Grammar Vault

GRAMMAR
VAULT
level from A1 to B2
with included online activities
by @tutor на всю голову

CONTENT
PARTS OF SPEECH FUTURE SIMPLE / BE GOING TO CONDITIONALS 0-3 / MIXED
PLURALS FUTURE CONTINUOUS I WISH / IF ONLY
PRONOUNS FUTURE PERFECT PREPOSITIONS OF TIME
VERB TO BE PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS PREPOSITIONS OF PLACE
ARTICLES A / AN / THE PAST PERFECT CONTINUOUS PREPOSITIONS OF MOVEMENT
PRESENT SIMPLE FUTURE PERFECT CONTINUOUS QUESTIONS TAGS
+ ADVERBS OF FREQUENCY
INFINITIVE VS GERUND REPORTED (INDIRECT) SPEECH
PRESENT CONTINUOUS
STATIVE VERBS USED TO / BE USED TO /
PAST SIMPLE
COMPARATIVES & SUPERLATIVES GET USED TO / WOULD
PRESENT PERFECT
MODALS
LIST OF IRREGULAR VERBS
ACTIVE / PASSIVE VOICE
PAST CONTINUOUS
CAUSATIVE FORM
PAST PERFECT

PARTS OF SPEECH
NOUN PRONOUN VERB ADVERB
(a word that represents a (a word that takes the (a word that expresses (a word that modifies a verb,
person, place, thing, or idea) place of a noun) action or state of being) adjective, or another adverb)
- f.e.: dog, city, happiness - f.e.: he, she, it, they - f.e.: run, sing, is, move - f.e.: quickly, very, well
ADJECTIVE PREPOSITION CONJUNCTION INTERJECTION

(a word that describes a (a word that links a noun (a word that connects (a word or phrase
noun or pronoun) to other words in a words, phrases, or clauses) expressing strong emotion)
- f.e.: red, tall, happy sentence) - f.e.: and, but, or - f.e.: wow, oh, alas
- f.e.: in, on, under
exercise 1 exercise 2
PLURALS - are used when referring to more than
one of a particular noun
REGULAR NOUNS NOUNS ENDING IN NOUNS ENDING IN -Y NOUNS ENDING IN -Y

(simply add "s" to the end -s, -ss, -x, -sh, -ch, -z (with consonant) (with vowel)
of the singular noun) (add "es" at the end) (-y changes to -i and add "es") (simply add an "s")
- f.e.: car -> cars - f.e.: box -> boxes - f.e.: baby -> babies - f.e.: journey -> journeys
IRREGULAR NOUNS IRREGULAR NOUNS BORROWED NOUNS NOUNS ENDING IN -F

child -> children (singular and plural (borrowed from other languages) OR -FE
mouse -> mice are the same) - f.e.: curriculum -> curricula (-f or -fe change to -ves)
person -> people fish -> fish phenomenon -> phenomena - f.e.: knife -> knives
foot -> feet fruit -> fruit criterion -> criteria
man -> men sheep -> sheep
woman -> women deer -> deer
tooth -> teeth
goose -> geese
PRONOUNS
SUBJECT PRONOUNS OBJECT PRONOUNS POSSESSIVE ADJECTIVES POSSESSIVE PRONOUNS REFLEXIVE PRONOUNS
(ХТО? ЩО?) (КОМУ? КОГО?) (ПЕРЕД ІМ.) (БЕЗ ІМ.) (ЗВОРОТНІ)
I ME MY MINE MYSELF
YOU YOU YOU YOURS YOURSELF
YOU YOU YOU YOURS YOURSELVES
WE US OUR OURS OURSELVES
THEY THEM THEIR THEIRS THEMSELVES
HE HIM HIS HIS HIMSELF
SHE HER HER HERS HERSELF
IT IT ITS NOT USED ITSELF
exercise 1 exercise 2 exercise 3

VERB TO BE бути / є
AM ARE
I IS you / we / they
+ I am beautiful.
he / she / it
+ You are beautiful.
- I am not ugly.
+ She is beautiful.
- You are not ugly.
- She isn’t ugly.

