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    21EEE01 Utilization & Conservation of Electrical Energy

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    21EEE01 Utilization & Conservation of Electrical Energy

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    21EEE01 Utilization & Conservation of Electrical Energy

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    Wizard

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    21EEE01

    Utilization & Conservation of Electrical Energy

    Module 1
    1.1 Electric Traction: Merits of electric traction , Requirements of
    electric traction system, Supply systems
    1.2 Mechanics of train movement, Traction motors and control
    1.3 Braking, Recent trends in electric traction
    1.4 Illumination: Importance of lighting, Laws of illumination, Properties of
    good lighting scheme
    1.5 Photometry , Basic design of illumination schemes for residential,
    commercial, street lighting, factory lighting and flood lighting
    1.6 Types of lamps, Lighting calculations, LED lighting and energy saving
    lamps.
    COURSE OUTCOMES ADDRESSED

    • CO 2 : DESIGN EFFECTIVE LIGHTING SYSTEMS FOR


    VARIOUS APPLICATIONS. [AP]

    SKCT / EEE / 21EEE01 / MODULE 1 3


    Types of Lighting Schemes:
    Direct Lighting:
    • It is most commonly used type
    of lighting scheme. In this
    lighting scheme more than 90
    percent of total light flux is
    made to fall directly on the
    working plane with the help of
    deep reflectors. Though it is
    most efficient but causes hard
    shadows and glare. It is
    mainly used for industrial,
    residential and commercial
    lighting.
    Semi-Direct Lighting:
    • In this lighting scheme 60 to 90
    percent of the total light flux is made to
    fall downwards directly with the help of
    semi-direct reflectors, remaining light
    is used to illuminate the ceiling and
    walls. Such a lighting system is best
    suited to rooms with high ceilings
    where a high level of uniformly
    distributed illumination is desirable.
    Glare in such units is avoided by
    employing diffusing globed which not
    only improve the brightness towards
    the eye but improve the efficiency of
    the systems with reference to working
    place.
    Semi-Indirect Lighting:
    • In this lighting scheme 60 to 90
    percent of total light flux is thrown
    upwards to the ceiling for diffuse
    reflection and the rest reaches the
    working plane directly except for some
    absorption by the bowl. This lighting
    scheme is with soft shadows and glare
    free. It is mainly used for indoor light
    decoration purposes.
    Indirect Lighting:
    • In this light scheme more than 90 percent of total light
    flux is thrown upwards to the ceiling for diffuse reflection
    by using inverted or bowl reflectors. In such a system the
    ceiling acts as the light source, and the glare is reduced
    to minimum. The resulting illumination is softer and more
    diffused, the shadows are less prominent and the
    appearance of the room is much improved over that
    which results from direct lighting. It is used for decoration
    purposes in cinemas theatres and hotels etc. and in
    drawing offices and workshops where large machines
    and other obstructions would cause trouble some
    shadows of direct lighting is employed.

    General Lighting:In this scheme lamps made of diffusing


    glass are used which give nearly equal illumination in all
    directions.
    FACTORS FOR DESIGN OF LIGHTING SCHEMES
    ILLUMINATION LEVEL
    • This is the most vital factor because a sufficient illumination is the basic means whereby
    we are able to see our surroundings.

    • For each type of work there is a range of brightness most favorable to output i.e.
    which causes minimum fatigue and gives maximum output in terms of quality.

    • Greater the distance of the object from observer and smaller the size of the object,
    greater will be the illumination required for its proper perception and

    • If Contrast between the object and back-ground is greater than the contrast between
    the colour of the object and its background, then greater will be the illumination
    required to distinguish the object properly.

    • Objects which are seen for longer duration of time requires more illumination than
    those for casual work. Similarly moving objects requires more illumination than
    stationary objects.
    UNIFORMITY OF ILLUMINATION:
    • The human eye adjusts itself automatically to the brightness within the field
    of vision. If there is a lack of uniformity, pupil or iris of the eye has to adjust
    more frequently and thus fatigue is caused to the eye and productivity is
    reduced. It has been found that visual performance is best if the range of
    brightness within the field of vision is not greater than 3:1, which can be
    achieved by employing general lighting.

    SHADOWS:
    • In lighting installations, formation of long and hard shadows causes fatigue
    of eyes and therefore is considered to be a shortcoming. Complete
    absence of shadows altogether again does not necessarily mean an ideal
    condition of lighting instillations. Contrary, perhaps to popular opinion, a
    certain amount of shadow is desirable in artificial lighting as it helps to give
    shape to the solid objects and makes them easily recognized.
    MOUNTING HEIGHT:
    • In case of direct lighting it depends upon the type of building
    and type of lighting scheme employed. For rooms of large floor
    area, the luminaries should be mounted close to ceiling as
    possible. In case of indirect and semi-indirect lighting, it would
    be desirable to suspend luminaries enough down from ceiling to
    give uniform illumination.

