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CHAPTER 2 – SOLUTIONS
Mixture : Combination of two or more components together is called mixture
Ex ; Air (combination of different gases O2, N2 , H2)

Types of Mixture
Homogenous Mixture Hetrogenous Mixture
A homogeneous mixture is a mixture in which A heterogeneous mixture is a mixture in which
the composition is uniform throughout the the composition is not uniform throughout the
mixture mixture.
Ex: Salt and water Ex: Sand and water
Air Vegetable soup

Solution
A liquid mixture in which the minor
component (solute) is uniformly, distributed
within the major component (solvent).

Solute
The minor component in the solution is
called as solute

Solvent
The major component in the solution is
called as solvent

Solutions are of three types :-

Unsaturated Solution Saturated Solution Supersaturated Solution

The Solution which contains less The solution which contains The solution which contains
than equilibrium amount of maximum amount of solute greater than equilibrium amount
solute is called as Unsaturated (equilibrium amount of solute) of solute is called Supersaturated
Solution. dissolved in solvent is called as solution.
Saturated Solution.

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Solubility
The ratio of amount of solute in moles to the volume of solution in liters is called as solubility
𝐴𝑚𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑒 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒
𝑆𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑏𝑖𝑙𝑖𝑡𝑦 = 𝑈𝑛𝑖𝑡 = 𝑜𝑟 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒 𝐿−1
𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑙𝑖𝑡𝑟𝑒

1. Nature of solute and solvent:-

a. The substance having almost similar intermolecular forces are most likely to be soluble in each other
(like dissolves in like)
b. Generally polar solute dissolves in polar solvent and non-polar solute in non-polar solvent
c. The solubility of solute in a solvent is as a result of similar solute-solute, solute-solvent and solvent-
solvent interaction
d. For example (NaCl) - Polar solute is soluble in (H20) water-polar solvent
e. For example Cholesterol-Non polar solute dissolves in Benzene-non polar solvent

2. Effect of Temperature
a. Solubility of substance changes with temperature and depends on enthalpy of solution
b. According to Le-chateliers principle, when the substance dissolves in water by endothermic process, its
solubility increases with increase in temperature ex. Solubility of KBr in water
c. When the substance dissolves in w ater by exothermic process, its solubility decreases with increase in
temperature
Enthalpy of Solution= Enthalpy of Heat

Endothermic reaction Exothermic reaction

The reaction in which heat is absorbed is called The reaction in which heat is released is called as
Endothermic reaction exothermic reaction
Endothermic Heat Solubility
reaction absorbed Increaes
Temperature
Increases
Exothermic Heat Solubility
reaction Released Decreases

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• Solubilities of NaBr, NaCl and KCl change slightly with

temperature.
• Solubilities of KNO3 , NaNO3 and KBr increase appreciably
with increasing temperature.
• Solubility of Na2SO4 decreases with increase of temperature.

3. Effect of pressure on solubility

a. Pressure has no effect on the solubility of solid and liquids (incompressible)
b. Pressure shows greater effect on the solubility of gases in liquids
c. The relationship between Solubility of gas in liquid and pressure of gas is given by 'Henry law'

Henry Law-
According to law "Solubility of a gas in a liquid is directly proportional to the pressure of the gas”.
Solubility of gas in liquid α Pressure Where; Unit
SαP S= Solubility of gas in liquid Solubility =
𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒
𝑙𝑖𝑡𝑟𝑒
𝑺 P= Pressure
S = KH P KH = 𝑷 Pressure = bar
KH= Henry’s Constant 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒
⸫ KH =
𝑙𝑖𝑡𝑟𝑒 𝑏𝑎𝑟

• Exceptions
1. NH3(g) ammonia 2. CO2(g) Carbon dioxide
Don’t obey henry’s law they show very high Don’t obey henry’s law they show very high
solubility solubility
Reason Reason
NH3(g) reacts with water H2O(l) CO2(g) reacts with water H2O(l)
NH3(g) + H2O(l) ⇌ NH4+ + OH- CO2(g) + H2O(l) ⇌ H2CO3 (carbonic acid)
As NH3(g) reacts with water its highly soluble As CO2(g)) reacts with water its highly soluble.

