24-09 1 Final

강영만 cafe.naver.
com/strongeacademy 조은사람 좋은문제
고1 2024-09월
모의고사 변형문제
강영만 & 조은사람 좋은문제
네이버 카페 [강한 영어학원 만들기] 조은사람 좋은문제

강영만 cafe.naver.com/strongeacademy 조은사람 좋은문제
강영만 16기 2024-09월 모의고사 PROJECT

강영만 아이디 성 함 지역 및 학원
네동이4 안혜지 경기 용인 인싸영어
도담한영어교실 김도담 부산 도담한 영어교실
두잇영어 박지연 울산 두잇영어
로렌아이 이채임 광주 화정동 아이영어
방울이누나 장은경 서울 상도동 올댓잉글리쉬
수천별마리 이상옥 서울 은평구 이스타영어학원
샬롯쌤 조가영 부산 똑똑 영어
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홍경 김민정 광주 3030용봉러닝센터학원
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undermoon 문미현 경기 수원 맥영어
기획, 편집, 검토; 조은사람 좋은문제 지광모 선생
네이버 카페 [강한 영어학원 만들기] 조은사람 좋은문제

고1 모의고사 2024-09월 변형문제
│20번│ │20번│
1. 다음 글의 제목으로 가장 적절한 것은?1) 3. 다음 글의 밑줄 친 부분 중, 문맥상 낱말의 쓰임이

적절하지 않은 것은?3)
As the parent of a gifted child, you need to be aware of
a certain common parent trap. Of course you are a proud As the parent of a gifted child, you need to be aware of
parent, and you should be. While it is very easy to talk a certain common parent ① trap. Of course you are a
nonstop about your little genius and his or her remark- proud parent, and you should be. While it is very ② easy
able behavior, this can be very stressful on your child. It to talk nonstop about your little genius and his or her re-
is extremely important to limit your bragging behavior markable behavior, this can be very stressful on your
to your very close friends, or your parents. Gifted chil- child. It is extremely important to ③ foster your brag-
dren feel pressured when their parents show them off ging behavior to your very close friends, or your parents.
too much. This behavior creates expectations that they Gifted children feel pressured when their parents show
may not be able to live up to, and also creates a false them off too much. This behavior ④ creates expect-
sense of self for your child. You want your child to be ations that they may not be able to live up to, and also
who they are, not who they seem to be as defined by creates a false sense of self for your child. You want your
their incredible achievements. If not, you could end up child to be who they are, not who they seem to be as ⑤ defined
with a driven perfectionist child or perhaps a drop-out, by their incredible achievements. If not, you could end
or worse. up with a driven perfectionist child or perhaps a
drop-out, or worse.
① The Risks of Concealing Children’s Talent
② The Pressure of Growing up at Each Stage
③ What Parents Should Watch in Gifted Children
④ How Confident Parents Impact Their Children’s Goal
⑤ Problems of Being Proud about Parental Background
│20번│
4. 글의 흐름으로 보아, 주어진 문장이 들어가기에 가

장 적절한 곳은?4)
│20번│
2. 다음 글의 밑줄 친 부분 중, 어법상 틀린 것은?2) Gifted children feel pressured when their parents show
them off too much.
As the parent of a gifted child, you need ① to be aware
of a certain common parent trap. Of course you are a
proud parent, and you should ② be. While it is very easy As the parent of a gifted child, you need to be aware of
to talk nonstop about your little genius and his or her re- a certain common parent trap. Of course you are a proud
markable behavior, this can be very stressful on your parent, and you should be. ( ① ) While it is very easy to
child. ③ It is extremely important to limit your bragging talk nonstop about your little genius and his or her re-
behavior to your very close friends, or your parents. markable behavior, this can be very stressful on your
Gifted children feel pressured when their parents show child. ( ② ) It is extremely important to limit your brag-
them off too much. This behavior creates expectations ging behavior to your very close friends, or your parents.
④ what they may not be able to live up to, and also cre- ( ③ ) This behavior creates expectations that they may
ates a false sense of self for your child. You want your not be able to live up to, and also creates a false sense of
child to be who they are, not ⑤ who they seem to be as self for your child. ( ④ ) You want your child to be who
defined by their incredible achievements. If not, you they are, not who they seem to be as defined by their in-
could end up with a driven perfectionist child or perhaps credible achievements. ( ⑤ ) If not, you could end up
a drop-out, or worse. with a driven perfectionist child or perhaps a drop-out,
or worse.
네이버 카페[강한 영어학원 만들기] 지광모 선생

- 3 -
│21번│ │21번│
5. 다음 글의 주제로 가장 적절한 것은?5) 7. 다음 글의 밑줄 친 부분 중, 문맥상 낱말의 쓰임이

적절하지 않은 것은?7)
One valuable technique for getting out of helplessness,
depression, and situations which are predominantly be- One valuable technique for getting out of helplessness,
ing run by the thought, "I can't," is to choose to be with depression, and situations which are predominantly be-
other persons who have resolved the problem with ing run by the thought, "I can't," is to choose to be with
which we struggle. This is one of the great powers of other persons who have ① resolved the problem with
self-help groups. When we are in a negative state, we which we struggle. This is one of the great powers of
have given a lot of energy to negative thought forms, and self-help groups. When we are in a negative state, we
the positive thought forms are weak. Those who are in a have given a lot of energy to negative thought forms, and
higher vibration are free of the energy from their neg- the positive thought forms are ② weak. Those who are
ative thoughts and have energized positive thought in a higher vibration are free of the energy from their
forms. Merely to be in their presence is beneficial. In negative thoughts and have ③ energized positive thought
some self-help groups, this is called "hanging out with forms. Merely to be in their ④ absence is beneficial. In
the winners." The benefit here is on the psychic level of some self-help groups, this is called "hanging out with
consciousness, and there is a transfer of positive energy the winners." The ⑤ benefit here is on the psychic level
and relighting of one's own latent positive thought of consciousness, and there is a transfer of positive en-
forms. ergy and relighting of one's own latent positive thought
forms.
① having high social status in self-help groups
② having relationships with people in a negative states
③ making an effort and using energy to think positively
④ benefit of self-help groups in overcoming negative thoughts
⑤ avoiding depressed people because of negative thoughts
│21번│
8. 글의 흐름으로 보아, 주어진 문장이 들어가기에 가

장 적절한 곳은?8)
│21번│
When we are in a negative state, we have given a lot of
6. 다음 글의 밑줄 친 부분 중, 어법상 틀린 것은?6)
energy to negative thought forms, and the positive
One valuable technique for getting out of helplessness, thought forms are weak.
depression, and situations which are predominantly be-
ing run by the thought, "I can't," is to choose to be with
One valuable technique for getting out of helplessness,
other persons who have resolved the problem with ① that
depression, and situations which are predominantly be-
we struggle. This is one of the great ② powers of
ing run by the thought, "I can't," is to choose to be with
self-help groups. When we are in a negative state, we
other persons who have resolved the problem with
have given a lot of energy to negative thought forms, and
which we struggle. ( ① ) This is one of the great powers
the positive thought forms are weak. ③ Those who are in
of self-help groups. ( ② ) Those who are in a higher vi-
a higher vibration are free of the energy from their neg-
bration are free of the energy from their negative
ative thoughts and have energized positive thought
thoughts and have energized positive thought forms.
forms. ④ Merely to be in their presence is beneficial. In
( ③ ) Merely to be in their presence is beneficial. ( ④ ) In
some self-help groups, this ⑤ is called "hanging out with
some self-help groups, this is called "hanging out with
the winners." The benefit here is on the psychic level of
the winners." ( ⑤ ) The benefit here is on the psychic
consciousness, and there is a transfer of positive energy
level of consciousness, and there is a transfer of positive
and relighting of one's own latent positive thought
energy and relighting of one's own latent positive
forms.
thought forms.

- 4 -
│22번│ │22번│
9. 다음 글의 제목으로 가장 적절한 것은?9) 11. 다음 글의 밑줄 친 부분 중, 문맥상 낱말의 쓰임

이 적절하지 않은 것은?11)
Our emotions are thought to exist because they have
contributed to our survival as a species. Fear has helped Our emotions are thought to exist because they have
us avoid dangers, expressing anger helps us scare off contributed to our survival as a species. Fear has helped
threats, and expressing positive emotions helps us bond us ① avoid dangers, expressing anger helps us scare off
with others. From an evolutionary perspective, an emo- threats, and expressing ② negative emotions helps us
tion is a kind of "program" that, when triggered, directs bond with others. From an evolutionary perspective, an
many of our activities (including attention, perception, emotion is a kind of "program" that, when triggered, di-
memory, movement, expressions, etc.). For example, rects many of our activities (including attention, percep-
fear makes us very attentive, narrows our perceptual fo- tion, memory, movement, expressions, etc.). For exam-
cus to threatening stimuli, will cause us either to face a ple, fear makes us very ③ attentive, narrows our percep-
situation (fight) or avoid it (flight), and may cause us to tual focus to threatening stimuli, will cause us either to
remember an experience more acutely (so that we avoid face a situation (fight) or avoid it (flight), and may cause
the threat in the future). Regardless of the specific ways us to remember an experience more acutely (so that we
in which they activate our systems, the specific emotions avoid the threat in the future). Regardless of the specific
we possess are thought to exist because they have helped ways in which they activate our systems, the specific
us (as a species) survive challenges within our environ- emotions we ④ possess are thought to exist because
ment long ago. If they had not helped us adapt and sur- they have helped us (as a species) survive challenges
vive, they would not have evolved with us. within our environment long ago. If they had not helped
us ⑤ adapt and survive, they would not have evolved
① Past Experiences Affect the Present We Live with us.
② Emotions Exist to Help Us Survive ans Adapt
③ Positive Thinking Impacts Our Lives Positively
④ Human Fear Hinders Growth and Personal Progress
⑤ Understanding Cause of Fear Fear's Cause Can Eliminate It
│22번│
Our emotions are thought ① to exist because they have

contributed to our survival as a species. Fear has helped
us avoid dangers, expressing anger helps us scare off
threats, and expressing positive emotions helps us bond
with others. From an evolutionary perspective, an emo-
tion is a kind of "program" that, when ② triggering, di-
rects many of our activities (including attention, percep-
tion, memory, movement, expressions, etc.). For exam-
ple, fear makes us very attentive, narrows our perceptual
focus to threatening stimuli, will cause us either to face a
situation (fight) ③ or avoid it (flight), and may cause us
to remember an experience more acutely (so that we
avoid the threat in the future). Regardless of the specific
ways in ④ which they activate our systems, the specific
emotions we possess are thought to exist because they
have helped us (as a species) survive challenges within
our environment long ago. If they ⑤ had not helped us
adapt and survive, they would not have evolved with us.

- 5 -
│22번│ │23번│
12. 글의 흐름으로 보아, 주어진 문장이 들어가기에 13. 다음 글의 제목으로 가장 적절한 것은?13)
가장 적절한 곳은?12)
By improving accessibility of the workplace for workers
Regardless of the specific ways in which they activate that are typically at a disadvantage in the labour market,
our systems, the specific emotions we possess are AI can improve inclusiveness in the workplace. AI-pow-
thought to exist because they have helped us (as a spe- ered assistive devices to aid workers with visual, speech
cies) survive challenges within our environment long or hearing difficulties are becoming more widespread,
ago. improving the access to, and the quality of work for peo-
ple with disabilities. For example, speech recognition
Our emotions are thought to exist because they have solutions for people with dysarthric voices, or live cap-
contributed to our survival as a species. ( ① ) Fear has tioning systems for deaf and hard of hearing people can
helped us avoid dangers, expressing anger helps us scare facilitate communication with colleagues and access to
off threats, and expressing positive emotions helps us jobs where inter-personal communication is necessary.
bond with others. ( ② ) From an evolutionary per- AI can also enhance the capabilities of low-skilled work-
spective, an emotion is a kind of "program" that, when ers, with potentially positive effects on their wages and
triggered, directs many of our activities (including atten- career prospects. For example, AI's capacity to translate
tion, perception, memory, movement, expressions, etc.). written and spoken word in real-time can improve the
( ③ ) For example, fear makes us very attentive, narrows performance of non-native speakers in the workplace.
our perceptual focus to threatening stimuli, will cause us Moreover, recent developments in AI-powered text gen-
either to face a situation (fight) or avoid it (flight), and erators can instantly improve the performance of low-
may cause us to remember an experience more acutely er-skilled individuals in domains such as writing, coding
(so that we avoid the threat in the future). ( ④ ) If they or customer service.
had not helped us adapt and survive, they would not
have evolved with us. ( ⑤ ) ① Side Effects of AI-powered Assistive Devices
② Labour Market for Workers with Disabilities
③ Importance of Inter-personal Communication
④ How to Use Language Programs by AI Technology
⑤ A Good Facilitator for Workers with Disadvantages

- 6 -
│23번│ │23번│
14. 다음 글의 밑줄 친 부분 중, 어법상 틀린 것은?14) 16. 주어진 글 다음에 이어질 글의 순서로 가장 적절