? Are you beautiful?
? Am I beautiful?
Yes, I am. / No, I’m not.
? Is she beautiful?
Yes, she is. / No, she isn’t.
Yes, you are. / No, you aren’t.
ARTICLES A/AN/THE
A / AN THE
1) with countable nouns in the singular when we 1) with the words we mention secondly: 6) with the names of rivers, groups of islands,
mention them firstly: A man is in a car. The man is sitting in the mountain ranges, deserts, oceans etc.:
A man and a boy are in a car. red car. the USA, the Thames, the Alps, the Seychelles
2) with names of jobs: 2) with superlative adjectives: 7) with the names of families and nationalities:
She is a teacher. This is the nicest day in my life. the Simpsons, the French, the Ukraininan
3) instead of "one" and "every": 3) with unique things: 8) with titles:

a hundred, an hour, 5 lessons a day, 2 hours a day the sun, the moon, the world, the Earth the Queen, the President, the Prime Minister
4) in some expressions: 4) with musical instruments and dances: 9) with historical periods/events:
it's a pity, as a result, have a good time, have a the guitar, the violin, the piano, the salsa the Civil war; BUT - World War I
nice day, for a long time, in a hurry, go for a walk
5) with names of newspapers, cinemas, 10) with the words: station, cinema, theatre,
5) with adjective + noun: theatres, museums, ships, organizations: library, shop, coast, sea, beach, country, city,
an unhappy girl, an interesting book, a nice boy the Guardian, the Empire, the UN world, ground, weather (Let's go to the cinema.)

PRESENT SIMPLE теперішній простий час
general truths and facts ADVERBS OF FREQUENCY

(usually go before the main verb):
daily routine and habits
always, usually, often, sometimes,
timetables and plans
rarely, hardly ever, never
+
I/you/we/they + verb (V)
-
I/you/we/they + DON’T + V
?
DO + I/you/we/they + V ?
f.e.: I often watch TikTok. f.e.: They (do not) don’t know you. f.e.: Do you love me?
he/she/it + V + (e)s he/she/it + DOESN’T + V DOES + he/she/it + V ?

f.e.: She studies in university. f.e.: He (does not) doesn’t live here. f.e.: Does she work every day?

PRESENT SIMPLE with Zendaya
Zendaya’s name tells the
story of her heritage.
Zendaya is highly strategic about

the acting roles she takes on.
Zendaya loves drawing and

writing poetry.
Zendaya has 3 step sisters.

PRESENT CONTINUOUS теперішній тривалий час
+ TO BE (AM/IS/ARE) + V + (-ING)
actions happening at the moment of speaking
for temporary situations
TIME EXPRESSIONS:
for fixed arrangements in the near future now, at the moment, at present, these
for changing situations days, nowadays, still, today, tonight
for expressing anger (with adverb “always”)
+
I + AM + V-ING
-
I + AM + NOT + V-ING
?
AM + I + V-ING...?
f.e.: I am watching TikTok now. f.e.: I am NOT sleeping. f.e.: Am I talking to you?
he/she/it + IS + V-ING he/she/it + IS + NOT + V-ING IS + he/she/it + V-ING...?
f.e.: He is talking at the moment. f.e.: It is NOT snowing these days. f.e.: Is she listening to you?
you/we/they + ARE + V-ING you/we/they + ARE + NOT + V-ING ARE + you/we/they + V-ING...?
f.e.: We are always arguing. f.e.: They are NOT speaking now. f.e.: Are you playing games now?

PRESENT CONTINUOUS with Rihanna
Rihanna is always teasing her fans with the
date of releasing her new album.
Rihanna is currently working

on new music in the studio.
Rihanna is currently focusing

on expanding her Fenty Beauty
empire.

PAST SIMPLE минулий простий час
+ V + (-ed) / ir.verbs (2)

for actions that happened at a definite time in the past TIME EXPRESSIONS:
for actions that happened after one another in the past yesterday, then, when, last
for habits which are now finished night/week/month/year/Monday etc, 2
days etc ago, in 2020 etc
+
+ V + (-ed) / 2 column
-
+ DID NOT (didn’t) + V DID +
?
+V?
of ir.verbs
f.e.: We didn’t have university
f.e.: I posted a new video on TikTok. f.e.: Did you see her 2 days ago?
classes last week.
He was at home yesterday. Were you happy with him?
They weren’t friends in 2019.

PAST SIMPLE with Kendall Jenner
Kendall Jenner became a top
model and entrepreneur.
Kendall was a young loner; she spent a lot of

time alone in her room, playing video games.
Kendall began her modeling

career at the age of 14.
Kendall was jealous of Kylie as a

kid because Kylie had more friends.