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Raoults’s Law
Def Expression
According to the law “The partial vapour pressure Consider a binary solution of two volatile liquids
of any volatile component of a solution is equal to Liquid A1 A2
the vapour pressure of pure component multiplied Partial pressure P1 P2
by its mole fraction”. Mole fraction x1 x2
P= P0 x

Where; So P1 = P10 x1 P2 = P20 x2

P= Partial vapour pressure By Daltons law of partial pressure
P0 = Vapour pressure of pure component PT = P1 + P2
x = Mole fraction = P10 x1 + P20 x2 ……… x1+ x2=1
PT = Total pressure = P10 (1- x2) + P20 x2 ……… x1 = 1- x2
= P10 - P10 x2 + P20 x2
= P10+ P20 x2- P10 x2

PT = P10 + x2 (P20- P10)

Variation of vapour pressure with mole Formula

fraction of solute Raoult’s law for volatile liquid
PT = P10 + x2 (P20- P10)
Wkt P1 = P10 x1 P2 = P20 x2

Raoult’s law for gases

P1 = PT y1
P2 = PT y2

For liquids mole fraction x1 + x2 =1

For gases mole fraction y1 + y2 =1

Note ; Addition of non-volatile solute to the pure solvent results in the decrease of vapour pressure

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Difference between Ideal solution and Non-ideal solution

Points of difference Ideal Solution Non-Ideal Solution
Obey / Don’t obey raoult’s law They obey Raoult’s law They don’t obey Raoult’s law
ΔH mix ΔH mix = 0 ΔH mix ≠ 0
ΔV mix ΔV mix = 0 ΔV mix ≠ 0
Nature of interaction Solute-solute, solute-solvent, Solute-solute, solute-solvent,
solvent-solvent interaction are solvent-solvent interaction are
comparable. not comparable.
Vapour pressure relation Vapour pressure of ideal solution Vapour pressure of non- ideal
lies between vapour pressure of solution can be either higher or
pure component lower than pure component
Example Benzene + Toulene Phenol + aniline
Deviation They obey Raoults law therefore They don’t obey raoults law
they don’t deviate. therefore they deviate

There are two types of deviations

Points of Positive deviation Negative deviation
difference
Interaction Solute-solvent interaction are weaker Solute-solvent interaction are stronger
than solute-solute interaction and than solute-solute interaction and
solvent-solvent interaction solvent-solvent interaction
Vapour pressure The vapour pressure of solution is higher The vapour pressure of solution is lower
of solution than vapour pressure of pure solvent than vapour pressure of pure solvent
Example Ethanol + acetone Phenol + aniline
CS2 + acetone CHCl3 + acetone
Diagram

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➢ Colligative properties of nonelectrolyte solutions

The physical properties that depends on the number of solute particles in solution and doesn’t depend
upon the nature of solute particles is called as colligative property.

Colligative properties

Vapour pressure Freezing point Osmotic pressure

Boiling point elevation
lowering depression

1. Vapour pressure lowering

The pressure exerted by the vapour on the surface of liquid in a close container, is called as vapour
pressure lowering.
When a non volatile (non ionizable) solid is
dissolved in a solvent

Let P₁0 = )Vapour pressure of pure solvent

P₁ = Vapour pressure of solution
ΔP = Vapour pressure lowering

The vapour pressure of pure solvent (P 10) >> Vapour pressure of solution (P 1)
⸫ΔP = P10 - P1
Applying Raoult’s law Where
P1 = P10 x1 ΔP = vapour pressure lowering
Wkt x1+ x2=1 or x1 = 1- x2 P₁0 = )Vapour pressure of pure solvent
⸫ P1 = P10 (1- x2) P₁ = Vapour pressure of solution (solute+solvent)
⸫ P1 = P10 - P10 x2 Solute particles = (non volatile) don’t vaporise
⸫ P10 - P1 = P10 x2
⸫ΔP = P10 x2 …….. ΔP = P10 - P1

