SECTICN A

Determination And Comparison Of Areas

Bounded By AKnown Curve (e.g. sinx, cosX,
Straight Line, Circle, Parabola, Ellipse) By
Definite Integral And By Dividing The Total
Enclosed Area IntoGiven Number Of Small
Trapeziums (i.e., Dividing The Given Interval
Into Number 0f Small Subintervals,
Taking 3 Values Of h

THFALF AMZ TAAT (definite integral) 4t A|AnAIA A0ferpb T(fundamental theorem

of integral calculus)-9 E1(S yb yteetgq TATAt 53|

(generalised or composite trapezoidalrule)-a A HAo* SteÁKtE¡N TA R AA yaft

0Cotbt at qoft [Description]

tiGAya A [Trapezoidal rule] Q(6,f(6)
P (a,f(a))
R
4aT AI,a<xb fA81y = f(x) 4FTS UCF, AII
y=j)
yE RotA GTGT PR0 4 3 I A X = a3 x = b GT x

- U f a 1sPCT A 9 B FIb aR P 3 Q Arya

(a)<
ASF AIFLT (a,fa)) 3 (b, f(b)) If9Ay AGT
y =f(x) 3FA URTe PRQ CGAA AARLÓ PQ TAALAT 4AT
4T|OR y = f(x) 4s, -
x FR x = a 3 x= b pifs
A B
(x=a) (r=b)
value) PQ ISAANI, xUF GR x = a 9 x= b(tft yt b1
2

= AB = OB OA = b-a||

RURSTDitGeneralised or composite trapezoidal rulej

gsf o RA0SE A0 041 ftertfA44 (Composite or generalised trapezoidal rule) I

[Description ofthe method and to derive the formula to find the approximate areaofenclosed
region]

BED 3, DA B 3 D A A F R0PUT (a, f(a) R (b, f(b)) 2KI

a1, x-LA UI A, P,, Po, Pas , P,_1 3C AvtG at AC RetAF ALoF6 h miSa

OA = x = 0,
B D
OP, =x = a+h,
OP, = x, = 4+2h,
f(a) f(b)

OPn-1 = n-1= a+ (n- 1)h

Ah PihPhP, X IR OC= x, =a+ nh =b
(x=a) (x) (x) (x) (z,) (x=b) b-a
nh = b-a At, h =
fbu 2 n

(Ig Y3)
eR B, Q1 Q Q3 ", Qn- 9 D Rq|TAS<s NTs4(a,fa)), (x, y), (xy, Yy).

+P,Pg,2
A = AP, Q,B GPfNA0(AA RA4A +P, P,Q,0, tfrIAA (TaA
GtffAIAA GRAPA t.+ Pn-1 CDe,-1
-~u)+y}h+o,+)h+~0,+y,)h+..*Vn-1+Rb)}h
P,-C= h.
[" AP, = P,P, = P,Pa = .. =
 Section A 3

-4a) +fb)} +2(1 +2 +yg +* *yn-1)) ..(1)

trapezoidal rule] Gt 4T|

activity

(b) n =9 Q4R (c). n = 12 |

ProcesS
fAIN} TAPLGA IEt(AS 3y = 2x+7 t y= <(2x+7) 1GILA0, X-UFAR x = 1 9x =7

: A=ydx = (2x+ 7)dt =

-(49+ 49) -(1 +7)] =(8-8) = x90 =30 7ÍaeF
iü (a) A9 nh = b-a Rn = 6, a = l Rb = 7
h= D-a ?-l=1
n 6

OAR, X, = a+h=l+1 = 2,x, = a+2h = 1+2xl= 3;C, ta= 4,x, = 5,

Xs = 6 |

15

aR f1) = (2x1+7) =39f7) = (2x7+7)==7

Aj =ia) +Kb) +2(4; +yg +yg tYatYs)l

+3,15,17

=¿x 60 = 30 a E
 13
=2 =
39
=3 9 h
(2x+7)
1,
=
h
= - AAR
X, X, =
y
x=UITA, , aTat aETN
APG
2
40)| AME IfF
2 y)]
+59)]-10xs0]l+2x; y1j)l
+ aT INKKAK
59) G,
1+
* + + .+ AIA
= = 24
2h 59 . .. Tia =; 2h + + TT
a+
9
t
+Ys 39+
30
a+ Ys
+ +22-}+7+2x0+2
30
=AF
= = +, 35+ = y, 120
-x 55 = 12
6
+ TASTqtT
=9 + D-=
=x90 2('1 x
= 5
n 2(y, -H10o1
3+7+31
1+;= + = (c)
yfb
h = + 2
+fb) 110) oiD
o7 1+ 51 +fb) 3
26 9
= 80) = (b)
=9 = =Y% h
=(10+ = =a) +
=(10 (a),
7
x=
a+h ¯a) tT a+h
n (ii)-a
TNA
47 12 24 6
= =Ys = = = 1
a2tt,
x, A, n X A R =
ToR, RI, ToR, x
43 9
4141A R
Y4 xWF
(b) (c) (1)
 ii