한 것은?16)
By improving accessibility of the workplace for workers
that ① are typically at a disadvantage in the labour mar- By improving accessibility of the workplace for workers
ket, AI can improve inclusiveness in the workplace. that are typically at a disadvantage in the labour market,
AI-powered assistive devices to aid workers with visual, AI can improve inclusiveness in the workplace. AI-pow-
speech or hearing difficulties ② is becoming more wide- ered assistive devices to aid workers with visual, speech
spread, improving the access to, and the quality of work or hearing difficulties are becoming more widespread,
for people with disabilities. For example, speech recog- improving the access to, and the quality of work for peo-
nition solutions for people with dysarthric voices, or live ple with disabilities.
captioning systems for deaf and hard of hearing people
can facilitate communication with colleagues and access (A) For example, AI's capacity to translate written and
to jobs ③ where inter-personal communication is spoken word in real-time can improve the perform-
necessary. AI can also enhance the capabilities of ance of non-native speakers in the workplace.
low-skilled workers, with potentially positive effects on (B) For example, speech recognition solutions for people
their wages and career prospects. For example, AI's ca- with dysarthric voices, or live captioning systems for
pacity ④ to translate written and spoken word in re- deaf and hard of hearing people can facilitate commu-
al-time can improve the performance of non-native nication with colleagues and access to jobs where in-
speakers in the workplace. Moreover, recent develop- ter-personal communication is necessary. AI can also
ments in AI-powered text generators can instantly enhance the capabilities of low-skilled workers, with
⑤ improve the performance of lower-skilled in- potentially positive effects on their wages and career
dividuals in domains such as writing, coding or custom- prospects.
er service. (C) Moreover, recent developments in AI-powered text
generators can instantly improve the performance of
│23번│ lower-skilled individuals in domains such as writing,
15. 다음 글의 밑줄 친 부분 중, 문맥상 낱말의 쓰임 coding or customer service.
By improving accessibility of the workplace for workers ① (A) - (C) - (B) ② (B) - (A) - (C)
that are typically at a disadvantage in the labour market, ③ (B) - (C) - (A) ④ (C) - (A) - (B)
AI can improve ① inclusiveness in the workplace. ⑤ (C) - (B) - (A)
AI-powered assistive devices to aid workers with visual,
speech or hearing difficulties are becoming more wide-
spread, ② improving the access to, and the quality of
work for people with disabilities. For example, speech
recognition solutions for people with dysarthric voices,
or live captioning systems for deaf and hard of hearing
people can ③ impede communication with colleagues
and access to jobs where inter-personal communication
is necessary. AI can also ④ enhance the capabilities of
low-skilled workers, with potentially positive effects on
their wages and career prospects. For example, AI's ca-
pacity to translate written and spoken word in real-time
can improve the performance of non-native speakers in
the workplace. Moreover, recent ⑤ developments in
AI-powered text generators can instantly improve the
performance of lower-skilled individuals in domains
such as writing, coding or customer service.

- 7 -
│24번│ │24번│
17. 다음 글의 주제로 가장 적절한 것은?17) 18. 다음 글의 밑줄 친 부분 중, 어법상 틀린 것은?18)
Whales are highly efficient at carbon storage. When Whales are highly ① efficient at carbon storage. When
they die, each whale sequesters an average of 30 tons of they die, each whale sequesters an average of 30 tons of
carbon dioxide, taking that carbon out of the atmos- carbon dioxide, ② taking that carbon out of the atmos-
phere for centuries. For comparison, the average tree phere for centuries. For comparison, the average tree
absorbs only 48 pounds of CO2 a year. From a climate absorbs only 48 pounds of CO2 a year. From a climate
perspective, each whale is the marine equivalent of perspective, each whale is the marine equivalent of
thousands of trees. Whales also help sequester carbon thousands of trees. Whales also help sequester carbon
by fertilizing the ocean as they release nutrient-rich by fertilizing the ocean ③ as they release nutrient-rich
waste, in turn increasing phytoplankton populations, waste, in turn increasing phytoplankton populations,
which also sequester carbon ― leading some scientists which also sequester carbon ― leading some scientists
to call them the "engineers of marine ecosystems." In to call them the "engineers of marine ecosystems." In
2019, economists from the International Monetary 2019, economists from the International Monetary
Fund (IMF) estimated the value of the ecosystem serv- Fund (IMF) estimated the value of the ecosystem serv-
ices provided by each whale at over $2 million USD. ices provided by each whale at over $2 million USD. ④ It
They called for a new global program of economic in- called for a new global program of economic incentives
centives to return whale populations to preindustrial to return whale populations to preindustrial whaling
whaling levels as one example of a "nature-based sol- levels as one example of a "nature-based solution" to cli-
ution" to climate change. Calls are now being made for a mate change. Calls are now being making for a global
global whale restoration program, to slow down climate whale restoration program, ⑤ to slow down climate
change. change.
① causes of whale extinction in the ocean │24번│

② what engineers do to save more whales 19. 다음 글의 밑줄 친 부분 중, 문맥상 낱말의 쓰임
③ roles of IMF to slow down climate change 이 적절하지 않은 것은?19)
④ importance of whales for us and our planet
Whales are highly efficient at carbon storage. When
⑤ a new global program to solve climate crisis
they die, each whale sequesters an average of 30 tons of
carbon dioxide, taking that carbon out of the atmos-
phere for centuries. For comparison, the average tree
① absorbs only 48 pounds of CO2 a year. From a cli-
mate perspective, each whale is the marine equivalent of
thousands of trees. Whales also help sequester carbon
by ② ertilizing the ocean as they release nutrient-rich
waste, in turn ③ decreasing phytoplankton populations,
which also sequester carbon ― leading some scientists
to call them the "engineers of marine ecosystems." In
2019, economists from the International Monetary
Fund (IMF) ④ estimated the value of the ecosystem
services provided by each whale at over $2 million USD.
They called for a new global program of economic in-
centives to return whale populations to preindustrial
whaling levels as one example of a "nature-based sol-
ution" to climate change. Calls are now being made for a
global whale restoration program, to ⑤ slow down cli-
mate change.

- 8 -
│24번│ │24번│
20. 글의 흐름으로 보아, 주어진 문장이 들어가기에 21. (A)-(E)에 들어갈 단어를 <보기>에서 골라 문맥
가장 적절한 곳은?20) 과 어법에 맞게 고쳐 쓰시오.21)
Whales also help sequester carbon by fertilizing the Whales are highly efficient at carbon storage. When
ocean as they release nutrient-rich waste, in turn in- they die, each whale (A)_________ an average of 30
creasing phytoplankton populations, which also seques- tons of carbon dioxide, taking that carbon out of the at-
ter carbon ― leading some scientists to call them the mosphere for centuries. For comparison, the average
"engineers of marine ecosystems. tree (B)_________ only 48 pounds of CO2 a year.
From a climate perspective, each whale is the marine
Whales are highly efficient at carbon storage. When equivalent of thousands of trees. Whales also help se-
they die, each whale sequesters an average of 30 tons of quester carbon by (C)_________ the ocean as they re-
carbon dioxide, taking that carbon out of the lease nutrient-rich waste, in turn increasing phyto-
atmosphere for centuries. ( ① ) For comparison, the plankton populations, which also sequester carbon ―
average tree absorbs only 48 pounds of CO2 a year. ( ② ) leading some scientists to call them the "engineers of
From a climate perspective, each whale is the marine marine ecosystems." In 2019, economists from the
equivalent of thousands of trees. ( ③ ) In 2019, International Monetary Fund (IMF) (D)_________
economists from the International Monetary Fund (IMF) the value of the ecosystem services provided by each
estimated the value of the ecosystem services provided whale at over $2 million USD. They called for a new
by each whale at over $2 million USD. ( ④ ) They called global program of economic incentives to return whale
for a new global program of economic incentives to populations to preindustrial whaling levels as one exam-
return whale populations to preindustrial whaling levels ple of a "nature-based solution" to climate change. Calls
as one example of a "nature-based solution" to climate are now being made for a global whale restoration pro-
change. ( ⑤ ) Calls are now being made for a global gram, (E)_________ climate change.
whale restoration program, to slow down climate
change. <보기>
absorb / sequester / slow down / estimate / fertilize
(A) _________ (B) _________ (C) ________

(D)_________ (E) _________

- 9 -
│29번 │29번│
22. 다음 글의 주제로 가장 적절한 것은?22) 23. 다음 글의 밑줄 친 부분 중, 어법상 틀린 것

은?23)
From an organizational viewpoint, one of the most fas-
cinating examples of how any organization may contain From an organizational viewpoint, one of the most fas-
many different types of culture is to recognize the func- cinating examples of how any organization may contain
tional operations of different departments within the many different culture types ① is to recognize the func-
organization. The varying departments and divisions tional operations of different departments within the
within an organization will inevitably view any given sit- organization. The varying departments and divisions
uation from their own biased and prejudiced within an organization will inevitably view any given sit-
perspective. A department and its members will acquire uation from their own biased and prejudiced
"tunnel vision" which disallows them to see things as perspective. A department and its members will
others see them. The very structure of organizations can acquire "tunnel vision" ② what disallows them to see
create conflict. The choice of whether the structure is things as others see them. The very structure of organ-
"mechanistic" or "organic" can have a profound influ- izations can create conflict. The choice of ③ whether the
ence on conflict management. A mechanistic structure structure is "mechanistic" or "organic" can have a pro-
has a vertical hierarchy with many rules, many proce- found influence on conflict management. A mechanistic
dures, and many levels of management involved in deci- structure has a vertical hierarchy with many rules, many
sion making. Organic structures are more horizontal in procedures, and many levels of management ④ involved
nature, where decision making is less centralized and in decision making. Organic structures are more hori-
spread across the plane of the organization. zontal in nature, ⑤ where decision making is across the
plane of the organization.
① the hierarchy of a conventional structure
② the most efficient strategy to solve conflict
③ the role of each department in decision making
④ the ways of including a variety of cultures in organization │29번│
⑤ the importance of an organization structure in conflict 24. 다음 글의 밑줄 친 부분 중, 문맥상 낱말의 쓰임
management 이 적절하지 않은 것은?24)
From an organizational viewpoint, one of the most
fascinating examples of how any organization may
① contain many different types of culture is to recognize
the functional operations of different departments
within the organization. The varying departments and
divisions within an organization will ② inevitably view
any given situation from their own biased and
prejudiced perspective. A department and its members
will ③ discard "tunnel vision" which disallows them to
see things as others see them. The very structure of
organizations can create conflict. The choice of whether
the structure is "mechanistic" or "organic" can have a
④ profound influence on conflict management. A
mechanistic structure has a vertical hierarchy with many
rules, many procedures, and many levels of
management involved in decision making. Organic
structures are more horizontal in nature, where decision
making is less centralized and spread across the ⑤ plane
of the organization.

- 10 -
│29번│ │30번│
25. 글의 흐름으로 보아, 주어진 문장이 들어가기에 26. 다음 글의 주제로 가장 적절한 것은?26)
An excellent alternative to calming traffic is removing
A department and its members will acquire "tunnel vi- it. Some cities reserve an extensive network of lanes and
sion" which disallows them to see things as others see streets for bikes, pedestrians, and the occasional service
them. vehicle. This motivates people to travel by bike rather
than by car, making streets safer for everyone. As bi-
From an organizational viewpoint, one of the most fas- cycles become more popular in a city, planners can con-
cinating examples of how any organization may contain vert more automobile lanes and entire streets to accom-
many different types of culture is to recognize the func- modate more of them. Nevertheless, even the most bike-
tional operations of different departments within the able cities still require motor vehicle lanes for taxis,
organization. ( ① ) The varying departments and divi- emergency vehicles, and delivery trucks. Delivery ve-
sions within an organization will inevitably view any giv- hicles are frequently a target of animus, but they are ac-
en situation from their own biased and prejudiced tually an essential component to making cities greener.
perspective. ( ② ) The very structure of organizations A tightly packed delivery truck is a far more efficient
can create conflict. ( ③ ) The choice of whether the transporter of goods than several hybrids carrying a few
structure is "mechanistic" or "organic" can have a pro- shopping bags each. Distributing food and other goods
found influence on conflict management. ( ④ ) A mech- to neighborhood vendors allows them to operate smaller
anistic structure has a vertical hierarchy with many stores close to homes so that residents can walk, rather
rules, many procedures, and many levels of manage- than drive, to get their groceries.
ment involved in decision making. ( ⑤ ) Organic struc-
tures are more horizontal in nature, where decision ① a few alternative measures to alleviate traffic
making is less centralized and spread across the plane of ② the benefits of long-distance travel by bicycle
③ solution to traffic problems through lane expansion
the organization.
④ how autonomous vehicles can ease traffic congestion
⑤ need for constructing shopping malls and parking lots