Relative lowering of vapour pressure

𝑛2
P10 - P1 = P10 x2 𝑥2 = 𝑛 = mole fraction of solute
1 + 𝑛2
𝑷𝟎𝟏 − 𝑷𝟏 𝜟𝑷 ΔP = vapour pressure lowering
= 𝒙𝟐 = 𝒙𝟐
𝑷𝟎𝟏 𝑷𝟎𝟏 𝛥𝑃
= (x2) relative lowering of vapour pressure
𝑃10

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Determination of molecular mass of solute using Where,

vapour pressure lowering method x1 = mole fraction of solvent
𝛥𝑃 x2 = mole fraction of solute
= 𝑥2 n1 = no. of moles of solvent
𝑃10
𝛥𝑃 𝑛2 n2 = no. of moles of solute
= 𝑥2 = W1 = Mass of solvent
𝑃10 𝑛1 + 𝑛2
for dil. Solvent n2 value in denominator can be W2 = Mass of solute
rejected. (𝑛2 = 0) M1= Molecular mass of solvent
M2 =Molecular mass of solute
𝛥𝑃 𝑛 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 (𝑊 )
= 𝑛2 2
𝑛2 (𝑛𝑜 𝑜𝑓 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑠) = 𝑀𝑜𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠(𝑀
𝑃10 1 2)

𝑊 𝑊
⸫ 𝑛2 = 𝑀2 & 𝑛1 = 𝑀1
2 1

𝜟𝑷 𝑾 𝑿𝑴 𝑷𝟎𝟏 𝑾𝟐 𝑿 𝑴𝟏
⸫ = 𝑴 𝟐 𝑿 𝑾 𝟏 or ΔP =
𝑷𝟎𝟏 𝟐 𝟏 𝑴𝟐 𝑿 𝑾𝟏

Reason for vapour pressure lowering

a) When a non volatile solute is dissolved in a solvent, so the surface of solvent molecules are
replaced by non-volatile solute molecules
b) As solute are non-volatile, so they do not contribute to any vapour pressure, due to which solution
vaporizes to a slower rate
c) So vapour pressure lowers and hence called as vapour pressure lowering.

2. Boiling point elevation

Boiling point: The temperature at which, the vapour pressure of the liquid becomes equal to the
atmospheric pressure is called as Boiling point
Liquid ⇌ Vapour
Vapour pressure of liquid = Atmospheric pressure
When a non-volatile (non-ionizable)
solute is dissolved in a solvent
Let,
Tb0 = boiling point of pure solvent
Tb = Boiling point of solution
Δ Tb = Elevation in boiling point /
change in boiling point

Tbo (pure solvent) < Tb (solution)

Boiling point of pure solvent (Tb0) << Boiling point of solution (Tb)
ΔTb = Tb - Tb0

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Expression for elevation in boiling point

ΔTb α m Where,
ΔTb = elevation in boiling point
ΔTb = Kb m Kb = molal elevation constant or ebullioscopy constant or B.P elevation constant
m = molality

Ebullioscopy constant or molal elevation constant

The ebullioscopy constant or molal elevation constant is defined as the elevation in the boiling point,
produced by 1 molal solution
OR
The constant which is equal to the elevation in boiling point when molality (m) of solution is unity
ΔTb = Kb Where m=molality=1

The above phenomenon in which elevation in boiling point is measured is called as Ebullioscopy

Unit of Ebullioscopic constant (Kb)