    SPACING OF LUMINARIES:
    • The distance of light source from the wall should be equal to
    one half the distances between two adjacent light sources. The
    distance between light fittings should not exceed 1.5 times the
    mounting height.
    • SPACE HEIGHT RATIO
    = The horizontal distance between Lamps /
    Mounting height of Lamps

    • UTILIZATION FACTOR
    = Total Lumens utilized on working planes /
    Total Lumens radiated by lamp

    Value of this co-efficient of utilization depends on :


    • Area to be illuminated
    • Height at which lamps are fitted
    • Color of surrounding walls, ceiling, fittings etc.
    • Type of lighting : Direct or Indirect
    • DEPRECIATION FACTOR
    = Illumination under Normal Working Conditions /
    Illumination when everything is clean

    • WASTE LIGHT FACTOR : A surface when illuminated by number of


    lamps, there is a certain amount of wastage due to overlapping of light
    waves.
    STREET LIGHTING
    • The main purpose of street lighting is to make the traffic and
    obstructions on the road clearly visible for safety point of view
    and convenience. The principle employed for street lighting is
    different from that of interior lighting. As the area is open i.e.
    there is no wall, the illumination level required is low. The
    question of colour rendering is also of minor importance.

    • In fact in case of interior lighting the objects are seen by light


    reflected by them but in case of street lighting the objects are
    seen in bright back ground.
    • The reflectors are used throw the light on the road at a very
    large angle of incidence. It is observed that a motorist needs to
    see the objects about 30 m away. Fig. 2.39 shows the principle
    of street lighting. The observer is able to see the object through
    reflected light as shown.

    • Generally an average number of 8 to 15 lumens per square


    meter is considered sufficient illumination on the street. Mercury
    vapour lamps and sodium discharge lamps has been found
    most economical due to lower power consumption for a given
    amount of light. Colour consideration does not matter much in
    street lighting.
    FACTORY LIGHTING
    • Sufficient lighting without glare to workmen
    • Clean walls and surroundings
    • Luminaries to be mounted at sufficient height
    • Reflectors : Diffusing fitting, Concentrating reflectors & Angle
    reflectors
    • Filament lamps & Fluorescent tubes are employed
    FLOOD LIGHTING
    • The meaning of flood lighting is flooding of large surfaces with light from
    powerful projectors

    • Purpose of Flood Lighting:


    Beautification:
    • For enhancing beauty of building at night such as public place,
    ancient building and monuments, religious building on important
    festive occasions etc.

    Industrial and Commercial Flood-Lighting:


    • For illumination railway yards, sports stadiums, car parks,
    construction site, quarries etc.
    • For flood lighting it is necessary to concentrate the light from light
    source info a narrow beam.

    • The type of reflector and its housing used for concentrating the light
    into narrow beam is known as flood light projector.
    •
    • The reflecting surface is made of silvered glass or stainless steel.

    • Metal reflectors being more robust are usually preferred.

    • When higher wattage of projector lamp i.e. 500 W or 1000 W is used


    in projectors, then ventilation may be provided for cooling properly.
    Projectors are classified according to the beam spread:

    • Narrow Beam Projectors:


    • In this type of projector beam is spread between 12 – 25°.
    These are used for distance more than 70 metres.
    • Medium Angle Projectors:
    • Projectors with beam spread between 25 – 40°. These are used
    for distance between 30 to 70 metres.
    • Wide Angle Projectors:
    • These are the projectors with beam spread between 40 – 90°
    and are used for distance below 30 metres.
    • Number of projectors required for any desired intensity on particular
    surface is obtained from the following relation.
    PHOTOMETRY
    • In the field of optics, photometry is defined as the term that provides the
    measurement of light, as recognized by the eye of a human being.

    • However, the concept of photometry is quite different from radiology as radiology


    deals with the measurements associated with radiations from the optics.

    • In dealing with this concept of photometry, the term luminous holds much
    significance.

    • In simpler terms, photometry can be stated as the measure of the brightness of


    light that is noticed through the human eye.

    • Four physical photometric quantities are mentioned while talking about the
    science of photometry. The four quantities are luminous flux, illuminance,
    luminance and lastly, the intensity of luminous.
    • Only light having a wavelength between 360 and 800 nm is responded to
    by the human eye. Radiometry mainly deals with electromagnetic radiation
    at all frequencies and wavelengths while photometry mainly deals with
    visible light - part of the electromagnetic spectrum which is responsible for
    the stimulation of vision in the human eye.

    • A photometer is a device that is used to measure light.

    • A photometer is a device that measures the strength of electromagnetic


    radiation in the range of infrared radiation to ultraviolet radiation, including
    the visible part of the electromagnetic spectrum.

    • Usually, a photometer converts light into electric current by using a


    photoresistor, photomultiplier, and photodiode.
    PHOTOMETERS MEASURE THE FOLLOWING PARAMETERS:

    • Illuminance
    • Light absorption
    • Irradiance
    • Reflection of light
    • Scattering of light
    • Fluorescence
    • Luminescence
    • Phosphorescene
    PHOTOMETRY APPLICATIONS

    • Highly sensitive photometers are used to evaluate the contrast ratios of


    cathode-ray tubes, flat panel displays, and liquid crystal displays.

    • Goniophotometers are used to characterize the contrast and luminance of


    flat panel displays over a huge array of angles.

    • Photometers are applied for speedy and accurate testing of automotive


    dashboards and cockpit displays.

    • The illuminance of theater screens, transmittance of filters, uniformity of


    projection systems, and reflectance of paper, ceramics, and textiles are
    some other common uses of photometers.

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