- 11 -
│30번│ │30번│
27. 다음 글의 밑줄 친 부분 중, 어법상 틀린 것은?27) 29. 글의 흐름으로 보아, 주어진 문장이 들어가기에

it. Some cities reserve an extensive network of lanes and This motivates people to travel by bike rather than by
streets for bikes, pedestrians, and the occasional service car, making streets safer for everyone.
vehicle. This motivates people to travel by bike rather
than by car, ① making streets safer for everyone. As bi- An excellent alternative to calming traffic is removing
cycles become more popular in a city, planners can con- it. Some cities reserve an extensive network of lanes and
vert more automobi,le lanes and entire streets to accom- streets for bikes, pedestrians, and the occasional service
modate more of ② them. Nevertheless, even the most vehicle. ( ① ) As bicycles become more popular in a city,
bikeable cities still motor vehicle lanes for taxis, emer- planners can convert more automobile lanes and entire
gency vehicles, and delivery trucks. Delivery vehicles are streets to accommodate more of them, ( ② ) Nevertheless,
frequently a target of animus, but they are actually an even the most bikeable cities still require motor vehicle
essential component to ③ making cities greener. A lanes for taxis, emergency vehicles, and delivery trucks.
tightly packed delivery truck is a ④ far more efficient ( ③ ) Delivery vehicles are frequently a target of animus,
transporter of goods than several hybrids carrying a few but they are actually an essential component to making
shopping bags each. Distributing food and other goods cities greener. ( ④ ) A tightly packed delivery truck is a
to neighborhood vendors ⑤ allow them to operate far more efficient transporter of goods than several hy-
smaller stores close to homes so that residents can walk, brids carrying a few shopping bags each. ( ⑤ ) Distributing
rather than drive, to get their groceries. food and other goods to neighborhood vendors allows
them to operate smaller stores close to homes so that
residents can walk, rather than drive, to get their
groceries.
│30번│
28. 다음 글의 밑줄 친 부분 중, 문맥상 낱말의 쓰임

it. Some cities reserve an ① extensive network of lanes
and streets for bikes, pedestrians, and the occasional
service vehicle. This motivates people to travel by bike
rather than by car, making streets safer for everyone. As
bicycles become more popular in a city, planners can
② preserve more automobile lanes and entire streets to
accommodate more of them. Nevertheless, even the
most bikeable cities still require motor vehicle lanes for
taxis, emergency vehicles, and delivery trucks. Delivery
vehicles are frequently a target of animus, but they are
actually an ③ essential component to making cities
greener. A tightly packed delivery truck is a far more
④ efficient transporter of goods than several hybrids
carrying a few shopping bags each. Distributing food
and other goods to neighborhood vendors allows them
to ⑤ operate smaller stores close to homes so that resi-
dents can walk, rather than drive, to get their groceries.

- 12 -
│31번│ │31번│

You hear again and again that some of the greatest
composers were misunderstood in their own day. Not You hear again and again that some of the greatest
everyone could understand the compositions of composers were misunderstood in their own day. Not
Beethoven, Brahms, or Stravinsky in their day. The rea- everyone could ① understand the compositions of
son for this initial lack of acceptance is unfamiliarity. Beethoven, Brahms, or Stravinsky in their day. The rea-
The musical forms, or ideas expressed within them, son for this initial lack of acceptance is ② familiarity.
were completely new. And yet, this is exactly one of the The musical forms, or ideas expressed within them,
things that makes them so great. Effective composers were completely new. And yet, this is exactly one of the
have their own ideas. Have you ever seen the classic things that makes them so great. ③ Effective composers
movie Amadeus? The composer Antonio Salieri is the have their own ideas. Have you ever seen the classic
"host" of this movie; he's depicted as one of the most fa- movie Amadeus? The composer Antonio Salieri is the
mous nongreat composers ― he lived at the time of "host" of this movie; he's depicted as one of the most fa-
Mozart and was completely overshadowed by him. Now, mous nongreat composers ― he lived at the time of
Salieri wasn't a bad composer; in fact, he was a very Mozart and was completely ④ overshadowed by him.
good one. But he wasn't one of the world's great com- Now, Salieri wasn't a bad composer; in fact, he was a
posers because his work wasn't original. What he wrote very good one. But he wasn't one of the world's great
sounded just like what everyone else was composing at composers because his work wasn't ⑤ original. What he
the time. wrote sounded just like what everyone else was compos-
ing at the time.
① The Role of Technology in Classical Music
② How Salieri Influenced Mozart’s Musical Career
③ The Evolution of Film Scores in Modern Cinema
④ Why Classical Music Is No Longer Relevant Today │31번│
⑤ Originality as the Key to Becoming the Greatest Composers 33. 글의 흐름으로 보아, 주어진 문장이 들어가기에
│31번│ The reason for this initial lack of acceptance is
31. 다음 글의 밑줄 친 부분 중, 어법상 틀린 것은?31) unfamiliarity.
You hear again and again that some of the greatest
composers were ① misunderstood in their own day. Not You hear again and again that some of the greatest
everyone could understand the compositions of composers were misunderstood in their own day.
Beethoven, Brahms, or Stravinsky in their day. The rea- ( ① ) Not everyone could understand the composi-
son for this initial lack of acceptance is unfamiliarity. tions of Beethoven, Brahms, or Stravinsky in their day.
The musical forms, or ideas ② expressed within them, ( ② ) The m usical form s, or ideas expressed
were completely new. And yet, this is exactly one of the w ithin them , were completely new. ( ③ ) And yet, this
things that ③ makes them so great. Effective composers is exactly one of the things that makes them so great.
have their own ideas. Have you ever seen the classic Effective composers have their own ideas. ( ④ ) Have
movie Amadeus? The composer Antonio Salieri is the you ever seen the classic movie Amadeus? The composer
"host" of this movie; he's depicted as one of the most fa- Antonio Salieri is the "host" of this movie; he's depicted
mous nongreat composers ― he lived at the time of as one of the most famous nongreat composers ― he
Mozart and was completely overshadowed by him. Now, lived at the time of Mozart and was completely over-
Salieri wasn't a bad composer; in fact, he was a very shadowed by him. Now, Salieri wasn't a bad composer;
good ④ one. But he wasn't one of the world's great com- in fact, he was a very good one. ( ⑤ ) But he wasn't one
posers because his work wasn't original. ⑤ That he of the world's great composers because his work wasn't
wrote sounded just like what everyone else was compos- original. What he wrote sounded just like what everyone
ing at the time. else was composing at the time.

- 13 -
│32번│ │32번│

Every time a new medium comes along - whether it's
the invention of the printed book, or TV, or SNS - and Every time a new medium comes along - whether
you start to use it, it's like you are putting on a new kind it's the invention of the printed book, or TV, or SNS
of goggles, with their own special colors and lenses. - and you start to use it, it's like you are putting on a
Each set of goggles you put on makes you see things new kind of goggles, with their own ① special colors
differently. So when you start to watch television, before and lenses. Each set of goggles you put on makes
you absorb the message of any particular TV show ― you see things ② differently. So when you start to
whether it's Wheel of Fortune or The Wire ― you start watch television, before you absorb the message of
to see the world as being shaped like television itself. any particular TV show ― whether it's Wheel of
Fortune or The Wire ― you start to see the world as
That's why Marshall McLuhan said that every time a
being ③ shaped like television itself. That's why
new medium comes along ― a new way for humans to
Marshall McLuhan said that every time a new me-
communicate ― it has buried in it message. It is gently
dium comes along ― a new way for humans to
guiding us to see the world according to a new set of co-
communicate ― it has ④ revealed in it message. It
des . The way information gets to you, McLuhan argued,
is gently guiding us to see the world according to a
is more important than the information itself. TV teach-
new set of codes . The way information ⑤ gets to
es you that the world is fast; that it's about surfaces and
you, McLuhan argued, is more important than the
appearances. information itself. TV teaches you that the world is
fast; that it's about surfaces and appearances.
① Different Media Deliver the Same Message
② TV Content Has a Deeper Message Than Books
③ Social Media are the Most Influential Medium Today
④ Every New Medium Shapes How We Perceive the World
⑤ McLuhan Believed Only Television Could Influence Society
│32번│
35. 다음 글의 밑줄 친 부분 중, 어법상 틀린 것
은?35)
Every time a new medium comes along - whether it's
the invention of the printed book, or TV, or SNS - and
you start to use it, it's like you are putting on a new kind
of goggles, with their own special colors and lenses.
Each set of goggles you put on ① makes you see things
differently. So when you start to watch television, before
you absorb the message of any particular TV show ―
whether it's Wheel of Fortune or The Wire ― you start
to see the world as ② being shaped like television itself.
That's why Marshall McLuhan said that every time a
new medium comes along ― a new way for humans to
communicate ― it ③ has been buried in it message. It is
gently guiding us to see the world according to a new set
of codes . The way information gets to you, McLuhan ar-
gued, is more important than the information ④ itself.
TV teaches you ⑤ that the world is fast; that it's about
surfaces and appearances.

- 14 -
│32번│ │32번│
37. 주어진 글 다음에 이어질 글의 순서로 가장 적절 38. 글의 흐름으로 보아, 주어진 문장이 들어가기에
한 것은?37) 가장 적절한 곳은?38)
Every time a new medium comes along - whether it's It is gently guiding us to see the world according to a
the invention of the printed book, or TV, or SNS - and new set of codes.
you start to use it, it's like you are putting on a new kind
of goggles, with their own special colors and lenses. Every time a new medium comes along - whether it's
the invention of the printed book, or TV, or SNS - and
(A) The way information gets to you, McLuhan argued, is you start to use it, it's like you are putting on a new
more important than the information itself. TV teach- kind of goggles, with their own special colors and
es you that the world is fast; that it's about surfaces lenses. ( ① ) Each set of goggles you put on makes
and appearances. you see things differently. ( ② ) So when you start to
(B) Each set of goggles you put on makes you see things watch television, before you absorb the message of
differently. So when you start to watch television, be- any particular TV show ― whether it's Wheel of
fore you absorb the message of any particular TV Fortune or The Wire ― you start to see the world as
show ― whether it's Wheel of Fortune or The Wire being shaped like television itself. ( ③ ) That's why
― you start to see the world as being shaped like tele- Marshall McLuhan said that every time a new me-
vision itself. dium comes along ― a new way for humans to com-
(C) That's why Marshall McLuhan said that every time a municate ― it has buried in it message. ( ④ ) The way
new medium comes along ―a new way for humans to information gets to you, McLuhan argued, is more
communicate ― it has buried in it message. It is gen- important than the information itself. ( ⑤ ) TV teach-
tly guiding us to see the world according to a new set es you that the world is fast; that it's about surfaces
of codes. and appearances.
① (A) - (C) - (B) ② (B) - (A) - (C)

③ (B) - (C) - (A) ④ (C) - (A) - (B)
⑤ (C) - (B) - (A)

- 15 -
│32번│ 33번│
39. 다음 글에서 밑줄 친 문장 (A)~(D) 중 어법상 틀 40. 다음 글의 주제로 가장 적절한 것은?40)

린 문장 세 개를 찾고 틀린 부분을 바르게 고쳐
Concepts are vital to human survival, but we must al-
쓰시오.39)
so be careful with them because concepts open the door
Every time a new medium comes along - whether it's to essentialism. They encourage us to see things that
the invention of the printed book, or TV, or SNS - and aren't present. Stuart Firestein opens his book,
you start to use it, it's like you are ( A ) putting on a new Ignorance, with an old proverb, "It is very difficult to
kind of goggles, with their own special colors and lenses. find a black cat in a dark room, especially when there is
Each set of goggles you put on ( B ) makes you see things no cat." This statement beautifully sums up the search
differently. So when you start to watch television, before for essences. History has many examples of scientists
you absorb the message of any particular TV show ― who searched fruitlessly for an essence because they
whether it's Wheel of Fortune or The Wire ― you start used the wrong concept to guide their hypotheses.
to see the world as ( C ) to be shaped like television itself. Firestein gives the example of luminiferous ether, a
That's why Marshall McLuhan said that every time a mysterious substance that was thought to fill the uni-
new medium comes along ―a new way for humans to verse so that light would have a medium to move
communicate ― it has ( D ) been buried in it message. It through. The ether was a black cat, writes Firestein, and
is gently guiding us to see the world according to a new physicists had been theorizing in a dark room, and then
set of codes . The way information gets to you, McLuhan experimenting in it, looking for evidence of a cat that did
argued, is more important than the information itself. not exist.
TV teaches ( E ) to you that the world is fast; that it's
about surfaces and appearances. ① intuition versus concepts in modern science
② ignorance as a stimulus for scientific discovery
1) 기호 ( ) ____________ ⟶ ____________ ③ essentialism in scientific exploration and thought
2) 기호 ( ) ____________ ⟶ ____________ ④ danger of misleading concepts in scientific question
3) 기호 ( ) ____________ ⟶ ____________ ⑤ the luminiferous ether as a failed hypothesis in physics
│33번│
41. 다음 글의 밑줄 친 부분 중, 문맥상 낱말의 쓰임

Concepts are vital to human survival, but we must also
be careful with them because concepts ① open the door
to essentialism. They encourage us to see things that
aren't present. Stuart Firestein opens his book,
Ignorance, with an old proverb, "It is very ② difficult to
find a black cat in a dark room, especially when there is
no cat." This statement beautifully sums up the search
for essences. History has many examples of scientists
who searched ③ productively for an essence because
they used the wrong concept to guide their hypotheses.
Firestein gives the example of luminiferous ether, a
mysterious substance that was thought to ④ fill the uni-
verse so that light would have a medium to move
through. The ether was a black cat, writes Firestein, and
physicists had been theorizing in a dark room, and then
experimenting in it, looking for ⑤ evidence of a cat that
did not exist.