∆𝑇𝑏 𝐾𝑒𝑙𝑣𝑖𝑛
Kb = = 𝑚𝑜𝑙 = 𝐾. 𝐾𝑔. 𝑚𝑜𝑙 −1
𝑚 ( )
𝐾𝑔

Determination of molecular mass of solute using boiling point elevation method

ΔTb = Kb m where,

𝑛𝑜 𝑜𝑓 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑒 m=molality

m = 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑣𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑖𝑛 𝑘𝑔
M=molecular mass
W=mass
𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑒 Kb= Ebullioscopic constant
no of moles=𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑒
W1= mass of solvent
𝑊2
n2 = W2= mass of solute
𝑀2
𝑛2 𝑥 1000 𝑊2 𝑥 1000 𝑚𝑜𝑙 M1 = molecular mass of solvent
and m = =
𝑊1 𝑀2 𝑋 𝑊1 𝑘𝑔 M2 = molecular mass of Solute
ΔTb= Elevation in boiling point
𝑾 𝒙 𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎
ΔTb = Kb x ( 𝑴𝟐 )
𝟐 𝑿 𝑾𝟏

OR

𝑾𝟐 𝒙 𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎 𝒙 𝑲𝒃
M2 = 𝑾𝟏 𝑿 𝚫𝐓𝐛

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Elevation of boiling point as a consequence of vapour pressure lowering

1. The vapour pressure of solution is lower
than that of pure solvent, so the vapour
pressure temperature curve of solution lies
below the solvent curve
2. The boiling point of solution is higher than
that of pure solvent and can be
understood from figure
3. The vapour pressure of solution needs
higher temperature to reach 1 atm and
vapour pressure of pure solvent requires
less temperature to reach l atm
4. Due to which, the boiling point of solution
is higher than that of pure solvent so it is Vapour pressure-temperature of pure
termed as Boiling point elevation solvent and solution
(increment)

3. Freezing Point depression

Freezing point : The temperature at which vapour pressure of solid and liquid are equal is called as
freezing point
Solid ↔Liquid
When a non-volatile solute is
dissolved in a solvent
Let Tfº =Freezing point of pure solvent
Tf = Freezing point of solution
ΔTf - Depression in freezing point

Freezing point of pure solvent ( Tfº ) >> freezing point of solution (Tf)

ΔTf = Tf 0 - Tf

Expression for depression in freezing point

ΔTf α m Where, ΔTf = depression in freezing point
ΔTf = Kf m Kf = Cryoscopic constant
m = molality
Cryoscopic constant OR molar depression constant
The cryscopic constant is defined as the depression in freezing point, produced by 1 molal solution
OR
The molal depression in freezing point or cryoscopic constant is equal to depression in freezing point
when molality of solution is equal to unity
ΔTf = Kf Where m=molality=1

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The phenomenon in which depression in freezing point is measured is called as Cryoscopy.

Unit of cryscopic constant
𝑇𝑓 𝐾𝑒𝑙𝑣𝑖𝑛
Kf = = 𝑚𝑜𝑙 = 𝐾. 𝐾𝑔. 𝑚𝑜𝑙 −1
𝑚 ( 𝐾𝑔 )

Determination of molecular mass of solute using freezing point depression method

ΔTf = Kf m Where,

𝑛𝑜 𝑜𝑓 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑒 𝑛 W1= mass of solvent

m = 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑣𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑖𝑛 𝑘𝑔 =𝑊2
1 W2= mass of solute
M1 = molecular mass of solvent
𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑒 M2 = molecular mass of Solute
no of moles=𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑒
ΔTf = Freezing point depression
𝑊
n2 = 𝑀2 Kf = Cryoscopic constant
2
𝑛2 𝑥 1000 𝑊2 𝑥 1000 𝑚𝑜𝑙 = molal depression constant
and m = = ( 𝑘𝑔 )
𝑊1 𝑀2 𝑋 𝑊1 = Depression in freezing point constant
𝑾 𝒙 𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎
ΔTf = Kf X ( 𝑴𝟐 )
𝟐 𝑿 𝑾𝟏

OR
𝑲𝒇 𝒙 𝑾𝟐 𝒙 𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎
𝑴𝟐 =
𝚫𝐓𝒇 𝑿 𝑾𝟏