PRESENT PERFECT теперішній доконаний час
+ HAVE/HAS + V + (-ed) / ir.verbs (3)

for finished actions with an emphasis on the action TIME EXPRESSIONS:
(not on the time) for, since, already, just, ever, never, so
for actions that started in the past and continues up far, before, how long, lately, recently, for
to the present a long time, several times
personal experiences, changes or repeated actions
+
I/you/we/they + HAVE + V + (-ed)
-
I/you/we/they + HAVEN’T + V + (-ed)
/ 3 column of ir.verbs
?
HAVE + I/you/we/they + V + (-ed)
/ 3 column of ir.verbs ?
/ 3 column of ir.verbs
f.e.: I have never been to the USA. f.e.: We haven’t discussed it yet. f.e.: Have you tried snorkeling?
he/she/it + HAS + V + (-ed) / 3 he/she/it + HASN’T + V + (-ed) / 3 HAS + he/she/it + V + (-ed)

column of ir.verbs column of ir.verbs / 3 column of ir.verbs ?
f.e.: She has seen this movie twice. f.e.: He hasn’t learnt this rule. f.e.: Has she visited Ukraine?

PRESENT PERFECT with Taylor Swift
Taylor Swift has released
10 studio albums.
Taylor Swift has won
11 Grammys.
Taylor Swift has collaborated with

Kendrick Lamar, Ed Sheeran and
Zayn Malik - plus many more.
Taylor Swift has broken 58

Guinness World Records.
LIST OF IRREGULAR VERBS grouped by pronunciation
UP 1 All 3 forms of the verb are the same

GRO
BASE FORM SIMPLE PAST PAST PARTICIPLE
bet bet bet
cost cost cost
cut cut cut
hit hit hit
hurt hurt hurt
let let let
put put put
shut shut shut

The 2nd and 3rd forms of the verb are the same
UP 2
GRO
BASE SIMPLE PAST spend spent spent
FORM PAST PARTICIPLE
build built built

lose lost lost
find found found

shoot shot shot
leave left left have had had

got (BrE)
get got sell sold sold
gotten (AmE)
meet met met hear heard heard
light lit lit tell told told
bring brought brought hold held held

sit sat sat pay paid paid
buy bought bought read read

keep kept kept read (pronounced (pronounced make made made
red) red)
fight fought fought
sleep slept slept stand stood stood
say said said
think thought thought
feel felt felt understand understood understood
catch caught caught lend lent lent
teach taught taught send sent sent

All three forms of the verb are different
OUP 3 BASE FORM SIMPLE PAST PAST PARTICIPLE wear wore worn
GR drive drove driven
draw drew drawn
ride rode ridden
tear tore torn
rise rose risen
begin began begun
write wrote written
drink drank drunk
bite bit bitten
hide hid hidden swim swam swum
break broke broken ring rang rung
choose chose chosen sing sang sung
speak spoke spoken

eat ate eaten
wake woke woken
exercise 1 blow blew blown
fall fell fallen
forget forgot forgotten

grow grew grown
exercise 2 know knew known give gave given
fly flew flown see saw seen
exercise 3 show showed shown take took taken

PAST CONTINUOUS минулий тривалий час
+ WAS / WERE + V + (-ING)

for actions in progress in the past (emphasis on the time) TIME EXPRESSIONS:
past simple interrupted past continuous action while, when, as, all/the whole day
for 2 simultaneous actions in the past (morning/evening/night) yesterday,
setting the background for a story yesterday at 6 etc o'clock/a.m. / p.m.
+
I/he/she/it + WAS + V-ING
-
I/he/she/it + WAS + NOT + V-ING
?
WAS + I/he/she/it + V-ING...?
f.e.: I was watching TikTok the whole day. f.e.: She was NOT studying at 6 p.m. f.e.: How long was he searching for me?
you/we/they + WERE + V-ING you/we/they + WERE + NOT + V-ING WERE + you/we/they + V-ING...?
f.e.: We were chatting for 2 hours. f.e.: They were NOT sleeping for an hour. f.e.: Were you listening to me?
PAST CONTINUOUS with Emma Watson
Emma Watson was studying at university
while balancing her acting career.
Emma was traveling across Europe

while promoting her latest film.
Emma Watson was learning new languages

to prepare for an international role.
Emma was spending her time

volunteering for environmental causes.