- 16 -
│33번│ │33번│
42. 다음 글의 밑줄 친 부분 중, 어법상 틀린 것 43. 주어진 글 다음에 이어질 글의 순서로 가장 적절

은?42) 한 것은?43)
Concepts are vital to human survival, but we must al- Concepts are vital to human survival, but we must al-
so be careful with them because concepts ① pen the so be careful with them because concepts open the door
door to essentialism. They encourage us to see things to essentialism. They encourage us to see things that
that aren't present. Stuart Firestein opens his book, aren't present.
Ignorance, with an old proverb, "It is very difficult to
find a black cat in a dark room, especially when there is (A) History has many examples of scientists who
no cat." This statement beautifully ② is summed up the searched fruitlessly for an essence because they
search for essences. History has many examples of sci- used the wrong concept to guide their hypotheses.
entists who searched fruitlessly for an essence because Firestein gives the example of luminiferous ether, a
they ③ used the wrong concept to guide their mysterious substance that was thought to fill the
hypotheses. Firestein gives the example of luminiferous universe so that light would have a medium to
ether, a mysterious substance that was thought ④ to fill move through.
the universe so that light would have a medium to move (B) The ether was a black cat, writes Firestein, and
through. The ether was a black cat, writes Firestein, and physicists had been theorizing in a dark room, and
physicists had been theorizing in a dark room, and then then experimenting in it, looking for evidence of a
experimenting in it, ⑤ looking for evidence of a cat that cat that did not exist.
did not exist. (C) Stuart Firestein opens his book, Ignorance, with an
old proverb, "It is very difficult to find a black cat in
a dark room, especially when there is no cat." This
statement beautifully sums up the search for
essences.
① (A) - (C) - (B) ② (B) - (A) - (C)

③ (B) - (C) - (A) ④ (C) - (A) - (B)
⑤ (C) - (B) - (A)

- 17 -
│33번│ │33번│
44. 글의 흐름으로 보아, 주어진 문장이 들어가기에 45. 다음 글에서 밑줄 친 문장 ( A )~( D ) 중 어법상
가장 적절한 곳은?44) 틀린 문장 세 개를 찾고 틀린 부분을 바르게 고
쳐 쓰시오.45)
This statement beautifully sums up the search for
essences. Concepts are vital to human survival, but we must also
be careful with them because concepts ( A ) open the door
to essentialism. They encourage us to see things that
Concepts are vital to human survival, but we must
aren't present. Stuart Firestein opens his book, Ignorance,
also be careful with them because concepts open the
with an old proverb, "It is very difficult to find a black cat
door to essentialism. ( ① ) They encourage us to see
in a dark room, especially when ( B ) there is no cat." This
things that aren't present. Stuart Firestein opens his
statement beautifully sums up the search for essences.
book, Ignorance, with an old proverb, "It is very diffi-
History has many examples of scientists who searched
cult to find a black cat in a dark room, especially when
fruitlessly for an essence because they ( C ) are used the
there is no cat." ( ② ) History has many examples of
wrong concept to guide their hypotheses. Firestein gives
scientists who searched fruitlessly for an essence be-
the example of luminiferous ether, a mysterious substance
cause they used the wrong concept to guide their
that ( D ) thought to fill the universe so that light would
hypotheses. ( ③ ) Firestein gives the example of lumi-
have a medium to move through. The ether was a black
niferous ether, a mysterious substance that was
cat, writes Firestein, and physicists had been theorizing in
thought to fill the universe so that light would have a
a dark room, and then ( E ) experimented in it, looking for
medium to move through. ( ④ ) The ether was a black
evidence of a cat that did not exist.
cat, writes Firestein, and physicists had been theoriz-
ing in a dark room, and then experimenting in it,
1) 기호 ( ) ____________ ⟶ ____________
looking for evidence of a cat that did not exist. ( ⑤ )
2) 기호 ( ) ____________ ⟶ ____________
3) 기호 ( ) ____________ ⟶ ____________

- 18 -
│34번│ │34번│
While social media attention is potentially an instru- While social media attention is potentially an instru-
ment to achieve ends like elite celebrity, some content ment to achieve ends like elite celebrity, some content
creators desire ordinary fame as a social end in itself. creators desire ordinary fame as a social end in ① itself.
Not unlike reality television stars, social media celebri- Not unlike reality television stars, social media celebri-
ties are often criticized for not having skills and talents ties are often criticized for not having skills and talents
associated with traditional, elite celebrity, such as acting associated with traditional, elite celebrity, such as acting
or singing ability. This criticism highlights the fact that or singing ability. This criticism highlights the fact that
digital content creators face real barriers to crossing digital content creators face real barriers ② crossing
over to the sphere of elite celebrity. However, the criti- over to the sphere of elite celebrity. However, the criti-
cism also misses the point that the phenomenon of ordi- cism also misses the point ③ that the phenomenon of
nary celebrity reconstructs the meaning of fame. The ordinary celebrity reconstructs the meaning of fame.
elite celebrity is symbolized by the metaphor of the star, The elite celebrity is symbolized by the metaphor of the
characterized by mystery and hierarchical distance and star, characterized by mystery and hierarchical distance
associated with naturalized qualities of talent and class. and ④ associates with naturalized qualities of talent and
The ordinary celebrity attracts attention through regular class. The ordinary celebrity attracts attention through
and frequent interactions with other ordinary people. regular and frequent interactions with other ordinary
Achieving ordinary fame as a social media celebrity is people. Achieving ordinary fame as a social media celeb-
like doing well at a game, because in this sphere, fame is rity is like doing well at a game, because in this sphere,
nothing more nor less than relatively high scores on at- fame is nothing more nor less than ⑤ relatively high
tention scales, the metrics of subscribers, followers, scores on attention scales, the metrics of subscribers,
Likes, or clicks built into social media applications. followers, Likes, or clicks built into social media
applications.
① Social media as a tool for frequent interaction
② difference between elite and ordinary celebrity
③ the rise and fall of social media celebrities
④ the reason ordinary celebrities lose fame
⑤ a role of fame as a measurable metric

- 19 -
│34번│ │34번│
48. 다음 글의 밑줄 친 부분 중, 문맥상 낱말의 쓰임 49. 주어진 글 다음에 이어질 글의 순서로 가장 적절

이 적절하지 않은 것은?48) 한 것은?49)
While social media attention is potentially an instru- While social media attention is potentially an instru-
ment to achieve ends like ① elite celebrity, some content ment to achieve ends like elite celebrity, some content
creators desire ordinary fame as a social end in itself. creators desire ordinary fame as a social end in itself.
Not unlike reality television stars, social media celebri-
ties are often criticized for not having skills and talents (A) The ordinary celebrity attracts attention through reg-
② unrelated with traditional, elite celebrity, such as act- ular and frequent interactions with other ordinary
ing or singing ability. This criticism ③ highlights the fact people. Achieving ordinary fame as a social media ce-
that digital content creators face real barriers to crossing lebrity is like doing well at a game, because in this
over to the sphere of elite celebrity. However, the criti- sphere, fame is nothing more nor less than relatively
cism also misses the point that the phenomenon of ordi- high scores on attention scales, the metrics of sub-
nary celebrity reconstructs the meaning of fame. The scribers, followers, Likes, or clicks built into social
elite celebrity is symbolized by the metaphor of the star, media applications.
characterized by mystery and hierarchical distance and (B) Not unlike reality television stars, social media celeb-
associated with ④ naturalized qualities of talent and rities are often criticized for not having skills and tal-
class. The ordinary celebrity attracts attention through ents associated with traditional, elite celebrity, such
regular and frequent interactions with other ordinary as acting or singing ability. This criticism highlights
people. Achieving ⑤ ordinary fame as a social media ce- the fact that digital content creators face real barriers
lebrity is like doing well at a game, because in this to crossing over to the sphere of elite celebrity.
sphere, fame is nothing more nor less than relatively (C) However, the criticism also misses the point that the
high scores on attention scales, the metrics of sub- phenomenon of ordinary celebrity reconstructs the
scribers, followers, Likes, or clicks built into social me- meaning of fame. The elite celebrity is symbolized by
dia applications. the metaphor of the star, characterized by mystery
and hierarchical distance and associated with natu-
ralized qualities of talent and class.
① (A) - (C) - (B) ② (B) - (A) - (C)

③ (B) - (C) - (A) ④ (C) - (A) - (B)
⑤ (C) - (B) - (A)

- 20 -
│35번│ │35번│
50. 다음 글의 주제로 가장 적절한 것은?50) 52. 다음 글의 밑줄 친 부분 중, 문맥상 낱말의 쓰임

Why do we have the illusion that cramming for an ex-
am is the best learning strategy? Because we are unable Why do we have the ① illusion that cramming for an
to differentiate between the various sections of our exam is the best learning strategy? Because we are un-
memory. Immediately after reading our textbook or our able to ② confuse between the various sections of our
class notes, information is fully present in our mind. It memory. Immediately after reading our textbook or our
sits in our conscious working memory, in an active form. class notes, information is fully ③ present in our mind.
We feel as if we know it, because it is present in our It sits in our conscious working memory, in an active
short-term storage space ... but this short-term section form. We feel as if we know it, because it is present in
has nothing to do with the long-term memory that we our short-term storage space ... but this short-term sec-
will need in order to recall the same information a few tion has nothing to do with the long-term memory that
days later. After a few seconds or minutes, working we will need in order to recall the same information a
memory already starts disappearing, and after a few few days later. After a few seconds or minutes, working
days, the effect becomes enormous: unless you retest memory already starts disappearing, and after a few
your knowledge, memory vanishes. To get information days, the effect becomes ④ enormous: unless you retest
into long-term memory, it is essential to study the mate- your knowledge, memory ⑤ vanishes. To get information
rial, then test yourself, rather than spend all your time into long-term memory, it is essential to study the mate-
studying. rial, then test yourself, rather than spend all your time
studying.
① the limitations of cramming for effective learning
② the role of active recall in consolidating memory
③ inherent flaws of short-term memory in studying
④ mechanisms for long-term information retention │35번│
⑤ distinctions between memory systems 53. 글의 흐름으로 보아 주어진 문장이 들어가기에
│35번│
51. 다음 글의 밑줄 친 부분 중, 어법상 틀린 것은?51) It sits in our conscious working memory, in an active

form.
Why do we have the illusion ① that cramming for an
exam is the best learning strategy? Because we are un-
able to ② differentiate between the various sections of Why do we have the illusion that cramming for an ex-
our memory. Immediately after reading our textbook or am is the best learning strategy? ( ① ) Because we are
our class notes, information is ③ fully present in our unable to differentiate between the various sections of
mind. It sits in our conscious working memory, in an ac- our memory. ( ② ) Immediately after reading our text-
tive form. We feel as if we know it, because it is present book or our class notes, information is fully present in
in our short-term storage space ... but this short-term our mind. ( ③ ) We feel as if we know it, because it is
section has nothing to do with the long-term memory present in our short-term storage space ... but this
that we will need in order to recall the same information short-term section has nothing to do with the long-term
a few days later. After a few seconds or minutes, working memory that we will need in order to recall the same in-
memory already starts ④ disappearing, and after a few formation a few days later. ( ④ ) After a few seconds or
days, the effect becomes enormous: unless you retest minutes, working memory already starts disappearing,
your knowledge, memory vanishes. To get information and after a few days, the effect becomes enormous: un-
into long-term memory, ⑤ that is essential to study the less you retest your knowledge, memory vanishes. ( ⑤ )
material, then test yourself, rather than spend all your To get information into long-term memory, it is essen-
time studying. tial to study the material, then test yourself, rather than
spend all your time studying.