Elevation of freezing point as a consequence of vapour pressure lowering

The vapour pressure of solution is lower than that of pure solvent, so the vapour pressure temperature
curve of solution lies below that of the solvent
Representation of variation of vapour pressure with temperature
Elevation of freezing point as a consequence Representation of variation of vapour pressure
of vapour pressure lowering with temperature
1. The vapour pressure of solution is lower
than that of pure solvent, so the vapour
pressure temperature curve of solution
lies below that of the solvent
2. In pure solvent, the molecules are very
close to each other, but in case of
solution, the molecules of solvent are
separated from each other, because of
solute molecules, so the attractive forces,
between the solvent are molecules are
less in solution
3. Due to which, the freezing point of pure
solvent is higher than that of solution, so The above diagram consists of three curves
it is termed as freezing point depression Curve AB:-Represents vapour pressure curve of
(decrement) solid solvent

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Curve CD:-Represents vapour pressure curve of

liquid solvent
Curve EF:-Represents vapour pressure curve of
Solution
Point B:-Solid solvent is in equilibrium with liquid
solvent
Point E:-Solid solvent is in equilibrium with
solution

4. Osmotic pressure
a. Semipermeable membrane:-
The membrane which selectively allows the
solvent molecules to pass through them and do
not allow the solute (large) molecules to pass is
called as Semipermeable membrane
b. Osmosis
The net spontaneous flow of solvent molecules
from more dilution solution (solvent side) towards
more concentrated solution (solution side) is
called as Osmosis
Osmosis

Osmotic pressure
The hydrostatic pressure which stops the process
of osmosis, is called an Osmotic pressure of
solution represented by ( 𝜋 ).

Types of solutions

Isotonic solution Hypertonic solution Hypotonic solution

If two or more solutions have, If two or more solution having If two or more solution having
same osmotic pressure are called different osmotic pressure, then different osmotic pressure, then
as isotonic solution the more concentrated solution the less concentrated solution
with the higher osmotic pressure with lower osmotic pressure is
is called as Hypertonic solution called as Hypotonic solution
Hyper = High Hypo = less
Isotonic = Same osmotic Hypertonic = Higher osmotic Hypotonic = lower osmotic
pressure pressure pressure

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Ex; Ex; Ex;

0.1 M urea and 0.1 M sucrose 0.2 M urea and 0.1 M sucrose 0.2 M urea and 0.1 M sucrose
solution are isotonic solutions solution solution
So urea has higher concentration So sucrose has lower
so shows higher osmotic concentration so shows lower
pressure osmotic pressure

Relation between Osmotic pressure and Determination of molecular mass of solute

concentration of solution using osmotic pressure method
𝑛2 𝑛2
𝜋 = 𝐶𝑅𝑇 𝟎𝒓 𝜋 = 𝑀𝑅𝑇 𝑶𝒓 𝜋 = 𝑅𝑇 𝜋 = 𝐶𝑅𝑇 = 𝑀𝑅𝑇 = 𝑅𝑇
𝑉 𝑉
𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑒
n2 = no. of moles of solute =
𝑀𝑜𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑒
where So,
C=M= Concentration or Molarity of solution
𝑾𝟐 𝑹𝑻 𝑾𝟐 𝑹𝑻
n2 =number of moles of solute 𝝅= OR M2 =
𝑴𝟐 𝑽 𝝅𝑽
V= volume of solution

The osmotic pressure is measured at a constant

temperature, and Molarity depends on
temperature, so solute concentration is expressed
in terms of (M) Molarity only, in case of osmotic
pressure.

