Chapter four (The derivative and it`s applications)

Geometrical - physical Application

Slope and tangent
Let 𝑓(𝑥 ) be any continuous function and (𝑥0 , 𝑦0 ) is any point in 𝑓(𝑥 ) then we can
define the slope of 𝑓(𝑥 ) at point (𝑥0 , 𝑦0 ) by:-
𝑓 (𝑥0 +ℎ)−𝑓 (𝑥0 )
𝑚 = 𝑓 ′ (𝑥0 ) = 𝑙𝑖𝑚 ℎ
ℎ→0
And we can define the slope at any point by the Rule:-
𝑓 (𝑥+ℎ) −𝑓 (𝑥)
𝑚 = 𝑓 ′ (𝑥 ) = 𝑙𝑖𝑚
ℎ→0 ℎ

𝑚 is called slope
Tangent equation
Let 𝑓(𝑥 ) be any function its slope is 𝑚 at a point (𝑥0 , 𝑦0 ), this point is called
touch point, then the tangent equation line can written as:-
𝑦 − 𝑦0 = 𝑚(𝑥 − 𝑥0 )
𝑚 is slope = 𝑓 ′(𝑥0 )
(𝑥0 , 𝑦0 ) touch point

Examples: Find the tangent equation of the function 𝑓(𝑥 ) = 2𝑥 2 + 3𝑥 + 1 at

𝑥0 = 2 ((Using the general law of derivation)).

Sol. When 𝑥0 = 2 → 𝑦 = 2(2)2 + 3(2) + 1 = 15 = 𝑓(2)

∴ (𝑥0 , 𝑦0 ) = (2 ,15) is touch point
𝑓 (2+ℎ)−𝑓 (2)
𝑚 = 𝑓 ′ (2) = 𝑙𝑖𝑚
ℎ→0 ℎ
2(2+ℎ) 2 +3(2+ℎ) +1−15
= 𝑙𝑖𝑚 ℎ
ℎ→0
8+8ℎ+2ℎ2 +6+3ℎ−14
= 𝑙𝑖𝑚
ℎ→0 ℎ
2ℎ2 +11ℎ ℎ(2ℎ+11)
= 𝑙𝑖𝑚 ℎ
= 𝑙𝑖𝑚 ℎ
ℎ→0 ℎ→0
𝑚 = 2(0) + 11 = 11
𝑦 − 𝑦0 = 𝑚(𝑥 − 𝑥0 )
𝑦 − 15 = 11(𝑥 − 2)
𝑦 − 11𝑥 + 7 = 0 tangent equation
 Chapter four (The derivative and it`s applications)
Examples: Find the tangent equation for the curve 𝑓(𝑥 ) = 4𝑥 2 − 7 at 𝑥0 = 2
((Using the general law of derivation)).
Sol. When 𝑥0 = 2 → 𝑓(𝑥 ) = 4(2)2 − 7 = 9
∴ (2 ,9) is touch point
𝑓 (2+ℎ)−𝑓 (2)
𝑚 = 𝑓 ′ (2) = 𝑙𝑖𝑚 ℎ
ℎ→0
4(2+ℎ) 2 −7−9
= 𝑙𝑖𝑚
ℎ→0 ℎ
16+16ℎ+4ℎ2 −16
= 𝑙𝑖𝑚 ℎ
ℎ→0
ℎ(16+4ℎ)
= 𝑙𝑖𝑚 ℎ
ℎ→0
𝑚 = 16 + 4(0) = 16
𝑦 − 𝑦0 = 𝑚(𝑥 − 𝑥0 )
𝑦 − 9 = 16(𝑥 − 2)
𝑦 − 16𝑥 + 23 = 0 tangent equation