- 21 -
│36번│ │36번│

The discovery of mirror neurons has profoundly
changed the way we think of a fundamental human ca- The discovery of mirror neurons has ① profoundly
pacity, learning by observation. As children we learn a changed the way we think of a fundamental human ca-
lot by observing what our parents and friends do. pacity, learning by observation. As children we learn a
Newborns, in the first week of life, have an inborn ten- lot by observing what our parents and friends do.
dency to stick out their tongue if their parents stick out Newborns, in the first week of life, have an ② inborn
theirs. Such imitation is not perfect. You may not see the tendency to stick out their tongue if their parents stick
tongue stick out each time you stick yours out at your out theirs. Such imitation is not ③ perfect. You may not
newborn, but if you do it many times, the tongue will see the tongue stick out each time you stick yours out at
come out more often than if you do something different. your newborn, but if you do it many times, the tongue
Babies babble and later start to imitate the sounds their will come out ④ more often than if you do something
parents produce. Later still, they play with vacuum different. Babies babble and later start to imitate the
cleaners and hammers in imitation of their parents. Our sounds their parents produce. Later still, they play with
modern cultures, in which we write, speak, read, build vacuum cleaners and hammers in imitation of their
spaceships and go to school, can work only because we parents. Our modern cultures, in which we write, speak,
are not restricted to the behavior we are born with or read, build spaceships and go to school, can work only
learn by trial and error. We can learn a lot by simply because we are not ⑤ permitted to the behavior we are
watching others. born with or learn by trial and error. We can learn a lot
by simply watching others.
① Difficulties When Parents Teach Words
② The Principle of Action of Mirror Neurons │36번│
③ The Excellent Imitation Abilities of Babies 57. 글의 흐름으로 보아 주어진 문장이 들어가기에
④ Learning And Observation of Mirror Neurons 가장 적절한 곳은?57)
⑤ Observation And Imitation: Leading to Learning Babies babble and later start to imitate the sounds their
parents produce.
│36번│

changed the way we think of a fundamental human ca-
changed the way we think of a fundamental human ca-
pacity, learning by observation. As children we learn a
pacity, learning by observation. As children we learn a
lot by observing what our parents and friends do.
lot by observing ① what our parents and friends do.
Newborns, in the first week of life, have an inborn ten-
Newborns, in the first week of life, have an inborn ten-
dency to stick out their tongue if their parents stick out
dency to stick out their tongue if their parents stick out
theirs. ( ① ) Such imitation is not perfect. ( ② ) You may
theirs. Such imitation is not perfect. You may not see the
not see the tongue stick out each time you stick yours
tongue ② stick out each time you stick yours out at your
out at your newborn, but if you do it many times, the
newborn, but if you do it many times, the tongue will
tongue will come out more often than if you do some-
come out more often than if you do something different.
thing different. ( ③ ) Later still, they play w ith vac-
Babies babble and later start to imitate the sounds ③ its
uum clean ers and ham m ers in im itation of
parents produce. Later still, they play with vacuum
their parents. ( ④ ) O ur m odern cultures, in
cleaners and hammers in imitation of their parents. Our
w hich w e w rite, speak, read , build spacesh ips
modern cultures, ④ in which we write, speak, read,
and go to sch ool, can w ork only because we are not
build spaceships and go to school, can work only be-
restricted to the behavior we are born with or learn by
cause we are not restricted to the behavior we are born
trial and error. ( ⑤ ) We can learn a lot by simply watch-
with or learn by trial and error. We can learn a lot by ⑤ simply
ing others.
watching others.

- 22 -
│37번│ │37번│

Have you ever been surprised to hear a recording of
your own voice? You might have thought, "Is that really Have you ever been surprised to hear a recording of
what my voice sounds like?" Maybe your accent is more your own voice? You might have thought, "Is that really
pronounced in the recording than you realized, or your what my voice sounds like?" Maybe your accent is more
voice is higher than it seems to your own ears. This is of pronounced in the recording than you realized, or your
course quite a common experience. The explanation is voice is higher than it seems to your own ears. This is of
actually fairly simple. There are two pathways through course quite a ① common experience. The explanation
which we perceive our own voice when we speak. One is is actually fairly simple. There are two pathways through
the route through which we perceive most external which we ② perceive our own voice when we speak. One
sounds, like waves that travel from the air through the is the route through which we perceive most external
outer, middle and inner ear. But because our vocal cords sounds, like waves that travel from the air through the
vibrate when we speak, there is a second internal path. outer, middle and inner ear. But because our vocal
Vibrations are conducted through our bones and stim- cords ③ vibrate when we speak, there is a second in-
ulate our inner ears directly. Lower frequencies are em- ternal path. Vibrations are conducted through our
phasized along this pathway. That makes your voice bones and stimulate our inner ears directly. ④ Higher
sound deeper and richer to yourself than it may sound to frequencies are emphasized along this pathway. That
other people. makes your voice sound ⑤ deeper and richer to yourself
than it may sound to other people.
① How to Make Your Yoice Heard Well
② The Organs of the Ears That Detect Sound
③ The Effect of a Range of Sounds on Hearing
④ Different Auditory Pathways for Different People
⑤ Why Your Voice Sounds Different: Differences in
Hearing Pathways
│37번│
59. 다음 글의 밑줄 친 부분 중, 어법상 틀린 것
은?59)
Have you ever been surprised to hear a recording of
your own voice? You might have thought, "Is that really
① what my voice sounds like?" Maybe your accent is
more pronounced in the recording than you ② realized,
or your voice is higher than it seems to your own ears.
This is of course quite a common experience. The ex-
planation is actually fairly simple. There are two path-
ways ③ which we perceive our own voice when we
speak. One is the route through which we perceive most
external sounds, like waves that travel from the air
through the outer, middle and inner ear. But ④ because
our vocal cords vibrate when we speak, there is a second
internal path. Vibrations are conducted through our
bones and stimulate our inner ears directly. Lower fre-
quencies are emphasized along this pathway. That
makes your voice sound deeper and richer to ⑤ yourself
than it may sound to other people.

- 23 -
│37번│ │38번│
61. 주어진 글 다음에 이어질 글의 순서로 가장 적절 62. 다음 글의 제목으로 가장 적절한 것은?62)

한 것은?61)
Biologists distinguish two kinds of similarity.
Have you ever been surprised to hear a recording of "Analogous" traits are ones that have a common func-
your own voice? You might have thought, "Is that really tion but arose on different branches of the evolutionary
what my voice sounds like?" tree and are in an important sense not "the same" organ.
The wings of birds and the wings of bees are both used
(A) Vibrations are conducted through our bones and for flight and are similar in some ways because anything
stimulate our inner ears directly. Lower frequencies used for flight has to be built in those ways, but they
are emphasized along this pathway. That makes your arose independently in evolution and have nothing in
voice sound deeper and richer to yourself than it may common beyond their use in flight. "Homologous"
sound to other people. traits, in contrast, may or may not have a common func-
(B) Maybe your accent is more pronounced in the record- tion, but they descended from a common ancestor and
ing than you realized, or your voice is higher than it hence have some common structure that indicates their
seems to your own ears. This is of course quite a com- being “the same” organ. The wing of a bat and the front
mon experience. The explanation is actually fairly leg of a horse have very different functions, but they are
simple. There are two pathways through which we all modifications of the forelimb of the ancestor of all
perceive our own voice when we speak. mammals. As a result, they share nonfunctional traits
(C) One is the route through which we perceive most ex- like the number of bones and the ways they are
ternal sounds, like waves that travel from the air connected. To distinguish analogy from homology, biol-
through the outer, middle and inner ear. But because ogists usually look at the overall architecture of the or-
our vocal cords vibrate when we speak, there is a sec- gans and focus on their most useless properties.
ond internal path.
① Common Ancestors and Unique Offspring
① (A) - (C) - (B) ② (B) - (A) - (C) ② The Investigation of Biologists and Its Effect
③ (B) - (C) - (A) ④ (C) - (A) - (B) ③ Distinction between Avian and Mammalian Traits
⑤ (C) - (B) - (A) ④ The Influence of Evolutionary Fact on Biology Study
⑤ How to Differentiate Similarity : Origin and Function

- 24 -
│38번│ │38번│
63. (A)-(E)에 들어갈 단어를 <보기>에서 골라 문맥 64. 다음 글의 밑줄 친 부분 중, 문맥상 낱말의 쓰임

과 어법에 맞게 고쳐 쓰시오.63) 이 적절하지 않은 것은?64)
Biologists distinguish two kinds of similarity. Biologists distinguish two kinds of ① similarity.
"Analogous" traits are ones that have a common func- "Analogous" traits are ones that have a common func-
tion but (A) increasing on different branches of the evo- tion but arose on different branches of the evolutionary
lutionary tree and are in an important sense not "the tree and are in an important sense not "the same" organ.
same" organ. The wings of birds and the wings of bees The wings of birds and the wings of bees are both used
are both used for flight and are similar in some ways be- for flight and are similar in some ways because anything
cause anything used for flight has to (B) increasing in used for flight has to be built in those ways, but they
those ways, but they arose independently in evolution arose ② independently in evolution and have nothing in
and have nothing in common beyond their use in flight. common beyond their use in flight. "Homologous"
"Homologous" traits, in contrast, may or may not have a traits, in contrast, may or may not have a common func-
common function, but they descended from a common tion, but they descended from a ③ common ancestor
ancestor and hence have some common structure that and hence have some common structure that indicates
(C) increasing their (D) increasing “the same” organ. their being “the same” organ. The wing of a bat and the
The wing of a bat and the front leg of a horse have very front leg of a horse have very different functions, but
different functions, but they are all modifications of the they are all modifications of the forelimb of the ancestor
forelimb of the ancestor of all mammals. As a result, of all mammals. As a result, they share ④ functional
they share nonfunctional traits like the number of bones traits like the number of bones and the ways they are
and the ways they (E) increasing. To distinguish analogy connected. To distinguish analogy from homology, biol-
from homology, biologists usually look at the overall ar- ogists usually look at the overall architecture of the or-
chitecture of the organs and focus on their most useless gans and focus on their most ⑤ useless properties.
properties.
<보기>
arise / build / indicate / be / connect
(A) _________ (B) _________ (C) ________

(D)_________ (E) _________

- 25 -
│38번│ │38번│
65. 주어진 글 다음에 이어질 글의 순서로 가장 적절 66. 글의 흐름으로 보아, 주어진 문장이 들어가기에
한 것은?65) 가장 적절한 곳은?66)
Biologists distinguish two kinds of similarity. As a result, they share nonfunctional traits like the num-
"Analogous" traits are ones that have a common func- ber of bones and the ways they are connected.
tion but arose on different branches of the evolutionary
tree and are in an important sense not "the same" organ. Biologists distinguish two kinds of similarity.
"Analogous" traits are ones that have a common func-
(A) As a result, they share nonfunctional traits like the tion but arose on different branches of the evolutionary
number of bones and the ways they are connected. To tree and are in an important sense not "the same" organ.
distinguish analogy from homology, biologists usu- ( ① ) The wings of birds and the wings of bees are both
ally look at the overall architecture of the organs and used for flight and are similar in some ways because
focus on their most useless properties. anything used for flight has to be built in those ways, but
(B) The wings of birds and the wings of bees are both they arose independently in evolution and have
used for flight and are similar in some ways because nothing in co m m o n b ey o n d th eir u se in flig h t.
anything used for flight has to be built in those ways, ( ② ) "Homologous" traits, in contrast, may or may not
but they arose independently in evolution and have have a common function, but they descended from a
nothing in common beyond their use in flight. common ancestor and hence have some common struc-
(C) "Homologous" traits, in contrast, may or may not ture that indicates their being “the same” organ. ( ③ ) The
have a common function, but they descended from a wing of a bat and the front leg of a horse have very dif-
common ancestor and hence have some common ferent functions, but they are all modifications of the
structure that indicates their being “the same” organ. forelimb of the ancestor of all mammals. ( ④ ) To dis-
The wing of a bat and the front leg of a horse have tinguish analogy from homology, biologists usually look
very different functions, but they are all mod- at the overall architecture of the organs and focus on
ifications of the forelimb of the ancestor of all their most useless properties. ( ⑤ )
mammals.
① (A) - (C) - (B) ② (B) - (A) - (C)

③ (B) - (C) - (A) ④ (C) - (A) - (B)
⑤ (C) - (B) - (A)

- 26 -
│39번│ │39번│
67. 다음 글의 제목으로 가장 적절한 것은?67) 68. 다음 글의 밑줄 친 부분 중, 어법상 틀린 것

은?68)
Seawater contains an abundance of dissolved oxygen
that all marine animals breathe to stay alive. It has long Seawater contains an abundance of dissolved oxygen
been established in physics that cold water holds more that all marine animals breathe ① to stay alive. It has
dissolved oxygen than warm water does ― this is one long been established in physics that cold water holds
reason that cold polar seas are full of life while tropical more dissolved oxygen than warm water ② is ― this is
oceans are blue, clear, and relatively poorly populated one reason that cold polar seas are full of life while trop-
with living creatures. Thus, as global warming raises the ical oceans are blue, clear, and relatively poorly popu-
temperature of marine waters, it is self-evident that the lated with living creatures. Thus, as global warming rais-
amount of dissolved oxygen will decrease. This is a wor- es the temperature of marine waters, it is self-evident
risome and potentially disastrous consequence if al- that the amount of dissolved oxygen will decrease. This
lowed to continue to an ecosystem-threatening level. is a worrisome and potentially disastrous consequence if
Now scientists have analyzed data indicating that the ③ allowed to continue to an ecosystem-threatening
amount of dissolved oxygen in the oceans has been de- level. Now scientists have analyzed data indicating that
clining for more than a half century. The data show that the amount of dissolved oxygen in the oceans has been
the ocean oxygen level has been falling more rapidly declining for more than a half century. The data show
than the corresponding rise in water temperature. that the ocean oxygen level has been falling more ④ rap-
Falling oxygen levels in water have the potential to im- idly than the corresponding rise in water temperature.
pact the habitat of marine organisms worldwide and in Falling oxygen levels in water have the potential to im-
recent years this has led to more frequent anoxic events pact the habitat of marine organisms worldwide and in
that killed or displaced populations of fish, crabs, and recent years this has led to more frequent anoxic events
many other organisms. ⑤ that killed or displaced populations of fish, crabs, and
many other organisms.
① The Change of Salt Concentration in the Tropical Sea
② Importance of the Level of Oxygen in Environment
③ Warmer Oceans and Their Effect on Marine Life
④ Lack of Habitat Leads to Destructive Results
⑤ Importance of the Data in Marine Research