Reverse Osmosis:-
• The phenomenon in which, the pure solvent
flows from solution (higher concentration)
towards the pure solvent (lower
concentration) is called as reverse osmosis.
• Reverse osmosis is possible, when a pressure
larger than the osmotic pressure is applied
across the solution.
• So in case of electrolyte, the number of ions
or particles increase in solution, when
dissolved in H₂O
• As colligative properties depends on the
number of ions or particles present in Colligative Colligative
solution. Propertiees of >> properties of
• So colligative properties of electrolyte shows Electrolytes non – electrolyte
higher values than for the colligative
properties of non- electrolytes.
1 unit of electrolyte + H2O → 2 or more ions
1 unit of non electrolyte + H2O → 1 ion

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Electrolyte (which break) Non- Electrolyte (which don’t break)

The molecules which dissociate are known as The molecules which don’t dissociate are known
electrolyte as non-electrolyte
Ex; Ex;

Colligative property of electrolyte >> Colligative property of non - electrolyte

Van't Hoff factor(i)
The ratio of colligative properties of electrolyte solution to the colligative property of non- electrolyte
solution at same concentration is called as Van't Hoff factor (i)
colligative properties of electrolyte solution
i= …… at same concentration
colligative property of non− electrolyte solution
∆𝑃 = 𝑉𝑎𝑝𝑜𝑢𝑟 𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒 𝑙𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑔
∆𝑃 ∆𝑇𝑏 ∆𝑇𝑓 𝜋 ∆𝑇𝑏 = 𝐸𝑙𝑒𝑣𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑖𝑛 𝑏𝑜𝑖𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑝𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡
i= = = =
∆𝑃0 ∆𝑇𝑏0 ∆𝑇𝑓0 𝜋0
∆𝑇𝑓 = 𝐷𝑒𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑖𝑛 𝑓𝑟𝑒𝑒𝑧𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑝𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡
𝜋 = 𝑂𝑠𝑚𝑜𝑡𝑖𝑐 𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒

In terms of moles In terms of molecular mass

𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑠 𝑎𝑓𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑠𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑀𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑜𝑟𝑒𝑡ℎ𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙
i= i=
𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑀𝑂𝑏𝑠𝑒𝑟𝑣𝑒𝑑

Expression for colligative properties of electrolyte

Colligative Properties Electrolyte Non- Electrolyte
Vapour pressure lowering ΔP = P1 x2
0
ΔP = i P10 x2
𝑃10 𝑊2 𝑋 𝑀1 𝑃10 𝑊2 𝑋 𝑀1
ΔP = ΔP = i
𝑀2 𝑋 𝑊1 𝑀2 𝑋 𝑊1
Elevation in boiling point ΔTb = Kb m ΔTb = i Kb m
𝑊 𝑥 1000 𝑊2 𝑥 1000
ΔTb = Kb x ( 2 ) ΔTb= i Kb x ( )
𝑀2 𝑋 𝑊1 𝑀2 𝑋 𝑊1
Freezing point depression ΔTf = Kf m ΔTf = i Kf m
𝑊2 𝑥 1000 𝑊2 𝑥 1000
ΔTf = Kf X ( ) ΔTf = i Kf X ( )
𝑀2 𝑋 𝑊1 𝑀2 𝑋 𝑊1
Osmotic pressure 𝜋 = 𝐶𝑅𝑇 𝜋 = 𝑖 𝐶𝑅𝑇
𝜋 = 𝑀𝑅𝑇 𝜋 = 𝑖 𝑀𝑅𝑇
𝑛2 𝑛2
𝜋 = 𝑅𝑇 𝜋=𝑖 𝑅𝑇
𝑉 𝑉

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Relation between Vant’s Hoff factor ( i ) and Degree of dissociation ( α )

𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑙𝑒𝑠 𝑖𝑛 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑠 𝑎𝑓𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑠𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
i=
𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑎𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡

Where, i = Vant’t hoff factor

𝒊−𝟏
α= n = sum of moles of ions obtained after dissociation
𝛂 −𝟏
α = degree of dissociation

Ex: formic acid ( HCOOH ) dissociation

𝑖−1 𝑖−1 𝑖−1
α= = =
α −1 2−1 1

i=1

QUESTIONS
Q.No 1 Choose the correct option (1 Mark each)
1. Which of the following is not a colligative property?
a) Vapour pressure b) Elevation in boiling point
c) Depression in freezing point d) Osmotic Pressure
2. Colligative property depends only on ____ in solution
a) Number of solute particles b) Number of solvent particles
c) Nature of solute particles d) Nature of solvent particles
3. The boiling point of water at high (height) altitude is low, because
a) Atmospheric pressure is high b) Atmospheric pressure is low
c) Temperature is low d) Temperature is high
4. The determination of molar mass from elevation in boiling is called as
a) Spectroscopy b) Colorimetry c) Ebullioscopy d) Cryoscopy
5. Which of the following 0.1M aqueous solution will exert highest osmotic pressure
a) KCI b) Na2SO4 c) MgCl2 d) H2(SO4)3

