BASIC CALCULUS GRD SEM

STEM - 12 AGRICULTURAL BIOTECHNOLOGY

REVIEWER S.Y 2024 - 2025
MONARES, JULIUS CEAZAR A. KAY MARK CASTRO ORIO PHD.
12 01
S.Y 2024 - 2025

Limits of a Function Limit of Sum and Difference

The limit of a function f(x) is the value it approaches as the value of This says that the limit of a sum of functions is the sum of the limits of
x approaches c certain value “The limit of a Function as x the individual functions. Subtraction is also included in this law, that
approaches to c is equals to L”. This is written in symbol as follows: is, the limit of a difference of functions is the difference of their
limits.

One-Sided Limits
Limit of Product of Function
If x approaches c from the left, or through values less than c,
This is similar to the Addition Theorem, with multiplication replacing
then we write
addition as the operation involved. Thus, the limit of a product of
functions is equal to the product of their limits.
If x approaches c from the right, or through values greater than
c, then we write

Two-Sided Limits Limit of Quotient of Function

This says that the limit of a quotient of functions is equal to the
quotient of the limits of the individual functions, provided the
denominator limit is not equal to 0.
for a limit L to exist, the limits from the left and from the right must
both exist and be equal to L. Therefore,

Limits Graph

Limit of Power of Function

This theorem states that the limit of an integer power p of a
function is just that power of the limit of the function.
If , then

Limit of Radical Function

This theorem states that if n is a positive integer, the limit of the nth
root of a function is just the nth root of the limit of the function,
provided the nth root of the limit is a real number. Thus, it is
important to keep in mind that if n is even, the limit of the function
must be positive.If , then

Limit Theorems Limit of Function by substitution

Limit of a Constant In order to evaluate many limits, you can substitute the value that x
The limit of a constant is itself. If k is any constant, then approaches into the function and evaluate the result. This works
perfectly when there are no holes or asymptotes at that particular
x value. You can be confident this method works as long as you
don’t end up dividing by zero when you substitute.

Limit of Identity Function

The limit of x as x approaches c is equal to c. This may be thought
of as the substitution law because x is simply substituted by c.
Limits of Some Transcendental Functions
Transcendental functions are mathematical functions that cannot
be expressed algebraically through a finite number of algebraic
operations, such as addition, subtraction, multiplication, division,
The Constant Multiple Theorem and roots. These include exponential, logarithmic, trigonometric,
This says that the limit of a multiple of a function is simply that and hyperbolic functions.
multiple of the limit of the function.
Their behavior and properties are often crucial in the study of limits,
as they can exhibit complex patterns, asymptotic behaviors, and
nontrivial limits at certain points.

1 SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY, ENGINEERING, AND MATHEMATICS

 BASIC CALCULUS GRD SEM
STEM - 12 AGRICULTURAL BIOTECHNOLOGY
REVIEWER S.Y 2024 - 2025
MONARES, JULIUS CEAZAR A. KAY MARK CASTRO ORIO PHD.
12 01
S.Y 2024 - 2025
Limits of Exponential Function Trigonometric Identities
the limit of an exponential function as the independent variable
approaches a value in the domain is equal to the image of that
value.

Laws of Exponent

Limits of Logarithmic Function

the limit of a logarithmic function as the independent variable
approaches a value in the domain is equal to the logarithm of that
value.

Natural Logarithms
When we use the irrational number e=2.7182… as the base of the
logarithm, the logarithmic function takes the form ,
which can be written with special notation as
Special Limits
Special limit theorems are a set of rules to evaluate certain limits.
Properties and Laws of Logarithms They are “special” because they tackle limits that can’t easily be
evaluated by any of the usual methods. In a way, they are
shortcuts to dealing with specific forms of limits.

Continuity of a Function
Three Conditions of Continuity
A function f(x) is said to be continuous at x = c if the following three
conditions are satisfied:

Limits of Trigonometric Function

Let c be a real number in the domain of the given trigonometric
function. Then:

If at least one of these conditions is not met, f is said to be

discontinuous at x = c.
One-Sided Continuity
A function f(x) is said to be continuous at x = c if the following three
conditions are satisfied:

2 SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY, ENGINEERING, AND MATHEMATICS

 BASIC CALCULUS GRD SEM
STEM - 12 AGRICULTURAL BIOTECHNOLOGY
REVIEWER S.Y 2024 - 2025
MONARES, JULIUS CEAZAR A. KAY MARK CASTRO ORIO PHD.
12 01
S.Y 2024 - 2025
Remember Alternative Definition of the Derivative
1. Polynomial functions are continuous everywhere. Let f be a function defined on an open interval I ⊆ R, and let x ∈ I.
2. The absolute value function f(x) =|x| is continuous everywhere. The derivative of f at x is defined to be
3. Rational functions are continuous on their respective domains.
4. The square root function f(x) = √x is continuous on [0, ∞)
Discontinuities
Hole/Removable Discontinuity Instantaneous Velocity
A function f(x) is said to have a removable discontinuity at x = c if Let s(t) denote the position of a particle that moves along a
straight line at each time t ≥ 0. The instantaneous velocity of the
particle at time t = t₀ is

