1.

Tape Measure: Used for measuring distances or

lengths. It consists of a ribbon of cloth, plastic,
fiberglass, or metal strip with linear-measurement
markings.
2. Ruler or Scale: A flat, rigid, straight-edged tool
typically marked with units of measurement (such as
inches, centimeters, etc.) used for measuring
lengths or distances.
3. Calipers: These are used to measure the distance
between two opposite sides of an object. They can
be both digital and analog.
4. Micrometer: A precision measuring instrument
used to measure very small distances or
thicknesses. It is often used in manufacturing and
engineering.
5. Level: A tool used to determine if a surface is
horizontal (level) or vertical (plumb). It helps ensure
objects are straight and properly aligned.
6. Protractor: Used to measure angles. It typically
looks like a half-circle with degree markings.
7. Scales: Used for weighing objects or substances.
They come in various forms, including spring scales,
digital scales, and balance scales.
8. Thermometer: Measures temperature. There are
various types, including mercury, digital, and
infrared thermometers.
9. Speedometer: Measures the speed of a vehicle,
typically in miles per hour or kilometers per hour.
10.Multimeter: An electronic measuring instrument
that combines several measurement functions in
one unit. It can measure voltage, current, resistance,
and sometimes other quantities.
 11.Spectrometer: An instrument used to measure
properties of light over a specific portion of the
electromagnetic spectrum.
12.GPS (Global Positioning System): Utilizes
satellite signals to determine the precise location of
an object on the Earth's surface.

BENEFITS OF AN EFFECTIVE POWERPOINT

Whether you use it for educational or business purposes, an
effective PowerPoint can provide several benefits, which include:

1. Aid for visual learners: When you make a PowerPoint, you

provide your audience with a visual help or component to go
along with your speech. Making a PowerPoint fits the needs
of those who learn best when presented visually, since some
individuals may find it easier to retain knowledge this way.

2. More impactful and attractive presentation: You may

integrate visuals, audio, and video components in a
PowerPoint presentation to facilitate audience interaction
and help them understand your ideas more quickly. They
could also leave a stronger impression on your viewers.

3. Point of reference: A PowerPoint gives you a visual aid to

focus on during your presentation. You can aim to maintain
eye contact with your audience, but you can easily refer
back to the PowerPoint as needed for notes.

PREPARING AN EFFECTIVE PRESENTATION

Giving information while standing up is not the only component of
a good presentation. When presenting information to an
audience, one needs to think about the most effective way to do
it. Make an engaging and educational presentation by using these
pointers:

1. Organize your thoughts. Create a solid transition between

each part by starting with an outline. Stress the practical
implications of your findings.

2. Have a strong opening. Why ought the audience to pay

attention to you? Whether or not you anticipate a response,
asking a question is an excellent method to get their
attention.

3. Define terms early. Introduce any words that the audience

might not be familiar with early in the presentation.
Regaining an audience's focus is quite challenging after they
become bogged down in foreign vocabulary.

4. Finish with a bang. Choose one or two phrases that best

capture the significance of your findings. How has what you
done made the world a better place?

5. Design PowerPoint slides to introduce important

information. Think about presenting without using
PowerPoint. Next, decide which points you just must make
via slides. Make just the slides that are required to enhance
your audience's communication.

6. Time yourself. Don't leave timing your presentation till the

last minute. You want to know as soon as possible if you are
going to be speaking for the allotted fifteen minutes.
 7. Create effective. Take personal notes. Make sure you have
readable notes. Use an outline or other quick reminders of
what you want to say instead of writing out your full speech.
Ensure that the text is readable from a distance by making it
sufficiently big.

8. Practice, practice, practice. You will feel more at ease in

front of an audience the more you rehearse your
presentation. Get comments from a friend or two after you
practice in front of them. Put yourself on tape and give it a
critical listen. Improve it and repeat the process.

POWERPOINT TIPS
One of the best tools for making presentations is Microsoft
PowerPoint. It's a tool that's occasionally not utilized to its full
potential. Use these pointers to improve your PowerPoint
presentation if you're using it:

1. Use a large font. As a general rule, avoid text smaller than

24 point.

2. Use a clean typeface. Sans serif typefaces, such as Arial,

are generally easier to read on a screen than serif typefaces,
such as Times New Roman.