- 27 -
│39번│ │39번│
69. 다음 글의 밑줄 친 부분 중, 문맥상 낱말의 쓰임 70. 주어진 글 다음에 이어질 글의 순서로 가장 적절

Seawater contains an ① abundance of dissolved oxy- Seawater contains an abundance of dissolved oxygen
gen that all marine animals breathe to stay alive. It has that all marine animals breathe to stay alive.
long been established in physics that cold water holds
② more dissolved oxygen than warm water does ― this (A) Thus, as global warming raises the temperature of
is one reason that cold polar seas are full of life while marine waters, it is self-evident that the amount of
tropical oceans are blue, clear, and relatively poorly dissolved oxygen will decrease. This is a worrisome
populated with living creatures. Thus, as global warming and potentially disastrous consequence if allowed to
raises the temperature of marine waters, it is self-evi- continue to an ecosystem-threatening level. Now sci-
dent that the am ount of dissolved oxygen w ill entists have analyzed data indicating that the amount
③ increase. This is a worrisome and potentially dis- of dissolved oxygen in the oceans has been declining
astrous consequence if allowed to continue to an ecosys- for more than a half century.
tem-threatening level. Now scientists have analyzed da- (B) The data show that the ocean oxygen level has been
ta indicating that the amount of dissolved oxygen in the falling more rapidly than the corresponding rise in
oceans has been declining for more than a half century. water temperature. Falling oxygen levels in water
The data show that the ocean oxygen level has been fall- have the potential to impact the habitat of marine or-
ing more rapidly than the corresponding ④ rise in water ganisms worldwide and in recent years this has led to
temperature. Falling oxygen levels in water have the po- more frequent anoxic events that killed or displaced
tential to impact the habitat of marine organisms world- populations of fish, crabs, and many other
wide and in recent years this has led to more frequent organisms.
anoxic events that killed or ⑤ displaced populations of (C) It has long been established in physics that cold water
fish, crabs, and many other organisms. holds more dissolved oxygen than warm water does
― this is one reason that cold polar seas are full of
life while tropical oceans are blue, clear, and rela-
tively poorly populated with living creatures.
① (A) - (C) - (B) ② (B) - (A) - (C)

③ (B) - (C) - (A) ④ (C) - (A) - (B)
⑤ (C) - (B) - (A)

- 28 -
│39번│ │40번│
71. 글의 흐름으로 보아, 주어진 문장이 들어가기에 72. 다음 글의 제목으로 가장 적절한 것은?72)
Capuchins ― New World Monkeys that live in large so-
This is a worrisome and potentially disastrous con- cial groups―will, in captivity, trade with people all day
sequence if allowed to continue to an ecosystem-threat- long, especially if food is involved. I give you this rock
ening level. and you give me a treat to eat. If you put two monkeys in
cages next to each other, and offer them both slices of
Seawater contains an abundance of dissolved oxygen cucumber for the rocks they already have, they will hap-
that all marine animals breathe to stay alive. It has long pily eat the cucumbers. If, however, you give one mon-
been established in physics that cold water holds more key grapes instead ― grapes being universally preferred
dissolved oxygen than warm water does ― this is one to cucumbers ― the monkey that is still receiving cu-
reason that cold polar seas are full of life while tropical cumbers will begin to throw them back at the
oceans are blue, clear, and relatively poorly populated experimenter. Even though she is still getting "paid" the
with living creatures. ( ① ) Thus, as global warming same amount for her effort of sourcing rocks, and so her
raises the temperature of marine waters, it is self-evi- particular situation has not changed, the comparison to
dent that the amount of dissolved oxygen will decrease. another makes the situation unfair. Furthermore, she is
( ② ) Now scientists have analyzed data indicating that now willing to abandon all gains ― the cucumbers
the amount of dissolved oxygen in the oceans has been themselves ― to communicate her displeasure to the
declining for more than a half century. ( ③ ) The data experimenter.
show that the ocean oxygen level has been falling more
rapidly than the corresponding rise in water ① Monkeys' Food Preference for Fruit
temperature. ( ④ ) Falling oxygen levels in water have ② Trading with Monkeys and Humans
③ Capuchin Monkeys' Perception of Inequity
the potential to impact the habitat of marine organisms
④ Monkeys' Learning Through Food Exchange
worldwide and in recent years this has led to more fre-
⑤ Social Comparison and Indifference to Inequity
quent anoxic events that killed or displaced populations
of fish, crabs, and many other organisms. ( ⑤ )

- 29 -
│40번│ │40번│
73. 다음 글에서 밑줄 친 문장 (A)~(D) 중 어법상 틀 74. 다음 글의 밑줄 친 부분 중 문맥상 낱말의 쓰임

린 문장 세 개를 찾고 틀린 부분을 바르게 고쳐 이 적절하지 않은 것은?74)
쓰시오73)
Capuchins ― (A) New World Monkeys that live in large cial groups―will, in captivity, trade with people all day
social groups―will, in captivity, trade with people all long, especially if food is ① involved. I give you this rock
day long, especially if food is involved. I give you this and you give me a treat to eat. If you put two monkeys in
rock and you give me a treat to eat. (B) If you put two cages next to each other, and offer them both slices of
monkeys in cages next to each other, and offer them cucumber for the rocks they already have, they will hap-
both slices of cucumber for the rocks they already have, pily eat the cucumbers. If, however, you give one mon-
they would happily eat the cucumbers. If, however, you key grapes instead ― grapes being ② generally pre-
give one monkey grapes instead ― grapes being univer- ferred to cucumbers ― the monkey that is still receiving
sally preferred to cucumbers ― (C) the monkey that is cucumbers will begin to ③ reject them back at the
still receiving cucumbers will begin to throw back them experimenter. Even though she is still getting "paid" the
at the experimenter. (D) Even though she is still getting same amount for her effort of sourcing rocks, and so her
"paid" the same amount for her effort of sourcing rocks, particular situation has not changed, the ④ compliance
and so her particular situation has not changed, the to another makes the situation unfair. Furthermore, she
comparison to another makes the situation unfairly. is now willing to ⑤ abandon all gains ― the cucumbers
Furthermore, she is now willing to abandon all gains ― themselves ― to communicate her displeasure to the
the cucumbers themselves ― to communicate her dis- experimenter.
pleasure to the experimenter.
1) 기호 ( ) ____________ ⟶ ____________
2) 기호 ( ) ____________ ⟶ ____________
3) 기호 ( ) ____________ ⟶ ____________
│40번│
75. 글의 흐름으로 보아 주어진 문장이 들어가기에

If, however, you give one monkey grapes instead ―
grapes being universally preferred to cucumbers ― the
monkey that is still receiving cucumbers will begin to
throw them back at the experimenter.

cial groups―will, in captivity, trade with people all day
long, especially if food is involved. ( ① ) I give you this
rock and you give me a treat to eat. ( ② ) If you put two
monkeys in cages next to each other, and offer them
both slices of cucumber for the rocks they already have,
they will happily eat the cucumbers. ( ③ ) Even though
she is still getting "paid" the same amount for her effort
of sourcing rocks, and so her particular situation has not
changed, the comparison to another makes the situation
unfair. ( ④ ) Furthermore, she is now willing to aban-
don all gains ― the cucumbers themselves ― to com-
municate her displeasure to the experimenter. ( ⑤ )

- 30 -
│41-42번│ │41-42번│
Higher education has grown from an elite to a mass Higher education has grown from an elite to a mass
system across the world. In Europe and the USA, in- system across the world. In Europe and the USA, in-
creased rates of participation occurred in the decades af- creased rates of participation occurred in the decades af-
ter the Second World War. Between 2000 and 2014, ter the Second World War. Between 2000 and 2014,
rates of participation in higher education almost dou- rates of participation in higher education almost dou-
bled from 19% to 34% across the world among the mem- bled from 19% to 34% across the world among the mem-
bers of the population in the school-leaving age category bers of the population in the school-leaving age category
(typically 18-23). The dramatic expansion of higher edu- (typically 18-23). The dramatic expansion of higher edu-
cation has been marked by a wider range of institutions cation ① has been marked by a wider range of in-
of higher learning and a more diverse demographic of stitutions of higher learning and a more diverse demo-
students. graphic of students.
Changes from an elite system to a mass higher educa- Changes from an elite system to a mass higher educa-
tion system are associated with political needs to build a tion system are associated with political needs ② to
specialised workforce for the economy. In theory, the build a specialised workforce for the economy. In theo-
expansion of higher education to develop a highly skilled ry, the expansion of higher education to develop a highly
workforce should diminish the role of examinations in skilled workforce should diminish the role of examina-
the selection and control of students, initiating ap- tions in the selection and control of students, initiating
proaches to assessment which enable lifelong learning: approaches to assessment ③ which enable lifelong
assessment for learning and a focus on feedback for learning: assessment for learning and a focus on feed-
development. In reality, socio-political changes to ex- back for development. In reality, socio-political changes
pand higher education have set up a 'field of contra- to expand higher education have set up a 'field of contra-
dictions' for assessment in higher education. Mass high- dictions' for assessment in higher education. Mass high-
er education requires efficient approaches to assess- er education requires efficient approaches to assess-
ment, such as examinations and multiple-choice quizz- ment, such as examinations and multiple-choice quizz-
es, with minimalist, impersonal, or standardised feed- es, with minimalist, impersonal, or standardised feed-
back, often causing students to focus more on grades back, often ④ causing students to focus more on grades
than feedback. In contrast, the relatively small numbers than feedback. In contrast, the relatively small numbers
of students in elite systems in the past allowed for closer of students in elite systems in the past allowed for closer
relationships between students and their teachers, with relationships between students and their teachers, with
formative feedback shaping the minds, academic skills, formative feedback ⑤ shaped the minds, academic
and even the characters of students. skills, and even the characters of students.
① types of effective feedback in elite systems

② positive aspects of the shift towards mass education
③ the role of political imperatives on the school system
④ the challenge of assessment in mass higher education
⑤ disparities in participation rates in primary education

- 31 -
│41-42번│ │41-42번│
78. 다음 글의 밑줄 친 부분 중, 문맥상 낱말의 쓰임 79. 주어진 글 사이에 이어질 글의 순서로 가장 적절

Higher education has grown from an elite to a mass Higher education has grown from an elite to a mass
system across the world. In Europe and the USA, in- system across the world. In Europe and the USA, in-
creased rates of participation occurred in the decades af- creased rates of participation occurred in the decades af-
ter the Second World War. Between 2000 and 2014, ter the Second World War.
rates of participation in higher education almost dou-
bled from 19% to 34% across the world among the mem- (A) Changes from an elite system to a mass higher educa-
bers of the population in the school-leaving age category tion system are associated with political needs to
(typically 18-23). The dramatic expansion of higher edu- build a specialised workforce for the economy. In
cation has been marked by a wider range of institutions theory, the expansion of higher education to develop
of higher learning and a more ① diverse demographic of a highly skilled workforce should diminish the role of
students. examinations in the selection and control of students,
Changes from an elite system to a mass higher educa- initiating approaches to assessment which enable
tion system are associated with political needs to build a lifelong learning: assessment for learning and a focus
specialised workforce for the economy. In theory, the on feedback for development.
expansion of higher education to develop a highly skilled (B) In reality, socio-political changes to expand higher
workforce should ② heighten the role of examinations education have set up a 'field of contradictions' for as-
in the selection and control of students, initiating ap- sessment in higher education. Mass higher education
proaches to assessment which enable lifelong learning: requires efficient approaches to assessment, such as
assessment for learning and a focus on feedback for examinations and multiple-choice quizzes, with min-
development. In reality, socio-political changes to ③ ex- imalist, impersonal, or standardised feedback, often
pand higher education have set up a 'field of contra- causing students to focus more on grades than
dictions' for assessment in higher education. Mass high- feedback.
er education requires efficient approaches to assess- (C) Between 2000 and 2014, rates of participation in
ment, such as examinations and multiple-choice quizz- higher education almost doubled from 19% to 34%
es, with minimalist, impersonal, or standardised feed- across the world among the members of the pop-
back, often causing students to focus ④ more on grades ulation in the school-leaving age category (typically
than feedback. In contrast, the relatively small numbers 18-23). The dramatic expansion of higher education
of students in elite systems in the past allowed for closer has been marked by a wider range of institutions of
relationships between students and their teachers, with higher learning and a more diverse demographic of
⑤ formative feedback shaping the minds, academic students.
skills, and even the characters of students.
In contrast, the relatively small numbers of students in
elite systems in the past allowed for closer relationships
between students and their teachers, with formative
feedback shaping the minds, academic skills, and even
the characters of students.
① (A) - (C) - (B) ② (B) - (A) - (C)

③ (B) - (C) - (A) ④ (C) - (A) - (B)
⑤ (C) - (B) - (A)

- 32 -
│41-42번│
80. 글의 흐름으로 보아, 주어진 문장이 들어가기에

Changes from an elite system to a mass higher education
system are associated with political needs to build a spe-
cialised workforce for the economy.
Higher education has grown from an elite to a mass

system across the world. ( ① ) In Europe and the USA,
increased rates of participation occurred in the decades
after the Second World War. Between 2000 and 2014,
rates of participation in higher education almost dou-
bled from 19% to 34% across the world among the mem-
bers of the population in the school-leaving age category
(typically 18-23). ( ② ) The dramatic expansion of high-
er education has been marked by a wider range of in-
stitutions of higher learning and a more diverse demo-
graphic of students.
( ③ ) In theory, the expansion of higher education to
develop a highly skilled workforce should diminish the
role of examinations in the selection and control of stu-
dents, initiating approaches to assessment which enable
lifelong learning: assessment for learning and a focus on
feedback for development. ( ④ ) In reality, socio-politi-
cal changes to expand higher education have set up a
'field of contradictions' for assessment in higher
education. Mass higher education requires efficient ap-
proaches to assessment, such as examinations and mul-
tiple-choice quizzes, with minimalist, impersonal, or
standardised feedback, often causing students to focus
more on grades than feedback. ( ⑤ ) In contrast, the rel-
atively small numbers of students in elite systems in the
past allowed for closer relationships between students
and their teachers, with formative feedback shaping the
minds, academic skills, and even the characters of
students.

