task of
finding the mouse position and sends it to the PC
• Although microcontrollers are the preferred choice for embedded
systems, there are times that the microcontroller is inadequate for
the task
• Intel, Motorola, AMD, Cyrix have also targeted the embedded
market with their general purpose microprocessors
• For example, Power PC microprocessors (IBM Motorola joint
venture) are used in PCs and routers/switches today
• Microcontrollers differ in terms of their RAM,ROM, I/O sizes and
type.
– ROM: One time-programmable, UV-ROM, flash memory
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Instruction Set
• The list of all recognizable instructions by the instruction decoder is
called the instruction set
– CISC (Complex Instruction Set Computers), e.g., 80x86 family has more
than 3000 instructions
– RISC (Reduced Instruction Set Computers) - A small number of very
fast executing instructions
• Most microprocessor chips today are allowed to fetch and execute
cycles to overlap
– This is done by dividing the CPU into
• EU (Execution Unit)
• BIU (Bus Interface Unit)
– BIU fetches instructions from the memory as quickly as possible and
stores them in a queue, EU then fetches the instructions from the queue
not from the memory
• The total processing time is reduced
– Modern microprocessors also use a pipelined execution unit which
allows the decoding and execution of instructions to be overlapped.
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RISC versus CISC
•Advantages of complex instruction set machines (CISC)
•Less expensive due to the use of microcode; no need to hardwire a control unit
•Upwardly compatible because a new computer would contain a superset of the
instructions of the earlier computers
•Fewer instructions could be used to implement a given task, allowing for more
efficient use of memory
•Simplified compiler, because the microprogram instruction sets could be written to
match the constructs of high-level languages
•More instructions can fit into the cache, since the instructions are not a fixed size
• Disadvantages of CISC
Although the CISC philosophy did much to improve computer performance, it still had its
drawbacks:
•Instruction sets and chip hardware became more complex with each generation of
computers, since earlier generations of a processor family were contained as a subset in
every new version
•Different instructions take different amount of time to execute due to their variable-
length
•Many instructions are not used frequently; Approximately 20% of the available
instructions are used in a typical program
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RISC versus CISC
Advantages of RISC
Advantages of a reduced instruction set machine:

•Faster
•Simple hardware
•Shorter design cycle due to simpler hardware
Disadvantages of RISC
Drawbacks of a reduced instruction set computer include

•Programmer must pay close attention to instruction scheduling so that the
processor does not spend a large amount of time waiting for an instruction
to execute
•Debugging can be difficult due to the instruction scheduling Require very
fast memory systems to feed them instructions
•Nearly all modern microprocessors, including the Pentium (hybrid RISC/CISC)
Power PC, Alpha and SPARC microprocessors are superscalar
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Three Bus System Architecture
• A collection of electronic signals all dedicated to
particular task is called a bus
– data bus
– address bus
– control bus
• Data Bus
– The width of the data bus determines how much data the
processor can read or write in one memory or I/O cycle
(Machine Cycle)
– 8-bit microprocessor has an 8-bit data bus
– 80386SX 32-bit internal data bus, 16-bit external data bus
– 80386 32-bit internal and external data busses
– Data Buses are bidirectional.
– More data means more expensive computer however faster
processing speed.
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Address Bus
Here the Total

amount
of memory is
4Mbytes
• Address Bus - Unidirectional

– The address bus is used to identify the memory location or I/O device
(also called port) the processor intends to communicate with
– 20 bits for the 8086 and 8088
– 32 bits for the 80386/80486 and the Pentium
– 36 bits for the Pentium Pro
• 8086 has a 20-bit address bus and therefore addresses all
combinations of addresses from all 0s to all 1s. This corresponds to
2 20 addresses or 1M (1 Meg) addresses or memory locations.
• Pentium: 4Gbyte main memory
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Control Bus
• Control bus is Uni-directional
• How can we tell the address is a memory address or an I/O port
address
– Memory Read
– Memory Write
– I/O Read
– I/O Write
• When Memory Read or I/O Read are active, data is input to the
processor.
• When Memory Write or I/O Write are active, data is output from the
processor.
• The control bus signals are defined from the processor’s point of
view.
34
Some Important Terminology
• Bit is a binary digit that can have the value 0 or 1

• A byte is defines as 8 bits
• A nibble is half a byte
• A word is two bytes
• A double word is four bytes
• A kilobyte is 2^10 bytes (1024 bytes), The abbreviation K
is most often used
– Example: A floppy disk holding 356Kbytes of data
• A megabyte or meg is 2^20 bytes, it is exactly 1,048,576
bytes
• A gigabyte is 2^30 bytes
35
Computer Operating Systems
• What happens when the computer is first turned on?
• MS-DOS
– A startup program in the BIOS is executed
– This program in turn accesses the master boot record on the floppy or
hard disk drive
– A loader then transfers the system files IO.SYS and MSDOS.SYS from
the disk drive to the main memory
– Finally, the command interpreter COMMAND.COM is loaded into
memory which puts the DOS prompt on the screen that gives the user
access to DOS’s built-in commands like DIR, COPY, VER.
• The 640 K Barrier
– DOS was designed to run on the original IBM PC
– 8088 microprocessor, 1Mbytes of main memory
– IBM divided this 1Mb address space into specific blocks
• 640 K of RAM (user RAM)
• 384 K reserved for ROM functions (control programs for the video system,
hard drive controller, and the basic input/output system)
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Memory Map
37
MS-DOS Functions and BIOS Services
• Program Support
• BIOS: usually stored in ROM these routines provide access to the
hardware of the PC
• Access to the BIOS is done through the software interrupt instruction
Int n
• For example, the BIOS keyboard services are accessed using the
instruction INT 16h
• In addition to BIOS services DOS also provides higher level
functions
– INT 21h
– More details later
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Type of Micro Computers

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Type of Micro Computers

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General Purpose Microprocessors

Microprocessors lead to versatile products

CPU General Serial

CPU RAM ROM

A microcontroller has a CPU in addition to a fixed amount of RAM, ROM, I/O

Advantages of a reduced instruction set machine:

Drawbacks of a reduced instruction set computer include

Here the Total

• Address Bus - Unidirectional

• Bit is a binary digit that can have the value 0 or 1

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