8 SC

Class Notes
Class: VIII Topic – chapter 8
CELL – STRUCTURE & FUNCTIONS
IMPORTANT NOTES
Subject: SCIENCE
NOTE – TO BE LEARNT ONLY
( Diagrams to be drawn in copy )
IMPORTANT POINTS OF THE CHAPTER
Basic cell contains:
1. Cell membrane
The outermost membrane of the cell is called as cell membrane.
2. Protoplasm
Everything that is present in the cell except cell membrane comes under
protoplasm. Protoplasm is living material of cell. Or the entire content of living
cells including cytoplasm and nucleus is known as protoplasm.
Protoplasm is further divided into two parts:
Cytoplasm
Nucleus
Cell membrane
The outermost body of the cell is called cell membrane. Cell membrane is made up of
lipids and proteins. It is present in both plant and animal. This membrane is living,
thin, and delicate. The cell membrane is a semi-permeable membrane, that allows
the transmission of a very few molecules across it. The plasma membrane/cell
membrane is porous and allows the movement of substances or materials in and out
of the cell.
Functions of cell membrane
1. Cell membrane provides support to cell.
2. It is helpful in exchange of materials.
3. It gives shape to the cell.
Cell Wall
It is outer to cell membrane and it is dead and freely permeable (All substances can
pass through it)
It is thick layer and present only in cells of plants.
Cell wall is made up of cellulose.
In addition to cell wall, cell membrane is also required by the plants for protection
against variations in temperature, high wind speed, atmospheric moisture, etc.
Cells can be observed in the leaf peel of Tradescantia, Elodea or Rhoeo.
Functions of cell wall
1. It provides mechanical support to cell.
2. It allows all the substances to pass through it.
3. It maintains the shape of cell.
4.
Cytoplasm
It is the liquid material of cell. It contains organelles.
Or
Cytoplasm is the jelly-like substance present between the cell membrane and the
nucleus.
Various other components or organelles of cells are as follows:
Plastids
Mitochondria
Vacuoles
Endoplasmic reticulum: It is present in plants and animals.
Golgi bodies: It is present in plants and animals.
Lysosomes: It is present in plants and animals.
Plastids: They are present only in plants. They are not present in animals.
There are three types of plastids which are as follows:
Leucoplast: It is colorless.
Chromoplast: The chromoplast is colorful.
Chloroplast: The chloroplast is green colored. It is known as kitchen of cells
because it helps plant to make food. In order to make food, plant needs chlorophyll
which is present in chloroplast. Chloroplast is helpful in photosynthesis.
Functions of plastids
Chloroplast is helpful in photosynthesis.
Leucoplast is helpful in store food and fats etc.
Chromoplast is a coloured and imparts colour to flowers and fruits.
Vacuole
It is fluid filled membrane. It is present in plants. In plant cell, vacuole are large and
permanent. There are chances that they may be present in animals, but their size is
very small and are temporary. Vacuoles are present in animals and are used for
storage purposes.
Functions of vacuole
It provides turgidity and rigidity.
They are helpful in storing substances.
Nucleus
It is located in the center of the cell. Nucleus is the storehouse of genes. Without
nucleus, cell can neither survive nor shows specialized activities.
It consists of:
Nuclear membrane
Nucleoplasm
Nucleolus
Nuclear material
Nuclear membrane
Nucleus is separated from the cytoplasm by a membrane called nuclear membrane.
This membrane is porous (has pores) and allows the movement of materials
between the cytoplasm and the inside of the nucleus. It is also called as nuclear
envelope.
Nucleoplasm
It is the cytoplasm of nucleus.
Nucleolus
It is the small oval body which is rich in protein and RNA (Ribonucleic acid).
Ribosome formation occurs in nucleolus. Ribosome is an organelle which is present
in cell and directly or indirectly helpful in survival of cell.
Nuclear material
It contains chromosome and made up of DNA (Deoxyribonucleic acid) and protein.
Segments of DNA are called as genes. Genes acts as hereditary vehicles. Later on, it
converts into chromosomes.
Chromosomes are ribbon-shaped and made up of DNA and proteins. It has point like
structures which are called as genes.
For example: If mother has blue eyes and her daughter also has blue eyes. This is due
to hereditary characters. The transfer of character from parents to their offsprings
occurs through gene.
Functions of Nucleus
It regulates cell cycle.
It controls metabolic activities.
It contains genes, which are helpful in transmission of characters from parents to
offspring.
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Class Notes

Class: VIII Topic – chapter 8

CELL – STRUCTURE & FUNCTIONS

NOTE – TO BE LEARNT ONLY

( Diagrams to be drawn in copy )

IMPORTANT POINTS OF THE CHAPTER

Basic cell contains:

2. It is helpful in exchange of materials.

3. It gives shape to the cell.

THE ABOVE CONTENT IS PREPARED AT HOME

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