- 33 -
│20번│ │21번│
81. 밑줄 친 우리말과 일치하도록 <보기>의 단어들을 82. 밑줄 친 우리말과 일치하도록 <보기>의 단어들을
<조건>에 맞게 배열하시오.81) <조건>에 맞게 배열하시오.82)
As the parent of a gifted child, you need to be aware of One valuable technique for getting out of helplessness,
a certain common parent trap. Of course you are a proud depression, and situations which are predominantly be-
parent, and you should be. While it is very easy to talk ing run by the thought, "I can't," is to choose to be with
nonstop about your little genius and his or her remark- other persons who have resolved the problem with
able behavior, this can be very stressful on your child. It which we struggle. This is one of the great powers of
is extremely important to limit your bragging behavior self-help groups. (우리가 부정적인 상태에 있을 때, 우리
to your very close friends, or your parents. Gifted chil- 는 부정적인 사고 형태에 많은 에너지를 투입해 왔고 긍
dren feel pressured when their parents show them off 정적인 사고 형태는 약하다). Those who are in a higher
too much. This behavior creates expectations that they vibration are free of the energy from their negative
may not be able to live up to, and also creates a false thoughts and have energized positive thought forms.
sense of self for your child. You want (당신의 자녀가 그 Merely to be in their presence is beneficial. In some
들의 엄청난 업적에 의해서 규정지어진 대로 보이는 누군 self-help groups, this is called "hanging out with the
가가 아니라 있는 그대로의 그들이기). If not, you could winners." The benefit here is on the psychic level of con-
end up with a driven perfectionist child or perhaps a sciousness, and there is a transfer of positive energy and
drop-out, or worse. relighting of one's own latent positive thought forms.
<조건> <조건>
1) 필요시 어법에 맞게 고칠 것 1) 필요시 어법에 맞게 고칠 것
2) 주어진 단어를 한 번만 사용하여, 총 19단어로 영작 2) 주어진 단어를 한 번만 사용하여, 총 25단어로 영작
<보기> <보기>
who / their / achievements / your child / not / be a negative state / when / a lot of energy / and
are / who / they / seem / by / defining to / negative thought forms / we are in / we
incredible / to / they / to / be / as are weak / has given / the positive thought forms
___________________________________ ___________________________________
___________________________________ ___________________________________
___________________________________ ___________________________________
___________________________________ ___________________________________

- 34 -
│22번│ │23번│
Our emotions are thought to exist because they have By improving accessibility of the workplace for workers
contributed to our survival as a species. Fear has helped that are typically at a disadvantage in the labour market,
us avoid dangers, expressing anger helps us scare off AI can improve inclusiveness in the workplace. AI-pow-
threats, and expressing positive emotions helps us bond ered assistive devices to aid workers with visual, speech
with others. From an evolutionary perspective, (감정은 or hearing difficulties are becoming more widespread,
유발될 때 우리의 많은 활동을 지시하는 일종의 ‘프로그 improving the access to, and the quality of work for peo-
램’이다) (including attention, perception, memory, ple with disabilities. For example, speech recognition
movement, expressions, etc.). For example, fear makes solutions for people with dysarthric voices, or live cap-
us very attentive, narrows our perceptual focus to tioning systems for deaf and hard of hearing people can
threatening stimuli, will cause us either to face a sit- facilitate communication with colleagues and access to
uation (fight) or avoid it (flight), and may cause us to re- jobs where inter-personal communication is necessary.
member an experience more acutely (so that we avoid AI can also enhance the capabilities of low-skilled work-
the threat in the future). Regardless of the specific ways ers, with potentially positive effects on their wages and
in which they activate our systems, the specific emotions career prospects. For example, AI's capacity to translate
we possess are thought to exist because they have helped written and spoken word in real-time can improve the
us (as a species) survive challenges within our environ- performance of non-native speakers in the workplace.
ment long ago. If they had not helped us adapt and sur- (게다가, 최근의 AI 동력의 텍스트 생성기의 발전은 글쓰
vive, they would not have evolved with us. 기, 코딩, 고객 서비스와 같은 영역에서 저 숙련된 개인의
수행을 즉시 향상시킬 수 있다).
<조건>
1) 필요시 어법에 맞게 고칠 것 <조건>
2) 주어진 단어를 한 번만 사용하여, 총 15단어로 영작 1) 필요시 어법에 맞게 고칠 것
2) 주어진 단어를 한 번만 사용하여, 총 24단어로 영작
<보기>
triggered / activities / directs / that / a <보기>
kind / of / program / emotion / our such / developments / writing / as / in
is / an / many / program / when service / individuals / improve / instantly
can / moreover / lower-skilled / customer
___________________________________
or / recent / AI-powered / of / coding / text
___________________________________
generators / in / domains / the / performance
___________________________________
___________________________________ ___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________

- 35 -
│24번│ │29번│
Whales are highly efficient at carbon storage. When From an organizational viewpoint, one of the most fas-
they die, each whale sequesters an average of 30 tons of cinating examples of how any organization may contain
carbon dioxide, taking that carbon out of the atmos- many different types of culture is to recognize the func-
phere for centuries. For comparison, the average tree tional operations of different departments within the
absorbs only 48 pounds of CO2 a year. From a climate organization. The varying departments and divisions
perspective, each whale is the marine equivalent of within an organization will inevitably view any given sit-
thousands of trees. Whales also help sequester carbon uation from their own biased and prejudiced
by fertilizing the ocean as they release nutrient-rich perspective. A department and its members will acquire
waste, in turn increasing phytoplankton populations, "tunnel vision" which disallows them to see things as
which also sequester carbon ― leading some scientists others see them. The very structure of organizations can
to call them the "engineers of marine ecosystems." In create conflict. (구조가 ‘기계적’인지 또는 ‘유기적’인지의
2019, economists from the International Monetary 선택은 갈등 관리에 깊은 영향을 미칠 수 있다). A mecha-
Fund (IMF) estimated the value of the ecosystem serv- nistic structure has a vertical hierarchy with many rules,
ices provided by each whale at over $2 million USD. many procedures, and many levels of management in-
They called for a new global program of economic involved in decision making. Organic structures are more
centives to return whale populations to preindustrial horizontal in nature, where decision making is less cen-
whaling levels as one example of a "nature-based sol- tralized and spread across the plane of the organization.
ution" to climate change. (기후 변화를 늦추기 위해 세계
적인 고래 복원 프로그램에 대한 요구가 현재 제기되고 <조건>
있다). 1) 필요시 어법에 맞게 고칠 것
<조건> <보기>
1) 필요시 어법에 맞게 고칠 것 management / profound / or / “organic” / can
2) 주어진 단어를 한 번만 사용하여, 총 16단어로 영작 have / a / the / influence / on / conflict / is / choice
“mechanistic” / the / of / whether / structure
<보기>
change / are / being / down / made / for / global ___________________________________
calls / program / slow / restoration ___________________________________
now / to / whale / a / climate ___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________

- 36 -
│30번│ │31번│
An excellent alternative to calming traffic is removing You hear again and again that some of the greatest
it. Some cities reserve an extensive network of lanes and composers were misunderstood in their own day. Not
streets for bikes, pedestrians, and the occasional service everyone could understand the compositions of
vehicle. This motivates people to travel by bike rather Beethoven, Brahms, or Stravinsky in their day. The rea-
than by car, making streets safer for everyone. As bi- son for this initial lack of acceptance is unfamiliarity.
cycles become more popular in a city, planners can con- The musical forms, or ideas expressed within them,
vert more automobile lanes and entire streets to accom- were completely new. And yet, this is exactly one of the
modate more of them. Nevertheless, even the most bike- things that makes them so great. Effective composers
able cities still require motor vehicle lanes for taxis, have their own ideas. Have you ever seen the classic
emergency vehicles, and delivery trucks. Delivery ve- movie Amadeus? The composer Antonio Salieri is the
hicles are frequently a target of animus, but they are ac- "host" of this movie; he's depicted as one of the most fa-
tually an essential component to making cities greener. mous nongreat composers ― he lived at the time of
(짐이 빽빽하게 들어찬 배달 트럭은 각각 몇 개의 쇼핑백 Mozart and was completely overshadowed by him. Now,
을 실은 여러 하이브리드 차량 보다 훨씬 더 효율적인 상 Salieri wasn't a bad composer; in fact, he was a very
품 운송 수단이다). Distributing food and other goods to good one. But he wasn't one of the world's great com-
neighborhood vendors allows them to operate smaller posers because his work wasn't original. (그가 쓴 곡은 마
stores close to homes so that residents can walk, rather 치 그 당시 모든 다른 사람들이 작곡했던 것처럼 들렸다).
than drive, to get their groceries.
<조건>
<조건> 1) 필요시 어법에 맞게 고칠 것
1) 필요시 어법에 맞게 고칠 것 2) 주어진 단어를 한 번만 사용하여, 총 16단어로 영작
2) 주어진 단어를 한 번만 사용하여 총 22단어로 영작
<보기>
<보기> he / like/ sounded / what / the / at / else / wrote
delivery / truck / several / transporter / is / hybrids just / composing / was / everyone / time / what
/ more / of / goods / than / A / tightly / packed
___________________________________
carrying / efficient / a / few / shopping / bags
___________________________________
each / a / far
___________________________________
___________________________________ ___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________

- 37 -
│32번│ │33번│
Every time a new medium comes along - whether it's Concepts are vital to human survival, but we must also
the invention of the printed book, or TV, or SNS - and be careful with them because concepts open the door to
you start to use it, it's like you are putting on a new kind essentialism. They encourage us to see things that
of goggles, with their own special colors and lenses. aren't present. Stuart Firestein opens his book,
Each set of goggles you put on makes you see things Ignorance, with an old proverb, "It is very difficult to
differently. So when you start to watch television, before find a black cat in a dark room, especially when there is
you absorb the message of any particular TV show ― no cat." This statement beautifully sums up the search
whether it's Wheel of Fortune or The Wire ― you start for essences. ( 역사는 가설을 이끄는 잘못된 개념을 사용
to see the world as being shaped like television itself. 했기 때문에 헛되이 본질을 탐색했던 과학자들의 많은
That's why Marshall McLuhan said that every time a 예를 가지고 있다 ). Firestein gives the example of lumi-
new medium comes along - a new way for humans to niferous ether, a mysterious substance that was thought
communicate - it has buried in it message. (그것은 자연 to fill the universe so that light would have a medium to
스럽게 우리가 새로운 일련의 방식에 따라 세상을 바라보 move through. The ether was a black cat, writes
게 한다). The way information gets to you, McLuhan ar- Firestein, and physicists had been theorizing in a dark
gued, is more important than the information itself. TV room, and then experimenting in it, looking for evi-
teaches you that the world is fast; that it's about surfaces dence of a cat that did not exist.
and appearances.
<조건>
<조건> 1) 필요시 어법에 맞게 고칠 것
1) 필요시 어법에 맞게 고칠 것 2) 주어진 단어를 한 번만 사용하여, 총 22단어로 영작
<보기>
<보기> fruitless / essence / the / history / their
it / set / gentle / guide / see / be / us / of / set who / used / have / concept / hypotheses
world / the / a / of / according to searched / many / because / wrong
guide / they / for / searched / of /an
___________________________________
___________________________________ ___________________________________
___________________________________ ___________________________________
___________________________________ ___________________________________
___________________________________