PAST PERFECT
минулий доконаний час
+ HAD + V + (-ed) / ir.verbs (3)

an action that happened BEFORE another TIME EXPRESSIONS:
action in Past Simple when, by the time, before, after, until, for, just,
refers to a time in the past, not the present already, by 5 etc o’clock, by yesterday etc,
+
+ HAD + V + (-ed) / 3
-
+ HADN’T + V + (-ed) / 3 HAD +
?
+ V + (-ed) / 3
column of ir.verbs column of ir.verbs column of ir.verbs...?
f.e.: I had slept when my sister f.e.: I saw that he hadn’t taken f.e.: Had you done this English
came back home. his phone. task before I started?
PAST PERFECT with Margot Robbie
Margot Robbie had already established
herself as a leading actress before she starred
in “Birds of Prey”.
Margot had completed filming “The

Wolf of Wall Street” before she received
widespread recognition.
Margot Robbie had earned several

award nominations by the time she
played Harley Quinn.

FUTURE SIMPLE / BE GOING TO
майбутній простий час збиратися щось робити
+ WILL + V + AM/IS/ARE
GOING TO + V
When we talk about:
When we talk about:
predictions & forecasts;
intentions (personal/impersonal);
spontaneous decisions;
previously made decisions.
offers & promises.
+ + WILL + V
f.e.: I will help you tomorrow. + + AM/IS/ARE GOING TO + V
f.e.: I am going to move to the USA.
- + WILL NOT (WON’T) + V

f.e.: She won’t see me next week. - + AM/IS/ARE + NOT + GOING TO + V
f.e.: He isn’t going to leave you.
? WILL + + V...?
f.e.: Will we talk tomorrow? ? AM/IS/ARE + + GOING TO + V
f.e.: Are you going to buy a new phone?
FUTURE SIMPLE & BE GOING TO
with Lily Collins
Lily Collins will work with a renowned
director on her next project.
Lily will travel to Europe for a film

shoot this winter.
Lily Collins is going to attend several

film festivals to promote her new movie.
Lily is going to explore opportunities

in producing and directing films.

FUTURE CONTINUOUS майбутній тривалий час
+ WILL BE + V + (-ING)
an action in progress at a specific time in the future TIME EXPRESSIONS:
to make comparisons between the present and the future this time tomorrow / next week etc,
future events that have already been planned or decided
when, at 5 etc tomorrow, in 2 weeks etc
(= present cont. or be going to)
+ - ?
+ WILL BE + V-ING + WON’T BE + V-ING WILL + + BE + V-ING
f.e.: By this time next week, I will f.e.: She won’t be doing her f.e.: When will you be leaving?
be skiing in Bukovel. exam at 10 tomorrow.
FUTURE CONTINUOUS
with Timothee Chalamet
Timothée Chalamet will be filming a
highly anticipated movie next summer.
He will be attending red carpet events

as part of his promotional tour.
Timothée Chalamet will be giving

interviews to discuss his upcoming films.

FUTURE PERFECT майбутній доконаний час
+ WILL HAVE + V + (-ed) / ir.verbs (3)

for actions finished in the future TIME EXPRESSIONS:
duration until some time in the future by tomorrow, by next week, by 2030, by this time
tomorrow etc, in two weeks etc, in 3 years etc
+
+ WILL HAVE + V + (-ed)
-
+ WON’T HAVE + V + (-ed) WILL +
?
+ HAVE + V + (-ed) / 3
/ 3 column of ir.verbs / 3 column of ir.verbs column of ir.verbs...?
f.e.: She will have finished her f.e.: We won’t have gone to f.e.: Will you have cooked
project by tomorrow. Ukraine by next week. dinner by 7 pm?
FUTURE PERFECT with
Ryan Reynolds
Ryan Reynolds will have completed
filming the next “Deadpool” movie by
the end of this year.
Ryan will have seen “Deadpool”

become one of the highest-grossing R-
rated superhero films.
After the film’s premiere, Ryan will have

celebrated another major box office
success with the “Deadpool” franchise.

PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS
теперішній доконаний тривалий час
+ HAVE/HAS BEEN + V + (-ING)

for actions that started in the past and TIME EXPRESSIONS:
continue at the present time for, since, all day/morning/afternoon/night
+
I/you/we/they + HAVE BEEN + V-ING
-
I/you/we/they + HAVEN’T BEEN
?
HAVE + I/you/we/they + BEEN + V-ING...?
f.e.: I have been learning English for 8 + V-ING f.e.: Have you been cooking
years. f.e.: We haven’t been sleeping all night. since morning?
he/she/it + HAS BEEN + V-ING he/she/it + HASN’T BEEN HAS + he/she/it + BEEN + V-ING...?
f.e.: She has been living in Ukraine + V-ING f.e.: What has he been doing
since 2005. f.e.: It hasn’t been snowing all day. all day?
PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS
with Lady Gaga
Lady Gaga has been recording new
music for her upcoming album.
Lady Gaga has been attending charity events

to support causes she is passionate about.
She has been advocating for mental

health awareness through her foundation.