(b) (ii)activity
(a) 9 fJFAIA A
= ProcesS
y
g, At, 1x<9
1x<9 U, = (relative)
h 4x
=
1 iASG,
X x, a
y, Xg x, a gt U0ALF
= = = REÍALF A, y nh=
= = = = = = h=ba =
4, a+ 1 fx) = 3104 - x fAT
9h 0.8 0.8 =2+ f(x) a+ 1 n
2,"xdx
X ia) 5.8, b-a -SF
h 8T6 × [8 3 = ydr (a)
= = = 43.16180 x h h=
TA|
+ = = 2/x; = 34.66667 GR 5 2
5, 1+1 l; gR =
41T 4(1.61245 6 +f(b) 2/2.6, = 1+ 1.6; 9-15 9 t6
X; +2(2/2.6 7.4 =2/xdx X
4A 1.6 n 2x = (b)
= = :. =
= + = 1 8
6, 2, y, = f(l) l.6 4aF$
34.52944 2(, 5,a = 9x= 6
+ 2.6, 37
X6 x, G8tA 2.04939+24/4.2 = = 3
= = +y2 f(x,) 2/1 := (c)
x, 3b1= (a1N) 9
7, a+ 10
4TApF ty3t = = =
X 2h + a+2h 3 PID fb
Ylt + 244.2; 2 4x UtA3tA
= 2.40832+2.72029 25.8 aR TID
8 =
l+2>xl Y4)l 9
Atet) = y>0] 3
+ 1+2× f(9) at Section A
GT, 2/7.4)] AT SS0
nh =
=3; , 2/9 TT
y4 1.6 FLA
=
b-a )] = = AA
2/5.8 A0, 6 ARLATG
t, Xy
= WLGA
8h 3 G7NUT
y, 4.2;
=
9-1 = CHOPLAA
2/7.4
S2
6
y, =fx)= 2,/x, = 2/2 = 2 x1.41421, y, = 2,/x, = 2/3 = 2x 1.73205:
s Y, = 2x2. y, = 2/5 = 2x 2.23607, y; = 2/6 = 2x 2.44949,

Ve = 2? = 2x 2.64575 RR y, = 2/8 = 2 x 2.82842

A, =Ua) +fb) +2(y; +y+y, +Y4 +y; +y¢+ y,)l

-H2+6+4(141421 +1.73205 + 2 + 2.23607+2.44949 + 2.64575 + 2.82842 )l

[8+4 x 15.30599] = 34.61198 Tta< ( )

(c) 1<x<9 Rs0AF 10f AMCÁISA GR80LA At 24G1, nh= b-a

8
10h = 9- 1 = 8 At, h = = 0.8
10
a = 1, h= 0.8

l+2x 0.8 = 2.6;

X = a+h=1+0.8 = l.8, x, = a+2h =
9 x, = 8.2
Ug, x = 3.4, x = 4.2, x, = 5, x = 5.8, x, = 6.6, x¡ = 7.4

OAR, y, = fx) = 2,/x, = 2/1.8 = 2x 1.34164 ,

Y = 2,/x, = 2/2.6 = 2× 1.61245
2x 2.04939,
Us, y, = 23.4 = 2 x 1.84391, y, = 2J4.2 =

ye = 25 = 2x 2.23607, y'= 2/5.8 = 2x

2.40832

2.72029 9
y, = 26.6 = 2 x 2.56907, yo = 27.4 =
Yo = 2W8.2 = 2x 2.86356

Ag =fa) +fb) + 2(yË+y, +ygt *y9)1

+ 2.23607 + 2.40832
0.8
2+6+ 4(1.34164 + l,61245 +1.8439l +2.04939 2.86356|
2 + 2.56907 + 2.72029 +
34.63148 (a1)
=0.4[8 +4X 19.64468] = 0.4× 86.57870 =

FA;
(OGTA YT A- A, (34.66667 - 34.52944) = 0.13723 °taF
(a)-x
(34.66667 - 34.61198) = 0.05469 qAFPA;
(b)-4 GHa GOAA AIT A- A, =
-34.63149) = 0.03518 a
RR (c)4A OGrOTG TA- Aa = (34.66667

0.03518
34.66667
X 100% = 0.1015% (eTA)
 B SectionA

activity

(a) h = 1, (b) h =.(c) h= ;