3. Use bullet points, not complete sentences. What you

are expressing is outlined in the text on your slide. The
audience has no incentive to listen to you if your
presentation is contained entirely on your slides. Six bulleted
items and no more than seven words for each item is the 6/7
rule, which is a widely accepted norm.
4. Use contrasting colors. Employ either a light text on a
dark backdrop or a dark text on a light background. Steer
clear of color combinations that have comparable hues.
Since red-green pairings are the most prevalent cause of
color blindness, stay away from them.

5. Use minimal colors and fonts. A PowerPoint that works

well looks consistent. To make the presentation appear more
professional, limit the number of typefaces and colors to no
more than two or three.

6. Align your objects. Make sure that everything is positioned

correctly to give your PowerPoint a more professional and
organized look. Although you may accomplish this manually,
employing the features in your software allows for more
precision. For instance, pick both items and press and hold
the "Shift" key to align them. Next, click "Arrange" and pick
the desired alignment type.

7. Use the appropriate chart. If you have numerical data

that works well in a graphical style, make sure you select the
appropriate type of chart. Here are some charts to consider
including in your presentation.

8. Use high-quality images and graphics. To improve your

presentation, you may snap your photos or utilize
professional, copyright-free stock photography. Choose
photos with high resolution so that they retain clarity when
you resize them to add to your presentation slides.

9. Change the template design. Instead of utilizing a pre-

made PowerPoint template, personalize it to match your
needs. To help distinguish it from other templates,
 experiment with different fonts, colors, and designs.
Consider the topic of your presentation to ensure that the
design you chose complements it.

10. Use special effects sparingly. Using animations, cool

transition effects, sounds, and other special effects is an
effective way to make sure the audience notices your slides.
Unfortunately, that means that they are not listening to what
you are saying. Use special effects only when they are
necessary to make a point.

PRESENTING EFFECTIVELY
The audience will be interested in what you say as you begin your
presentation. Use the following suggestions to keep people
interested during your presentation:

1. Be excited. You're discussing something intriguing. If you

remember to be excited, your audience will sense it and
become more engaged.

2. Speak with confidence. When you talk, you are the expert
on your subject but don't claim to know everything. Admit
when you don't know the answer to a question. Consider
postponing the question to your mentor or offering to
investigate more.

3. Make eye contact with the audience. Your goal is to

communicate with your audience, and people will pay
greater attention if they believe you are speaking directly to
them. Allow your gaze to settle on one individual for many
seconds before moving on to another while you talk. You
 don't have to establish eye contact with everyone, but make
sure you connect with everyone in the room.

4. Avoid reading from the screen. For starters, reading from

a screen prevents you from making eye contact with your
audience. Second, you put it on your slide because you want
them to read it and not because you want them to read it.

5. Blank the screen when a slide is unnecessary. A slide

that is unrelated to what you are discussing may distract the
audience. When you press the letter B or the period key, a
blank screen appears, allowing your audience to focus
exclusively on your words. To restore the display, press the
same key again.

6. Use a pointer only when necessary. Remember to turn

off your laser pointer until you need to highlight something
on the screen.

7. Explain your equations and graphs. Give a thorough

explanation of the equations you show. Make note of every
constant as well as the independent and dependent
variables. Explain how the graphics you use support your
arguments. Describe the x- and y-axes and illustrate the
graph's left-to-right progression.

8. Pause. Your presentation gains audible structure via pauses.

They make transitions clear, highlight crucial information,
and provide the audience time to go through new slides and
catch up between ideas. Speakers usually perceive pauses
as considerably longer than listeners do. Practice carefully
and discreetly counting to three in between points.
 9. Avoid filler words. Um, like, you know, and many others.
To an audience, these are indications that you do not know
what to say; you sound uncomfortable, so they start to feel
uncomfortable as well. Speak slowly enough that you can
collect your thoughts before moving ahead. If you do not
know what to say, pause silently until you do.

10. Relax. It is hard to relax when you are nervous, but your
audience will be much more comfortable if you are too.

11. Breathe. It's acceptable to feel uneasy. All competent

speakers experience anxiety whenever they stand in front of
an audience. Apart from practicing a lot beforehand, the best
strategy to manage your nervousness is to maintain your
breathing deep during your presentation.

12. Acknowledge the people who supported your

research. Make sure to express your gratitude to everyone
who helped make your study feasible, such as your research
team, collaborators, mentor, and other funding and support
sources.