PAST PERFECT CONTINUOUS
минулий доконаний тривалий час
+ HAD BEEN + V + (-ING)

for continuous actions that ended up TIME EXPRESSIONS:
at a certain time in the past before, until, for an hour etc, since last week
etc, all day/week/month/year
+ - ?
+ HAD BEEN + V-ING + HADN’T BEEN + V-ING HAD + + BEEN + V-ING...?
f.e.: She hadn’t been driving a f.e.: Had you been
f.e.: I had been waiting
car before she came to the gas working for 2 hours when
for you so I felt annoyed.
station. I came?
PAST PERFECT CONTINUOUS
with Will Smith
Will Smith had been facing the difficulties of
cancel culture for years after the accident at
Oscar ceremony.
Will had been trying to maintain

a positive public image among
growing challenges.
Will Smith had been considering how to

rebuild his career after enduring cancel
culture’s impact.

FUTURE PERFECT CONTINUOUS
майбутній доконаний тривалий час
+ WILL HAVE BEEN + V + (-ING)

for long-term actions that will continue TIME EXPRESSIONS:
until a certain time in the future until, for 2 hours etc, by the end of the
day/month/year etc
+ - ?
+ WILL HAVE BEEN + WON’T HAVE BEEN WILL + + HAVE BEEN
+ V-ING + V-ING + V-ING...?
f.e.: By the end of 2025, they f.e.: I won’t have been f.e.: Will you have been
will have been dating for 2 driving for 2 hours before the studying English for a year by
years. moment we reach Ukraine. the end of this month?
FUTURE PERFECT CONTINUOUS
with Billie Eilish
Billie Eilish will have been collaborating with
her brother Finneas on new tracks for as long
as fans can remember.
Billie will have been evolving her

musical style as she experiments
with different genres.
Billie Eilish will have been building

a loyal fanbase who have supported
her since her debut.

GERUND/INFINITIVE/BARE INFINITIVE
We use the gerund (V-ing): We use the infinitive (with 'to'): We use the bare infinitive:
1. After verbs of feelings: love, like, dislike, hate, 1. After certain verbs: decide, agree, ask, help, 1. After modal verbs:
enjoy etc: plan, hope, learn, want, promise, offer etc: She can speak great English.
I enjoy dancing alone. He decided to leave early. They will be late.
I asked to help me / I asked him to help me. BUT ‘ought’ takes ‘to + infinitive:
2. After certain verbs: fancy, discuss, finish, He helped to clean the room / he helped clean the I ought to visit my granny.
mind, suggest, recommend, keep, avoid, stop etc: room. (infinitive and bare infinitive are possible)
I suggest watching a movie tonight. 2. After verbs: let, make and help:
I don’t mind coming early. Let's go.
2. After verb phrases: would like / would love /
Let John do it.
would prefer:
3. Instead of a noun: You made me cry.
I would like to buy a new laptop.
Travelling is a stunning hobby to take up.
3. After some verbs of perception: watch,
3. After adjectives:
4. After prepositions: hear, feel, sense, see, listen, smell:
She's pleased to have a new job.
I drank a cup of coffee before leaving. I saw her cross the road.
I'm happy to see you.
I heard her sing a lovely song.
She was right to leave early.
5. We also use the gerund after the preposition
in phrasal verbs: 4. After expressions with “why”:
I gave up smoking. 4. To express purpose: Why go home early?
I came to Poland to work = (I came to Poland Why study English?
6. After certain phrases: I can’t help, I can’t because I wanted to work).
stand, I don’t mind, look forward to, I’m busy, 5. After verb phrases: would rather, had
I’m good / bad at, spend / waste time, it’s worth: 5. After question words (except “why”): better:
I’m looking forward to seeing you. Don’t tell me what to do. You had better hurry up!

STATIVE VERBS
= verbs which describe a state rather than an Some of these verbs can be used in continuous
action and don’t have a continuous tense tense, but there’s a difference in the meaning:
1. Verbs of the senses: see, hear, smell, taste, feel, PRESENT SIMPLE PRESENT CONTINUOUS
look, sound, seem, appear etc:
THINK THINK
It seems you are the only one who supports me. I think she is a good tutor. (= I’m thinking about taking up new
believe) courses. (= consider)
2. Verbs of perception: know, believe, understand,
realize, remember, forget etc: HAVE HAVE
I have a new laptop. (= own) I’m having breakfast. (= eat)
I believe she is not a liar.
SEE SEE
3. Verbs of of feelings and emotions: love, like, I see what you mean. (= I’m seeing my sister in a cafe. (= have
hate, enjoy, prefer, detest, desire, want etc: understand) a meeting)
He detests going to the dentist.