- 38 -
│34번│ │35번│
While social media attention is potentially an instru- Why do we have the illusion that cramming for an ex-
ment to achieve ends like elite celebrity, some content am is the best learning strategy? Because we are unable
creators desire ordinary fame as a social end in itself. to differentiate between the various sections of our
Not unlike reality television stars, social media celebri- memory. Immediately after reading our textbook or our
ties are often criticized for not having skills and talents class notes, information is fully present in our mind. It
associated with traditional, elite celebrity, such as acting sits in our conscious working memory, in an active form.
or singing ability. This criticism highlights the fact that We feel as if we know it, because it is present in our
digital content creators face real barriers to crossing short-term storage space ... but this short-term section
over to the sphere of elite celebrity. However, the criti- has nothing to do with the long-term memory that we
cism also misses the point that the phenomenon of ordi- will need in order to recall the same information a few
nary celebrity reconstructs the meaning of fame. The days later. After a few seconds or minutes, working
elite celebrity is symbolized by the metaphor of the star, memory already starts disappearing, and after a few
characterized by mystery and hierarchical distance and days, the effect becomes enormous: unless you retest
associated with naturalized qualities of talent and class. your knowledge, memory vanishes. To get information
The ordinary celebrity attracts attention through regular into long-term memory, (여러분의 모든 시간을 공부하
and frequent interactions with other ordinary people. 는 데에 쓰기보다는 자료를 공부하고 나서 스스로를 테스
(소셜 미디어 유명인으로서 평범한 명성을 얻는 것은 게 트하는 것이 필수적이다).
임에서 잘하는 것과 같은데), because in this sphere,
fame is nothing more nor less than relatively high scores <조건>
on attention scales, the metrics of subscribers, followers, 1) 필요시 어법에 맞게 고칠 것
Likes, or clicks built into social media applications. 2) 주어진 단어를 한 번만 사용하여, 총 20단어로 영작
<조건> <보기>
1) 필요시 어법에 맞게 고칠 것 essential / to study / the material / then / yourself
2) 주어진 단어를 한 번만 사용하여, 총 15단어로 영작 it is / long-term memory / information / into
rather than / spend / your time / all / test
<보기>
celebrity / ordinary / media / achieving / a game ___________________________________
as /doing / well / is / at / fame / like / a social ___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________ ___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________

- 39 -
│36번│ │37번│
The discovery of mirror neurons has profoundly Have you ever been surprised to hear a recording of
changed the way we think of a fundamental human ca- your own voice? You might have thought, "Is that really
pacity, learning by observation. As children we learn a what my voice sounds like?" Maybe your accent is more
lot by observing what our parents and friends do. pronounced in the recording than you realized, or your
Newborns, in the first week of life, have an inborn ten- voice is higher than it seems to your own ears. This is of
dency to stick out their tongue if their parents stick out course quite a common experience. The explanation is
theirs. Such imitation is not perfect. You may not see the actually fairly simple. There are two pathways through
tongue stick out each time you stick yours out at your which we perceive our own voice when we speak. One is
newborn, but if you do it many times, the tongue will the route through which we perceive most external
come out more often than if you do something different. sounds, like waves that travel from the air through the
Babies babble and later start to imitate the sounds their outer, middle and inner ear. But because our vocal cords
parents produce. Later still, they play with vacuum vibrate when we speak, there is a second internal path.
cleaners and hammers in imitation of their parents. (쓰 Vibrations are conducted through our bones and stim-
고 말하고 읽고 우주선을 만들고 학교에 가는 우리의 현 ulate our inner ears directly. Lower frequencies are em-
대 문화는 단지 우리가 가지고 태어나는 또는 시행착오를 phasized along this pathway. (그것은 당신의 목소리가
통해 배우는 행동에 국한되지 않기 때문에 작동할 수 있 다른 사람에게 들릴 수 있는 것보다 당신 자신에게 더 깊
다). We can learn a lot by simply watching others. 고 풍부하게 들리게 한다).
<조건> <조건>
1) 필요시 어법에 맞게 고칠 것 1) 필요시 어법에 맞게 고칠 것
2) 주어진 단어를 한 번만 사용하여, 총 36단어로 영작 2) 주어진 단어를 한 번만 사용하여, 총 17단어로 영작
<보기> <보기>
only / because / in which / we / write/ or / build deeper /and / than / that / make /other / people
spaceships / and / go / school / trial / and / to sound / your / voice / sound / to / richer
error / can / work / we / are / read / speak / not yourself / to / may / it
restrict / to /the / behavior /cultures / we / are
___________________________________
modern/ with / learn / by / our / born
___________________________________
___________________________________ ___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________

- 40 -
│38번│ │39번│
Biologists distinguish two kinds of similarity. (‘상사’ 형 Seawater contains an abundance of dissolved oxygen
질은 공통된 기능을 가지는 것들이지만, 진화 계보의 다 that all marine animals breathe to stay alive. It has long
른 가지에서 생겨났고 중요한 면에서 ‘동일한’ 기관이 아 been established in physics that cold water holds more
닌 형질이다). The wings of birds and the wings of bees dissolved oxygen than warm water does ― this is one
are both used for flight and are similar in some ways be- reason that cold polar seas are full of life while tropical
cause anything used for flight has to be built in those oceans are blue, clear, and relatively poorly populated
ways, but they arose independently in evolution and with living creatures. Thus, as global warming raises the
have nothing in common beyond their use in flight. temperature of marine waters, it is self-evident that the
"Homologous" traits, in contrast, may or may not have a amount of dissolved oxygen will decrease. (만약 생태계
common function, but they descended from a common 를 위협하는 수준까지 계속되도록 허용된다면 이는 걱정
ancestor and hence have some common structure that 스럽고 잠재적으로 파괴적인 결과다). Now scientists
indicates their being “the same” organ. The wing of a bat have analyzed data indicating that the amount of dis-
and the front leg of a horse have very different functions, solved oxygen in the oceans has been declining for more
but they are all modifications of the forelimb of the an- than a half century. The data show that the ocean oxy-
cestor of all mammals. As a result, they share nonfunc- gen level has been falling more rapidly than the corre-
tional traits like the number of bones and the ways they sponding rise in water temperature. Falling oxygen lev-
are connected. To distinguish analogy from homology, els in water have the potential to impact the habitat of
biologists usually look at the overall architecture of the marine organisms worldwide and in recent years this
organs and focus on their most useless properties. has led to more frequent anoxic events that killed or dis-
placed populations of fish, crabs, and many other
<조건> organisms.
1) 필요시 어법에 맞게 고칠 것
2) 주어진 단어를 한 번만 사용하여, 총 28단어로 영작 <조건>
<보기> 2) 주어진 단어를 한 번만 사용하여, 총 16단어로 영작
traits / on /are / ones / that / same / evolutionary
have / a / the / common / but / different / arose <보기>
branches / of / the / tree / and / be / in / an is / a / allow / worrisome / potentially / this
important / function / analogous / sense / not disastrous / ecosystem-threatening / consequence
organ if / to / continue / to / an / level / and
___________________________________ ___________________________________
___________________________________ ___________________________________
___________________________________ ___________________________________
___________________________________ ___________________________________

- 41 -
│40번│ │41-42번│
Capuchins ― New World Monkeys that live in large so- Higher education has grown from an elite to a mass
cial groups―will, in captivity, trade with people all day system across the world. In Europe and the USA, in-
long, especially if food is involved. I give you this rock creased rates of participation occurred in the decades af-
and you give me a treat to eat. If you put two monkeys in ter the Second World War. Between 2000 and 2014,
cages next to each other, and offer them both slices of rates of participation in higher education almost dou-
cucumber for the rocks they already have, they will hap- bled from 19% to 34% across the world among the mem-
pily eat the cucumbers. If, however, you give one mon- bers of the population in the school-leaving age category
key grapes instead ― grapes being universally preferred (typically 18-23). The dramatic expansion of higher edu-
to cucumbers ― the monkey that is still receiving cu- cation has been marked by a wider range of institutions
cumbers will begin to throw them back at the of higher learning and a more diverse demographic of
experimenter. Even though she is still getting "paid" the students.
same amount for her effort of sourcing rocks, and (그래 Changes from an elite system to a mass higher educa-
서 그녀의 특정한 상황이 변화가 없더라도, 다른 원숭이 tion system are associated with political needs to build a
와의 비교는 그 상황을 부당하게 만든다). Furthermore, specialised workforce for the economy. In theory, the
she is now willing to abandon all gains ― the cucumbers expansion of higher education to develop a highly skilled
themselves ― to communicate her displeasure to the workforce should diminish the role of examinations in
experimenter. the selection and control of students, initiating ap-
proaches to assessment which enable lifelong learning:
<조건> assessment for learning and a focus on feedback for
1) 필요시 어법에 맞게 고칠 것 development. In reality, socio-political changes to ex-
2) 주어진 단어를 한 번만 사용하여, 총 15단어로 영작 pand higher education have set up a 'field of contra-
dictions' for assessment in higher education. Mass high-
<보기> er education requires efficient approaches to assess-
particular / situation / change / comparison ment, such as examinations and multiple-choice quizz-
another / make / unfairly es, with minimalist, impersonal, or standardised feed-
back, often causing students to focus more on grades
___________________________________ than feedback. In contrast, the relatively small numbers
___________________________________ of students in elite systems in the past allowed for closer
___________________________________ relationships between students and their teachers, (형성
___________________________________ 적 피드백이 학생의 마음, 학업 기술, 그리고 심지어 성격
을 형성하면서).
<조건>
2) 콤마(,)를 두 번 사용할 것
<보기>
students / and / minds / even /shape
characters / of / formative / the / academic
skills / feedback / with / the
___________________________________
___________________________________

- 42 -
정답 및 해설
<정답> 59) ③ which → through which

60) ④ Higher → Lower
1) ③ 61) ③
2) ④ what → that 62) ⑤
3) ③ foster → limit 63) (A) arose (B) be built (C) indicates (D) being
4) ③ (E) are connected
5) ④ 64) ④ functional → nonfunctional
6) ① that → which 65) ③
7) ④ absence → presence 66) ④
8) ② 67) ③
9) ② 68) ② is → does
10) ② triggering → triggered 69) ③ increase → decrease
11) ② negative → positive 70) ④
12) ④ 71) ②
13) ⑤ 72) ③
14) ② is → are 73) (B) would → will
15) ③ impede → facilitate (C) throw back them → throw them back
(D) unfairly → unfair
16) ②
74) ④ compliance → comparison
17) ④
18) ④ It → They 75) ③
76) ④
19) ③ decreasing → increasing
77) ⑤ shaped → shaping
20) ③
78) ② heighten → diminish
21) (A) sequesters (B) absorbs (C) fertilizing
(D) estimated (E) to slow down 79) ④
22) ⑤ 80) ③
23) ② what → that 81) your child to be who they are, not who they seem to
24) ③ discard → acquire be as defined by their incredible achievements
82) When we are in a negative state, we have given a lot
25) ②
of energy to negative thought forms, and the positive
26) ①
thought forms are weak.
27) ⑤ allow → allows
83) an emotion is a kind of "program" that, when
28) ② preserve → convert
triggered, directs many of our activities
29) ①
84) Moreover, recent developments in AI-powered text
30) ⑤
generators can instantly improve the performance of
31) ⑤ That → What
lower-skilled individuals in domains such as writing, coding
32) ② familiarity → unfamiliarity
or customer service.
33) ②
85) Calls are now being made for a global whale
34) ④ restoration program, to slow down climate change.
35) ③ has been buried → had buried 86) The choice of whether the structure is "mechanistic" or
36) ④ revealed → buried "organic" can have a profound influence on conflict
37) ③ management.
38) ④ 87) A tightly packed delivery truck is a far more efficient
39) (C) to be → being (D) been buried → buried transporter of goods than several hybrids carrying a
(E) to you → you few shopping bags each.
40) ④ 88) What he wrote sounded just like what everyone else
41) ③ productively → fruitless was composing at the time.
42) ② is summed → sums 89) It is gently guiding us to see the world according to a
43) ④ new set of codes
44) ② 90) History has many of who searched fruitlessly for an
45) (C) are used → used (D) thought → was thought essence because they used the wrong concept to
(E) experimented → experimenting guide their hypotheses
46) ② 91) Achieving ordinary fame as a social media celebrity is
47) ④ associates → associated like doing well at a game
48) ② unrelated → associated 92) It is essential to study the material, then test yourself,
49) ③ rather than spend all your time studying.
50) ① 93) Our modern cultures, in which we write, speak, read,
51) ⑤ that → it build spaceships and go to school, can work only
52) ② confuse → differentiate because we are not restricted to the behavior we are
53) ③ born with or learn by trial and error.
54) ⑤ 94) That makes your voice sound deeper and richer to
55) ③ its → their yourself than it may sound to other people.
56) ⑤ permitted → restricted 95) "Analogous" traits are ones that have a common
57) ③ function but arose on different branches of the
58) ⑤ evolutionary tree and are in an important sense not

- 43 -
정답 및 해설
"the same" organ

96) This is a worrisome and potentially disastrous
consequence if allowed to continue to an
ecosystem-threatening level.
97) Even though she is still getting "paid" the same
amount for her effort of sourcing rocks, and so her
particular situation has not changed, the comparison to
another makes the situation unfair.
98) with formative feedback shaping the minds, academic
skills, and even the characters of students

- 44 -

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(A) _____ (B) _ (C) ____

(A) _____ (B) _ (C) ____