13. You may grow your network of contacts with people who are
interested in the same academic topics by sharing your
work. Presenting may be a very beneficial experience for
undergraduate researchers hoping to finish their graduate
degree. We advise you to speak with your academic adviser
about your desire to share your findings. They can assist in
matching the right location with your interests.
Basic hardware Operations
1. Power Turn On/Off. Turn your computer on and off as needed.
2. Connecting/Disconnecting Peripherals. Connect and
disconnect hardware peripherals like a keyboard, mouse,
external hard drive, or printer.
3. Checking Connections. Verify that all cables and connectors
are properly connected, as explained in the previous answer.
4. Using Input Devices
 Keyboard. Type and enter text.
 Mouse/Touchpad. Move the cursor, click, and right-
click.
5. Monitor Operation. Adjust the display settings, change the
screen resolution, and connect multiple monitors if necessary.
6. Audio Devices. Adjust the volume, plug in or unplug
headphones or speakers, and troubleshoot audio issues.
7. Optical Drives. Insert and eject CDs or DVDs from optical
drives.
8. USB Drives. Insert and remove USB flash drives and external
hard drives.
9. Printers and Scanners. Print documents, scan images, and
troubleshoot printing or scanning issues.
10.Basic Maintenance. Keep your computer physically clean and
dust-free.

Basic Software Operations

1. Operating System Interaction. Navigate the desktop or
Start menu on
Windows.
2. File Management. Create, rename, copy, move, and delete
files and folders and use keyboard shortcuts.
 3. Software Installation/Uninstallation. Install new
software applications or uninstall software from your
computer.
4. Web Browsing. Open a web browser and navigate
websites, enter URLs, and use bookmarks.
5. Email. Set up and use email clients and compose, send,
receive, and organize emails.
6. Basic Troubleshooting. Restart or shut down the computer
if there's an issue and identify and address common software
errors or crashes.
7. System Settings. Adjust display settings (e.g., screen
resolution), Configure network settings (e.g., Wi-Fi, Ethernet)
and customize sound and audio settings.
8. Updates and Maintenance. Keep the operating system
and software applications up to date and perform regular
system maintenance tasks like disk cleanup.
9. Security. Install and update antivirus software and set
strong passwords and use password managers.
10.Accessing Help and Support. Access online help
resources and user manuals and contact customer support
when encountering issues beyond your expertise.

Proper start-up and shutdown of computer

These are some of the basic hardware and software operations
you can perform on a computer. The specific steps and operations
may vary depending on the operating system and software
applications you are using.

Proper Startup
1. Power On. Ensure the computer is plugged into a power
source and the
 power switch on the computer itself (if available) is in the
"On" position.
2. Monitor and peripherals. Make sure the monitor, keyboard,
mouse, and any
other necessary peripherals are properly connected and
powered on.
3. Press the Power Button. Press the power button on the
computer case or
laptop. The location of the power button may vary
depending on your device.
4. Boot-Up. The computer will start its boot-up process. You'll
typically see a
manufacturer's logo, followed by the operating system's
loading screen.
5. Login. Enter your username and password when prompted to
access your
desktop or home screen.
6. Wait for Startup. Wait for all startup processes and
background services to
complete. This may take a few minutes, depending on your
computer's speed
and the number of startup programs.
7. Use the computer. Once your computer is fully operational,
you can start using
it for your intended tasks.

Proper Computer Shutdown

1. Save your Work. Before shutting down, save any unsaved
work in open
 applications. This prevents data loss.
2. Close Applications. Close all open applications and files.
3. Start Menu (Windows). Click the "Start" button (Windows
logo) in the lower
left corner, then click the power icon and select "Shut down”.
4. Confirmation. A confirmation dialog may appear asking if
you're sure you
want to shut down. Confirm by clicking "Shut Down" or "Yes”.
5. Wait for Shutdown. Wait for the computer to complete the
shutdown process.
You'll see the screen go blank, and the power indicator may
turn off or change
to a standby mode, depending on your device.
6. Power Off. If you have an external power switch on the
computer case or
laptop, turn it off. If not, you can disconnect the power
source from the outlet or
remove the battery (for laptops.
7. Monitor and Peripherals. Power off the monitor and any
connected
peripherals.