TASTE TASTE
The soup tastes delectable. (= has I’m tasting the soup. (= process of
4. Some other verbs: be, contain, belong, fit, need, the flavor of) tasting, test)
matter, cost, own, weigh, wish, have, keep etc:
SMELL SMELL
This size fits me more.
It smells good. (= has the aroma) I’m smelling the parfum. (= sniff)
BE BE
exercise 1 exercise 2 She is stupid. (= part of a

personality)
She is being stupid. (= behave / act
only not, not always)

COMPARATIVES & SUPERLATIVES
We use the comparative to compare one We use the superlative to compare one person / thing
person / thing with another with more than one person / thing of the same group
We usually add –er and –est to one-syllable words to make old - older - the oldest
comparatives and superlatives long - longer - the longest
If an adjective ends in –e, we add –r or –st nice - nicer - the nicest
If an adjective ends in a vowel and a consonant, we double big - bigger - the biggest
the consonant fat - fatter - the fattest
If an adjective ends in a consonant and –y, we change –y to –i happy - happier - the happiest
and add –er or –est silly - sillier - the silliest
We use more and most to make comparatives and careful - more careful - most careful
superlatives for most two or more syllables in adjectives interesting - more interesting - most interesting
However, with these common two-syllable adjectives, you can common, cruel, gentle, handsome, likely, narrow, pleasant, polite, simple, stupid
either add –er/–r and –est/–st or use more and most f.e.: He is certainly handsomer / more handsome than his brother.
good - better - the best; bad - worse - the worst

The adjectives that have irregular comparatives and
many/much - more - the most; little - less - the least
superlatives
far - farther/further - the farthest/furthest

MODAL VERBS
- we use modal verbs without - after modal verbs we don't
auxiliary verbs (be, do, have etc) change a verb (to, -ing, -ed)
CAN - могти (фізично); MUST - повинен, зобов'язаний SHOULD / OUGHT TO

1 can't (can not) - не могти; 2 (закон); 3 - варто, слід (бажано,
COULD - в минулому can MUSTN’T (MUST NOT) - але не обов'язково)
+ вічливе прохання заборонено, не повинен (закон)
MAY - могти (можеш - як HAVE / HAS TO - повинен, BE ABLE TO

4 дозвіл); 5 треба (вимушена дія) - 6 (AM/IS/ARE ABLE TO)
MIGHT - у минулому may використовуємо з - бути здатним (як can)
допоміжним дієсловом

ACTIVE / PASSIVE VOICE
We use the Passive when we prefer not to mention who or what does the action
+ TO BE + V + (-ed) / ir.verbs (3)

TENSE ACTIVE PASSIVE
Present Simple I post a new video on TikTok. A new video on TT is posted.
Present Continuous I’m posting a new video on TT. A new video on TT is being posted.
Past Simple I posted a new video on TT. A new video on TT was posted.
Past Continuous I was posting a new video on TT. A new video on TT was being posted.
Present Perfect I have posted a new video on TT. A new video on TT has been posted.
Past Perfect I had posted a new video on TT. A new video on TT had been posted.
Future Simple I will post a new video on TikTok. A new video on TT will be posted.
Modals I should post a new video on TikTok. A new video on TT should be posted.
exercise 1 by @tutor на всю голову

exercise 2
CAUSATIVE FORM
We use a causative form when we want to talk about smth that
someone did for us or for another person
HAVE / GET SOMETHING DONE

TENSE ACTIVE FORM CAUSATIVE FORM TENSE ACTIVE FORM CAUSATIVE FORM
She cleans the She has the house She will clean the She will have the
Present Simple Future Simple
house. cleaned. house. house cleaned.
She is cleaning the She is having the She will be She will be having
Present Continuous Future Continuous
house. house cleaned. cleaning the house. the house cleaned.
She cleaned the She had the house Present Perfect She has been She has been having
Past Simple
house. cleaned. Continuous cleaning the house. the house cleaned.
She was cleaning She was having the Past Perfect She had been She had been having
Past Continuous
the house. house cleaned. Continuous cleaning the house. the house cleaned.
She has cleaned She has had the She should clean She should have the
Present Perfect Modals
the house. house cleaned. the house. house cleaned.
She had cleaned She had had the It’s worth cleaning It’s worth having the
Past Perfect Gerund (V-ing)
the house. house cleaned. the house. house cleaned.

