COMPUTER 10 REVIEWER

Lesson 1 - Introduction to Computer Programming

BY: CHRISTIAN JAMES MARTINEZ

programmer) wrote the instructions

that ran Charles Babbage’s
TERMS TO REMEMBER “Analytical Engine” in 1883

IPO (input-process output) - to the creation of the Assembly

- a pattern or approach that is widely Language in 1949
used in systems analysis for
describing the structure of the
1949 - ASSEMBLY LANGUAGE
information processing program or
other processes
.exe - eliminated the use of binary by
- means compiled in in an executable allowing for names for instructions.
compiler
.com
- means compiled in assembly ENIAC
language (Electronic Numerical Integrator And Computer)

INPUT - original purpose was to calculate

artillery firing tables for the US Army

- any data entered into the computer - cost $487,000 to build in 1947
system.
- 5 million hand-soldered joints

PROCESS - 9 kilometer wiring, transistor was as

big as a refrigerator, 30 tons in
- procedure carried out by the weight, and took up a 2 story
system to provide output. building.

OUTPUT 1952

- the result from the procedure(s) - first autocode and compiler were
which the system has done. created for the Mark 1 computer

- widely considered to be the first

Evolution of Programming Languages compiled programming language.
- term refers to a family of
- took 66 years between the time of “simplified coding
Ada Lovelace (first computer systems”
COMPUTER 10 REVIEWER
Lesson 1 - Introduction to Computer Programming
BY: CHRISTIAN JAMES MARTINEZ

- Pascal is one of its descendants and

1957 - FORTRAN a number of the features found in C,
(FORmula TRANslation) C++, Java, and JavaScript was first
found in ALGOL
- was developed by a group of
programmers working at IBM 1960 - BASIC & COBOL

- goal was to offer the easy translation

of math formulas into code - had significant impacts and staying
power BASIC & COBOL
- the first high level language
emerged.
BASIC
(Beginner’s All-Purpose Symbolic Instruction Code)
- allowed programmers to create
programs 500% faster than writing
Assembly or machine language - was designed by John G. Kemeny
and Thomas E. Kurtz
- it’s compiler as widely acknowledged
as the impetus for the compiler - released at Dartmouth College in
theory branch of computer science 1964

- Often thought of as a scientific - its goal was to create an accessible

computing language, the software language that students other than
NASA used for Voyager-1 and those in science or math could learn
Voyager-2 spacecraft was written in and use
FORTRAN

COBOL
1958 - ALGOL (COmmon Business-Oriented Language)
(ALGOrithmic Language)

- development began in 1959 with the

- developed by a committee of the first official specifications being
Association of Computing released in 1960.
Machinery.
- became the choice for business
- widely used by computer scientists applications owing much of its
in the US and EU but never found original popularity to IBM ,an early
wide commercial use adopter and one of the original
collaborators on its development
COMPUTER 10 REVIEWER
Lesson 1 - Introduction to Computer Programming
BY: CHRISTIAN JAMES MARTINEZ

COBOL
(COmmon Business-Oriented Language) 1970 - PASCAL

- Up until 1990’s, it was the most - influenced by ALGOL.

widely used language by business
- became widely used for teaching
- As recently as 1997, 80% of the programming as it possessed tools
world’s business ran on COBOL. for debugging and editing and
support for the early
microprocessors used in teaching
1962 - APL computer science
(A Programming Language)
- still used as a teaching tool

- used graphic symbols to represent

functions and operators 1972 - C

- is a calculation tool and not a

- Created by a computer scientist
programming language due to its
working at Bell Labs
symbolic language
- C and its offsprings are among the
- still used for areas such as
most widely used programming
healthcare, asset management, and
languages.
other commercial and scientific
purposes.
- originally designed as a minimalist
language intended to create utilities
SIMULA running on Unix

In the mid-1970’s with the emergence of

- its name describes its purpose microcomputers. many offshoots were
- performs simulations created including:

- first object oriented programming

language Microsoft BASIC

- appear in a variety of language

- co written by Bill Gates, Paul Allen,
including C++, Java, C#
Monte Davidoff
COMPUTER 10 REVIEWER
Lesson 1 - Introduction to Computer Programming
BY: CHRISTIAN JAMES MARTINEZ

- Allows programmers to write

Microsoft BASIC commands or instructions that can
be easily understood by a person,
- dominated the home computer and
market that emerged in 1970’s
- translated into codes that are
- As computers evolved in complexity machine-readable
during the 1990’s. The use of BASIC
diminished.
CLASSIFICATION OF
- Developed Visual Basic in 1991 PROGRAMMING LANGUAGES
which combined an updated BASIC
with a visual forms builder. MACHINE LANGUAGE
- Evolved from Visual Basic to - runs on electricity and is designed to
VB.NET which evolved into work on information.
C#
- uses binary language/machine
language
TERMS TO REMEMBER
BINARY NUMERAL SYSTEM
COMPUTER PROGRAM - represents and processes
- a series of instructions written to numbers using binary digits 1
perform a specified task on a and 0 which represents “on”
computer and “off”

PROGRAMMER - has 2 as its base

- the person who writes, develops,
and debugs a computer program DECIMAL NUMERAL SYSTEM
- commonly used in science
PROGRAMMING and commerce
- it is the process that programmers
undergo to create instructions for a - uses 10 numerals 0-9
computer on how to perform a
specific task - has 10 as its base

PROGRAMMING LANGUAGE LOW-LEVEL LANGUAGE

- a tool that is used by the - uses mnemonics
programmer to communicate with
the computer. - uses English-like abbreviations
COMPUTER 10 REVIEWER
Lesson 1 - Introduction to Computer Programming
BY: CHRISTIAN JAMES MARTINEZ

HIGH-LEVEL LANGUAGE
- allow programmers to use English
commands to carry out instruction.

INTERPRETER CONVERTING DECIMAL TO BINARY

- translates high-level
instructions line by line into - multiply each binary digit by two with
machine code during runtime its place value and add the products

COMPILER OR
- translates the entire program (1 means on, 0 means off)
into machine code before the
program executes DECIMAL 16 8 4 2 1 BINARY

1 0 0 0 0 1 00001
OBJECT-ORIENTED
PROGRAMMING LANGUAGE 2 0 0 0 1 0 00010
- uses GUI based interfaces
3 0 0 0 1 1 00011

4 0 0 1 0 0 00100
OBJECT ORIENTED PROGRAMMING
EXAMPLES: 5 0 0 1 0 1 00101

6 0 0 1 1 0 00110
- Visual Basic
7 0 0 1 1 1 00111
- Delphi
- C++ 8 0 1 0 0 0 01000
- PROLOG
- Java 9 0 1 0 0 1 01001
- PHP
- Python
- Ruby
- Perl
- JavaScript
- SmallTalk
COMPUTER 10 REVIEWER
Lesson 1 - Introduction to Computer Programming
BY: CHRISTIAN JAMES MARTINEZ

CONVERTING DECIMAL TO HEXADECIMAL

CONVERTING BINARY TO DECIMAL Steps:
1. Keep dividing by 16
Steps: 2. Use integers only
1. Write Base 2 Headings (highlighted
in red) EQUATION REMAINDER
2. Add the headings that has 1 in the
column 1453÷16 = 90.8 90 13

BINARY 16 8 4 2 1 DECIMAL 90÷16 = 5.6 5 10

01001 0 1 0 0 1 9 5÷16 = 0.3 0 5

10010 1 0 0 1 0 18
3. Write the remainders from bottom to
01011 0 1 0 1 1 11 top

11100 1 1 1 0 0 28
5 10 13
10101 1 0 1 0 1 21

10110 1 0 1 1 0 22 4. Convert to hexadecimal

00111 0 0 1 1 1 7

01000 0 1 0 0 0 8 ..8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15

01001 0 1 0 0 1 9 ..8 9 A B C D E F

5 10 13

5 A D

Final Answer: 5AD