Essential/Jump Discontinuity
A function f(x) is said to have an essential discontinuity at x = c if
Relationship Between Continuity and Differentiability
(Continuity at a Number). A function f is continuous at a
Asymptotic/Infinite Discontinuity number c if all of the following conditions are satisfied:
If a function f(x) is such that because either

If at least one of the these conditions is not satisfied, the function is

then f(x) is said to have an infinite discontinuity at x = c. said to be discontinuous at c.
(Continuity on R). A function f is said to be continuous
Derivatives
everywhere if f is continuous at every real number.
Tangent line A function f is differentiable at the number c if
A tangent line to a circle centered at O is a line intersecting the
circle at exactly one point.
Equation of a line
1. If f is continuous at x = a, it does not mean that f is
differentiable at x = a.
2. If f is not continuous at x = a, then f is not differentiable at x = a.
3. If f is not differentiable at x = a, it does not mean that f is not
continuous at x = a.
4. A function f is not differentiable at x = a if one of the following is
true:
(a) f is not continuous at x = a.
(b) the graph of f has a vertical tangent line at x = a.
(c) the graph of f has a corner or cusp at x = a.

Slope of a Tangent Line Differentiation Rules

To find the equation of the tangent line to the graph of y = f(x) at The derivative of the function f the function f’ whose value at a
the point P(x₀, y₀), follow this 2-step process: number x in the domain of f is given by
Get the slope of the tangent line by computing

The Constant Rule

Substitute this value of m and the coordinates of the known
If f(x) = c where c is a constant, then f’ (x) = 0. The derivative of a
point P(x₀, y₀) into the point-slope form to get
constant is equal to zero.

Definition of Derivatives
Let f be a function defined on an open interval I ⊆ R, and let x₀ ∈ I. The Constant Multiple Rule
The derivative of f at x₀ is defined to be If f(x) = k h(x) where k is a constant, then f’(x) = k h’(x).

if this limit exists. That is, the derivative of f at x₀ is the slope of the
tangent line at (x₀, f(x₀)), if it exists. The Power Rule
If x is a variable and is raised to a power n, then the derivative of x
Notations: If y = f(x), the derivative of f is commonly denoted by raised to the power is represented by:

3 SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY, ENGINEERING, AND MATHEMATICS

 BASIC CALCULUS GRD SEM
STEM - 12 AGRICULTURAL BIOTECHNOLOGY
REVIEWER S.Y 2024 - 2025
MONARES, JULIUS CEAZAR A. KAY MARK CASTRO ORIO PHD.
12 01
Derivative of Radical Function Derivatives of Trigonometric Functions
If x is a variable and is raised to a power n, then the derivative of x
raised to the power is represented by:

Derivatives of Logarithmic Functions

The Sum and Difference Rule
If f(x) = g(x) + h(x) where g and h are differentiable functions, then

The Product Rule

If f and g are differentiable functions, then

Definition of Terms
Limit of a Function - The limit of a function is a fundamental
concept in calculus and analysis. It describes the behavior of a
states that the derivative of the product of two differentiable function near a particular input point.
functions is the first function times the derivative of the second Transcendental Function - a transcendental function is a
function plus the second function times the derivative of the first function that is not expressible in terms of a finite combination
function. of algebraic operations of addition, subtraction, division, or
The Quotient Rule multiplication raising to a power and extracting a root.
Let f(x) and g(x) be two differentiable functions with g(x) ≠ 0. Then Examples of transcendental functions include the exponential
function, the trigonometric functions, and the inverse functions
of both
Limit Theorems - Limit theorems are theorems in mathematics
that describe the behavior of functions or sequences as they
approach some value or infinity.
Special Limits - Special limit theorems are a set of rules to
evaluate certain limits. They are “special” because they tackle
limits that can’t easily be evaluated by any of the usual
The rule above states that the derivative of the quotient of two methods. In a way, they are shortcuts to dealing with specific
functions is the fraction having as its denominator the square of the forms of limits.
original denominator, and as its numerator the denominator times Continuity - Continuity in calculus is the property of functions
the derivative of the numerator minus the numerator times the that do not have breaks or gaps in their graphs12. A function is
derivative of the denominator. continuous at a point if the value of the function at that point is
equal to the limit of the function as the input approaches that
Derivatives of Exponential Functions
point.
Discontinuity - In calculus, discontinuity refers to situations
where a function fails to be continuous at a particular point.
Slope - The slope of a line is a measure of its steepness. It is a
number that describes both the direction and the steepness of
the line. Mathematically, slope is calculated as "rise over run"
(change in y divided by change in x)
Tangent - A line touching circles or an ellipse at only one point.
Derivatives - are defined as the varying rate of change of a
function with respect to an independent variable.

4 SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY, ENGINEERING, AND MATHEMATICS

 GRD SEM
BASIC CALCULUS
STEM - 12 AGRICULTURAL BIOTECHNOLOGY
12 01
MONARES, JULIUS CEAZAR A. MR. KAY MARK CASTRO ORIO PHD
STEM 12 - AGRICULTURAL BIOTECHNOLOGY 1ST QUARTER
Limits of a Function Derivatives

Slope of a Tangent

FORMULA SHEET 5