exercise 2
CONDITIONALS 0-3 / MIXED
We use if (якщо) or unless (якщо не) to divide sentences
SECOND CONDITIONAL
ZERO CONDITIONAL FIRST CONDITIONAL
(unreal / impossible things in the present)
(general truths and habits) (real / possible things in the future)
If + Past Simple, would + bare infinitive
If + Present Simple, Present Simple If + Present Simple, Future Simple
NB: we use “were” (not was) for all
If I heat an ice cream, it melts. If it’s too cold outside, I’ll stay home.
If I were him, I would never do that.
THIRD CONDITIONAL
MIXED CONDITIONAL MIXED CONDITIONAL
(unreal things in the past and their
(3 + 2 conditional) (2 + 3 conditional)
unreal results)
If + Past Perfect, would + bare infinitive If + Past Simple, would + Present Perfect
If + Past Perfect, would + Present Perfect
If I hadn’t gone to the party yesterday, If she were kinder, nobody would have
If you had asked me for help, I would
I would feel better. treated her so badly.
have helped you.
exercise 1 exercise 2 exercise 3 exercise 4

I WISH / IF ONLY
We use WISH to express that we regret something or we
would like something to be different than the way it is
I WISH + WOULD +
I WISH + PAST SIMPLE I WISH + PAST PERFECT
BARE INF.
(unreal situation in the (real situation in the past; or
(things that annoy us and we
present; or desire) regret)
would like them to
I wish you were here. (but I wish I had studied better. (but
change/stop)
you aren’t) I hadn’t)
I wish he wouldn’t be so
If only I ate more veggies. If only we hadn’t wasted all
talkative.
(but I don’t) that money. (but we had)
I wish you would listen to me!
PREPOSITIONS OF TIME
AT ON IN
times: at 8pm, at midnight, at days: on Monday, on my years: in 1992, in 2006

6:30 birthday, on Christmas Day months: in December, in June
holiday periods: at Christmas, days + morning / decades: in the sixties
at Easter afternoon / evening / centuries: in the 19th century
night: on Tuesday morning seasons: in winter, in summer
NB: dates: on the 20th of June
at night NB:
at the weekend in the morning / in the afternoon
at lunchtime / at dinnertime / at / in the evening
breakfast time in the past / in the future
PREPOSITIONS OF PLACE
NEXT TO / BESIDE OPPOSITE

The blue ball is next to the box. The blue ball is opposite the box.
BETWEEN
The box is between two blue balls.
IN FRONT OF
The blue ball is in front of the box.
BEHIND UNDER
The blue ball is behind the box. The blue ball is under the box.
ABOVE / OVER
The blue ball is above the box.

exercise 2
PREPOSITIONS OF MOVEMENT
ACROSS AROUND AWAY FROM DOWN
movement from one side to movement passing something in showing the point where a movement from a higher
the other side a curved way movement begins point to a lower point of
It took us three days to drive across They walked around the town for an She ran away from the thief. something
the desert. hour. I went down the stairs.
FROM INTO OFF ON TO, ONTO

showing the point where a showing a direction towards a movement away/down from movement to the top surface
movement begins position in or inside something something of something
We flew from Poland to Paris. He got into the car. Try not to fall off the ladder. They went up on to the stage.
OUT OF OVER PAST TO

the opposite of “into” movement above and across the movement from one side to movement in the direction of
I’m out of here. top or top surface of something the other side of something something
We are flying over the mountains. The police car drove right past us. Does this train go to Kyiv?
THROUGH / THRU (AM.E.) TOWARDS / TOWARD (AM.E.) UNDER UP

movement in one side and out movement in the direction of movement directly below the opposite of “down”
of the other side of something something something The shoe store is just up the
Hey! You just went thru a red light! I was going toward him to talk. The kid hid under the table. street.
QUESTION TAGS
Tags are either questions, statements or imperatives
added to a clause to invite a response from the listener
VERB TENSE + SENTENCE =