Hazard Identification is part of the process used to evaluate if

any particular situation, item, thing, etc. may have the potential
to cause harm.
The term often used to describe the full process is risk
assessment:
 Identify hazards and risk factors that have the potential to
cause harm (Hazard Identification).
 Analyze and evaluate the risk associated with that hazard
(risk analysis and risk evaluation).
 Determine appropriate ways to eliminate the hazard, or
control the risk when the hazard cannot be eliminated
(risk control).

THE THINK SAFE STEPS

1. Spot the Hazard
A hazard is anything that could hurt you or someone else. A
situation in the workplace that has the potential to harm the
health and safety of people or to damage plants and equipment.
The situation could involve a task, chemical, or equipment used.
Hazard management is a continuous process that can be used to
improve the health and safety of all workplaces.

Examples of workplace hazards include:

 frayed electrical cords (could result in electrical shock)
 boxes stacked precariously (they could fall on someone)
 noisy machinery (could result in damage to your hearing)

2. Assess the Risk

Assessing the risk means working out how likely it is that a hazard
will harm someone and how serious the harm could be.
Whenever you spot a hazard, assess the risk by asking yourself
two questions:
  How likely is it that the hazard could harm me or someone
else?
 How badly could I or someone else be harmed?

Evaluating hazards and risks is the process of determining the

level of risk created by the hazard and the likelihood of injury or
illness occurring. The priority of control increases as the
established level of risk increases. A person identifying the risk of
harm or injury from a hazard in a salon should consider these
questions:
 how likely that it is a hazard will cause harm;
 how serious that harm is likely to be;
 how often (and how many) workers are exposed.

3. Make the Changes

It is your employer's responsibility to fix hazards. Sometimes you
may be able to fix simple hazards yourself, as long as you don't
put yourself or others at risk. For example, you can pick up things
from the floor and put them away to eliminate a trip hazard.

Steps in Controlling Hazard

1. See it. - Identify the hazards. What is unsafe?
2. Think It. - Evaluate the hazard. What could happen?
3. Do It. - Provide solutions to control or eliminate the
hazard.

The Main Categories of Hazards are:

1. Biological – Biological hazards include viruses, bacteria,
insects, animals, etc. that can cause adverse health impacts.
 For example; mold, blood and other bodily fluids, harmful
plants, sewage, dust, and vermin.
2. Chemical – Chemical Hazards are hazardous substances that
can cause harm. These hazards can result in both health and
physical impacts, such as skin irritation, respiratory system
irritation, blindness, corrosion, and explosions.
3. Physical – Physical hazards are environmental factors that
can harm an employee without necessary touching them,
including heights, noise, radiation, and pressure.
4. Safety – These are hazards that create unsafe working
conditions. For example, exposed wires or a damaged carpet
might result in a tripping hazard. These are sometimes
included under the category of physical hazards.
5. Ergonomic – Ergonomic hazards are a result of physical
factors that can result in musculoskeletal injuries. For example,
a poor workstation setup in an office, poor posture, and
manual handling.

COMMON HAZARDS ENCOUNTERED BY COMPUTER

TECHNICIANS AND USERS
1. Physical Hazards – One of the most common physical
hazards involving computer technicians is cables running
across the floor.
2. Mechanical Hazards – When working on electronic equipment
always be alert to any possibility of being hurt by moving parts,
hot components, or sharp edges.
3. Electric Shock Hazard – Inside computers and electronic
equipment, there is a range of voltages from 3.3 volts to 25
volts, most of these harmless. But at the power supply, you’ll
find voltage, which is lethal 220 volts.
4. Posture-related injuries from computer use – Back and
neck pain, headaches, and shoulder and arm pain are common
 computer-related injuries. Such muscle and joint problems can
be caused or made worse by poor workstation (desk) design,
bad posture, and sitting for long periods.
5. Computer-related overuse injuries of the hand or arm –
Muscles and tendons can become painful with repetitive
movements and awkward postures. This is known as ‘overuse
injury’ and typically occurs in the elbow, wrist or hand of
computer users. Symptoms of these overuse injuries include
pain, swelling, stiffness of the joints, weakness and numbness.
6. Eyestrain from computer use – an act of focusing your eyes
at the same distance point for long periods causes fatigue. The
human eye structurally prefers to look at objects more than six
meters away, so any work performed close up puts extra
demands on your eye muscles. The illuminated computer
screen can also cause eye fatigue.