Process

8
A= ydx=64- d (: +y² = 64 R y> 0]
64 -
Sin
8Jo
[: a2 = 64 = 82]

= 32sin-1= 32 × = 16 x3.14159 = 50.26544 9P

ii (a) g nh = b -a Rh = 1, b = 8 a= 0

nl= 8-0 t, n= 8

y =fx) = W64-y2
fO) = J64 = 8 @R f(8) = J64 -64 = 0:
X, = a+h = 0 +1 = 1, xo = a+ 2h = 0+2xl= 2:

ad, X, = 3, x =4, xs = 5, x =6, x, = 7

y, =f(x) =W64 - 12 = J63 = 7.93725;

Ug, Y, = W64- 22 = J60 = 7.74597, y, = 6432 = 55 = 7.41620,

yA = N64 4 = 48 = 6.92820, y = N64- 52 = 39 = 6.24410.
Ve = 64 - 62 = J28 = 5.29150, y, = 64 -72 = J15 = 3.87298

A, =a) +f(b) +2(y ++Yg t**y)l

= [8+0+2(7.93725 +7.74597 +7.41620 + 6.92820
+6.24410 + 5.29150 + 3.87298)]
= [8+ 2x 45.43620]=x 98.87240 = 49.43620 fa<F
2

(b) (AUEù nh = b - a, h =,b=

3
8, a = 0
8

2
=8-0 =8 A1, n= 12

, =ah - 03- r- a+2h - 042 x -!

' s10. = 12 14 16 18
3 3 3

20 22
3 3

4
Vy = fx,)= 64 - x; =64-= 7.97217.
16
= 7.88811

A1. ya =7.74597 . y, = 7.54247 . y = 7.27247. ys = 6.92820,y- = 6.49786

YA = 5.96285. ya = 5.29150, y,, = 4.42217 R y,1 = 3.19722

a, = a) +f\b) + 2(y +2+yg t ) l

18+0+ 2(7.97217 +7.88811 +7.74597 +7.54247 +7.27247 +6.92820
+6.49786 + 5.96285 + 5.29150 + 4.42217 + 3.19722)|

-8+2x?70.72099]
=x 149.44198 = 49.81399 T14

(c) EE nh = b-a R h =:,

2
b= 8 9a = 0

n = 8- 0 = 8 1, n = 16

x, =a+h= 0+ =.x, = a+ 2h = 0+2x; = 1:

3 5 7
2

13 15
X}o = 5, X| = 2
*12 =6, X3 2

Y) =fa) = 64- x = 64- =/255 = 7.98436,

y, =64 - 12 = /63 = 7.93725, y, =/247 = 7.858 2,

Y4 = N64 - 22 = 60 = 7.74597,y, = 231 = 7.59934. y, = 7.41620

Y = 7.19375, y, = 6.92820, y, = 6.61438. Yo = 6.24450, yu = 5.80948.

Y12 = 5.29150, y,a = 4.66369, y,, = 3.87298, y, = 2.78388

 Section A

Ag =¯a) +fb) +2(Y, +, +y, + +'yg)]

=x[8
2
+0+2(7.98436 +7.93725 +7.85812 +7.74597 +7.59934 + 7.41620
+7.19375 + 6.92820 + 6.61438 + 6.24450 + 5.80948+ 5.29150+ 4.66369
+3.87298 + 2.78388 )1

- [8+2 x 95.94360)] =x
4
199.88720 = 49.97180 as<o

A-A, = (50.26544 49,43620) = 0.82924 4tg< Th = 1,

A- A, = (50.26544 49.81399) = 0.45145 9<F RTh

A- A =(50.26544 49.97180) = 0.29364 4taTF TA h = 2

activity
2 sinx dx PLGIA AIT RTFt|
Jo

wANIT A0 NA () h = 18° (i) h =15° AAR (ii) h=9°|F5 AAeA

18° 270 30° 36° 45°

fx) = sinx 0.15643 0.25882 0.30902 0.45399 0.50000 0.58779 0.70711

54° 60° 63° 72° 75° 81° 90°

fx) = sinx 0.80902 0.86603 0.89101 0.95106 0.96593 0.98769 1

Process (P sinx dx =- cosx=-(cos -coso) = -(0-1) =1

2 sinx dx GA OF IT 1
Jo

18° XI =0.31416 AIUIH

h = 18° =
180°
wNAt R, sin 0°+ sin 90° = 0+1=1
sin 18° + sin36°+ sin 54°+ sin 72
= 0.30902 + 0.58779 +0.80902 + 0.95106= 2,65689

0.3141b1
2
+2x 2.65689] = 0.31416
2
x 6.31378 = 0.99177 (0a)
S2,
10

h= 15° = 15° X I = 0.26180 sÍyNlq

180°

sin 0° + sin 90° = 0+1 =1

sin 15° + sin 30°+ sin 45° + sin 60° + sin 75°
= 0.25882 + 0.50000 + 0.70711+ 0.86603 + 0.96593 = 3.29789

O.2016U42 x 3.29789] = 0.1309 x 7.59578 = 0.99429 (TA)

2

9 X7 =0.15708 f t t
h = 9° =
180°

sin 0° + sin 90° = 0+l = I

sin 9° + sin 18° + sin 27° sin 36° sin 45° sin 54° + sin 63°
+ sin 72°+ sin 810

= 0.15643 + 0.30902 + 0.453990.58779 + 0.70711 + 0.80902 + 0.8910!