- TAG - SENTENCE =
+ TAG
PRESENT TO BE You are a student, aren’t you? You aren’t a student, are you?
PRESENT SIMPLE She studies English every day, doesn’t she? She doesn’t study English every day, does she?
PAST SIMPLE He posted a new video, didn’t he? He didn’t post a new video, did he?
PRESENT CONTINUOUS You are joking, aren’t you? You aren’t joking, are you?
PAST CONTINUOUS They were watching a movie, weren’t they? They weren’t watching a movie, were they?
PRESENT PERFECT She has been to Paris twice, hasn’t she? She hasn’t been to Paris twice, has she?
PAST PERFECT He had been in the war, hadn’t he? He hadn’t been in the war, had he?
FUTURE SIMPLE We will arrive on time, won’t we? We won’t arrive on time, will we?
MODAL VERBS I should listen to you, shouldn’t I? I shouldn’t listen to you, should I?

exercise 2
REPORTED SPEECH
We use reported speech when we tell people what another person said or thought
The most common verbs we use in reported speech are say and tell.
We say tell somebody something and say something (to somebody)
SENTENSE TENSE TENSE SENTENSE
He said (that) he was

I am exhausted. Present Simple Past Simple
exhausted
She told me (that) she was

I am studying. Present Continuous Past Continuous
studying
He told me (that) he
I loved the concert. Past Simple Past Simple / Past Perfect
loved/had loved the concert
I have never been to She said (that) she had

Present Perfect Past Perfect
Rome. never been to Rome.
He said (that) he would help

I will help you. WILL WOULD
me.
You must pay SHOULD / HAD TO / She told me (that) I had to

SHOULD / MUST / CAN
attention. COULD pay attention.

exercise 2
USED TO / WOULD / BE USED TO / GET USED TO
USED TO + INFINITIVE WOULD + INFINITIVE
repeated actions in the past repeated actions in the past

When I was a teen, I used to have dance classes Every Saturday I would go for a long walk.
every week. when telling a story and recollecting an event
past states which are no longer true from long ago
I didn’t use to eat chocolate a lot. My mom would read me many stories every night at
bedtime.
BE USED TO + GERUND (V-ing) / NOUN GET USED TO + GERUND (V-ing) / NOUN
be accustomed to something become accustomed to something or doing

It was hard to get up at 6 am, but now I’m used to something
it. It can be hard to get up at 6 am at first, but you
will get used to doing it.
ME ON SOCIAL MEDIA
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GRAMMAR

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ADJECTIVE PREPOSITION CONJUNCTION INTERJECTION

REGULAR NOUNS NOUNS ENDING IN NOUNS ENDING IN -Y NOUNS ENDING IN -Y

IRREGULAR NOUNS IRREGULAR NOUNS BORROWED NOUNS NOUNS ENDING IN -F

YOU YOU YOU YOURS YOURSELF

YOU YOU YOU YOURS YOURSELVES

WE US OUR OURS OURSELVES

THEY THEM THEIR THEIRS THEMSELVES

HE HIM HIS HIS HIMSELF

SHE HER HER HERS HERSELF

IT IT ITS NOT USED ITSELF

exercise 1 exercise 2 exercise 3

- She isn’t ugly.

3) instead of "one" and "every": 3) with unique things: 8) with titles:

exercise 1 exercise 2 exercise 3

general truths and facts ADVERBS OF FREQUENCY

he/she/it + V + (e)s he/she/it + DOESN’T + V DOES + he/she/it + V ?

exercise 1 exercise 2 exercise 3

Zendaya is highly strategic about

Zendaya loves drawing and

Zendaya has 3 step sisters.

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exercise 1 exercise 2 exercise 3

Rihanna is currently working

Rihanna is currently focusing

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+ V + (-ed) / ir.verbs (2)

exercise 1 exercise 2 exercise 3

Kendall was a young loner; she spent a lot of

Kendall began her modeling

Kendall was jealous of Kylie as a

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+ HAVE/HAS + V + (-ed) / ir.verbs (3)

he/she/it + HAS + V + (-ed) / 3 he/she/it + HASN’T + V + (-ed) / 3 HAS + he/she/it + V + (-ed)

exercise 1 exercise 2 exercise 3

Taylor Swift has collaborated with

Taylor Swift has broken 58

UP 1 All 3 forms of the verb are the same

bet bet bet

cost cost cost

cut cut cut

hit hit hit

hurt hurt hurt

let let let

put put put

shut shut shut

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build built built

find found found

leave left left have had had

bring brought brought hold held held

buy bought bought read read

catch caught caught lend lent lent

teach taught taught send sent sent

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hide hid hidden swim swam swum

break broke broken ring rang rung

choose chose chosen sing sang sung