Q. No 2 Answer the following (1 Mark each)

1. Give the relationship between relative lowering of vapour pressure and molecular mass of non-
volatile solute?
2. Define cryoscopic constant?
3. How does solubility of gas varies or changes with temperature?
4. Define semipermeable membrane

Q. No 3 Answer the following (2 Mark each)

1. State Henry's law with proper expression?
2. Explain any two points of difference in ideal & non- ideal solution?
3. Define Ebullioscopic constant and give its unit?
4. Explain reverse osmosis?
5. Define isotonic solution with suitable example?

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6. Give reason? When solute is non volatile, the vapour pressure of solution is equal to the vapour
pressure essure of Solvent above the solution?
7. What is depression in freezing point?
8. Give the diagram representing the variation of vapour pressure with temperature of pure solvent,
Solid solvent & Solution?
9. Define van't Hoff factor and Colligative property?

Q. No 4 Answer the following (3 Mark each)

1. An organic substance (M=169 g/mol) is dissolved in 400 cm³ of water, its osmotic pressure at 12º
was found to be 0.60 atm. If R=0.0821 L atm K-1 mol-1, calculate the mass of solute?
2. The boiling of benzene is 353.23 K, when 2.0 gram of non volatile solute was dissolved in 82
gram of benzene, the boiling point is raised to 345.11k. Calculate the molar mass of solute (k b for
benzene=2.53K/mol)?
3. The vapour pressure of pure benzene is 640 mm of Hg. 3.2x10 -3 kg of non-volatile solute is added
to 56 gram of benzene, the vapour pressure of solution is 600nm of Hg. Calculate the molecular
mass of solute? (C=12, H=1)
4. 4.2.0x10-3 kg of urea when dissolved in 0.062 kg of a solvent by 0.211 k.1.88x10 -3 kg of another
non- electrolyte solute, when dissolved in 0.086kg of the same solvent depresses the freezing
point by 0.62 calculate the molar mass of the another solute (given molar mass of urea=60 g/mol)
5. The vapour pressure of pure liquids A and B are 450mm of Hg and 700 mm of Hg, respectively at
350 K Find the composition of liquid and vapour, it total vapour pressure is 600 mm of Hg?
6. What is freezing point of liquid? Explain why freezing point of solvent is lowered by dissolving a
non-volatile solute into it?
7. Obtain the relationship between freezing point depression of a solution containing non-volatile,
non-electrolyte solute and its molar mass?

Q. No 5 Answer the following (4 Mark each)

1. Solution containing 0.73g of camphor (molar mass 152g/mol) in 36.8g of acetone (boiling point
56.3°C) boils at 56.55°C. A solution of 0.564 g of unknown compound in the same weight of
acetone boils at 56.46° calculate the molar mass of the unknown compound.
2.
a. What is the concentration of dissolved oxygen at 50° C under pressure of one atmosphere
if partial pressure of oxygen at 50º is 0.14 atm (Henry's law constant for oxygen=1.3x10 -3
mol dm-3 atm-1
b. Explain why the colligative properties of electrolyte solutions are higher than that of non-
electrolyte solution.
3. Define the following terms
a. Hypertonic solution
b. Hypotonic solution
c. Osmotic pressure
d. Ebullioscopy
4. 5.81g of solution is dissolved in 200g of CS2 , the solution boils at 324.81K, what is the
molecular the formula of sulphur in solution? The boiling point of CS2 is 319.45k (given that K,
for CS2 =2.6k kg/mol and atomic mass of S=32) respectively.

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