+0.95106 +0.98769

= 5.85312

0.15708l+2x5.85312] = 0.07854 x12.70624 = 0.99795 (YTN)

2

fEPLG NAN NISA 0.99177 4h= 18°;0.99429 h= 15° R 0.99795

activity 5

0.25 0.3 0.4 0.5

0 0.1 0.2
0.98009 0.96897 0.95538 0.92115 0.87771
fx) =cosx 0.99497

0.75 0.8 0.9 1.00000

0.6 0.7

0.82547 0.76493 0.73194 0.69696 0.62206 0.54073

fr) =cosx

Process dx = cosx dx =inx = sinl- sin0

= sinl = sin = sin(0x)

22

=sin 57°(16.4) = 0.84125 (aT)

T6TR TGAEA f AA 0.84125 (TR)||
 SectionA

=0
b= 13a
Rn= 4,
nh=b- a
= 0.25
1 A1, h = 4 oGPIIA5T(A
4h = 1-0= 7G
= cos1= 0.54073
1 Rfl)
fO)= cos0 = 0.5,
cosx; .. = 2x 0.25 =
R1,f ) = 0.25;x, = a+ 2h
a+h= 0+0.25 =
1, =
= 0.75
= 3x 0.25
= a+3h
R , cos0.5 = 0.87771
=f(i,) =
cos0.25 = 0.96897, y,
V =JN)=
0.73194
y, = jx) = cos0.75 =
aR

- r0) +fI) +2(,+y, +73))

e7G otfP0 AEIAI
0.87771 + 0.73194)]
l+0.54073+ 2(0.96897 +
= (13)
= 0.125 x
6.69797 = 0.83725
=0.125[1.54073 + 2 x 2.57862]

aRn=5,a= 0 8 b=1,
nh = b-a

t, h 0.2
5h =1-0 5

0.8
a+h= 0+0.2 = 0.2; gs,X, = 0.4, x, = 0.6, x, =
x, =
cos0.2 = 0.98009;
R y, =fu) =f(0.2) =
= cos0.8 = 0.69696
ya =Cos0.6 = 0.82547, V,
UGS V, = cos 0.4 = 0.92115,

=U0)+AU) +2(y, +y+yg+Y,))

=
2
1+0.54073 + 2(0.98009 + 0.92115 + 0.82547 + 0.69696)]

= 0.1[1.54073 + 2 x 3.42367= 0.83881

nh = b-aa4R n = 10, b=19 a= 0

10h = 1-0 = 1 , h==0.1

10

qosR, x, = a+h = 0+0.1 = 0.1;

g =0.2,x, =0.3, *4 =0.4, *; =0.5, x =0.6, x =0.7, N¡ =0.8, x, = 0.9

 12
Y =X,) = cos 0.1 = 0.99497;

gg, y, = 0.98009, y, = 0.95538, Y4 = 0.92115, y, = 0.87771, y% = 0.82547 ,

y, = 0.76493 , Ye = 0.69696, yo = 0.62206

¯O) +f) +2(, +y, +Y, t +Yg))

=1+ 0.54073 + 2(0.99497 +0.98009 + 0.95538 +0.92115 +0.87771
+0.825447 + 0.76493 + 0.69696 + 0.62206 )]

= 0.05[ 1.54073 + 15.27744] = 0.84091

0.83725 Th = 0.25; 0.83881 Ah =5 RR 0.84091 Th = 0.1: u, RTGF

B AATsiÍR IConclusions/Findingsl
INT Sttt, 14G16T, TG, gG, gG, y = sinx, y = cosx oIT A3FYE AIAT A A4of YTA

(i) RTAIGFGIMGyT AGAAATAT Qtb 3GAT, X-F R x= a 8 x = b PIID FID atst AA

(iü) R A T F g T AA AC3ITT FAST (RT 33, RgG, y = sinx, y = cosx o ) aT AIA

[activity 2 NLT activity5 241]|

(Simpson's one-third rulel a®
atr GugNT T, RATYT gfrerAya fAAT E0yI9 PAA AEyURT fATT

1. Numerical Mathematical Analysis- J.B. Searborough.

Computational Procedures - Dr. S. A.
BIBLIOGRAPHY 2. Numerical Analysis and
Mollah.
Analysis - K. L. Patra.
3. A First Course in Numerical
4. Numnerical Analysis - K. K. Mukherjee.
Analysis - A. Gupta and S. C. Bose.
5. Introduction to Numerical