physical Application
1( The distance 𝑓(𝑡 )
Its function in term of time and its used to determine the distance "displacement"
of the body from the starting point of the movement.
2( Velocity (speed) function 𝑣 (𝑡 )
Its the derivative of the distance function respect to time.
𝑓 (𝑡+ℎ)−𝑓(𝑡 )
𝑣 (𝑡) = 𝑓 ′ (𝑡) = 𝑙𝑖𝑚 ℎ
ℎ→0
3( The acceleration 𝑎(𝑡 )
Is the derivative of the velocity function respect to time.
𝑓 (𝑡+ℎ)−𝑣(𝑡)
𝑎(𝑡) = 𝑣 ′ (𝑡) = 𝑙𝑖𝑚 ℎ
ℎ→0
𝑑(𝑡) = distance (scalar quantity) always positive
𝑠(𝑡) = displacement (vector quantity)
𝑣(t) = velocity (vector quantity)
𝑎(t) = acceleration (vector quantity)
Distance Deriving Deriving
𝑑 (𝑡 ) Velocity
acceleration
displacement
Definite 𝑣 (𝑡 ) Indefinite 𝑎(𝑡 )
𝑠(𝑡) Integration Integration
 Chapter four (The derivative and it`s applications)
Examples: Let 𝑓 (𝑡 ) = 2𝑡 2 + 3 represent the motion of body at any moment by
meters. Find the position of the body, Find velocity after 2 seconds from starting
point ((Using the general law of derivation)).

Sol. 𝑓 (𝑡 ) = 2𝑡 2 + 3
𝑡 = 2 ⟶ 𝑓(2) = 2(2)2 + 3 = 11 𝑚
′ 𝑓(2+ℎ) −𝑓 (2)
𝑣(2) = 𝑓 (2) = 𝑙𝑖𝑚
ℎ→0 ℎ

2(2+ℎ) 2 +3−11
= 𝑙𝑖𝑚
ℎ→0 ℎ

8+8ℎ+2ℎ2 −8
= 𝑙𝑖𝑚 ℎ
ℎ→0
ℎ(8+2ℎ)
= 𝑙𝑖𝑚 ℎ
ℎ→0

𝑣 (2) = 8 + 2(0) = 8 𝑚⁄𝑠𝑒𝑐 the velocity after 2 seconds from starting

Examples: Let 𝑣(𝑡 ) = 3𝑡 2 − 4𝑡 represent the velocity at any moment 𝑡, Find the
acceleration after 2 seconds from starting moving. ((Using the general law of
derivation)).

Sol. 𝑓 (𝑡 ) = 2𝑡 2 + 3
𝑡 = 2 ⟶ 𝑣(2) = 3(2)2 − 4(2) = 4
𝑣(𝑡+ℎ) −𝑣 (𝑡)
𝑎(𝑡 ) = 𝑣′(𝑡) = 𝑙𝑖𝑚
ℎ→0 ℎ
𝑣(2+ℎ)−𝑣(2)
= 𝑙𝑖𝑚 ℎ
ℎ→0
3(2+ℎ) 2 −4(2+ℎ) −4
= 𝑙𝑖𝑚
ℎ→0 ℎ

12+12ℎ+3ℎ2 −8−4ℎ−4
= 𝑙𝑖𝑚 ℎ
ℎ→0

3ℎ2 +8ℎ ℎ(3ℎ+8)

𝑎(2) = 𝑙𝑖𝑚 ℎ = 𝑙𝑖𝑚 = 8 𝑚⁄𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 after 2 seconds
ℎ→0 ℎ→0 ℎ
 Chapter four (The derivative and it`s applications)
Examples: a body moving at Rule 𝑓 (𝑡 ) = 𝑡 2 − 3𝑡 + 6 such that 𝑓(𝑡 ) is distance.
Find the acceleration of body after 3 seconds from starting moving.
Sol.
𝑓 ( 𝑡 ) ⟶ 𝑣 (𝑡 ) ⟶ 𝑎 ( 𝑡 )
′
𝑣 (𝑡 ) = 𝑓 (𝑡) = 2𝑡 − 3
𝑎 (2) = 𝑣′(2) = 2
𝑎 (3) = 2 𝑚⁄𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 after 3 seconds

Integration
First:- Indefinite Integration
Rules for Integration

Rules 𝒇(𝒙) 𝑭(𝒙) "Examples"

∫
1- 𝑘 𝑘𝑥 2 ⟶ 2𝑥

𝑛
𝑥 𝑛+1 3
∫ 𝑥4
2- 𝑥 : 𝑛 ≠ −1 𝑥 ⟶
𝑛+1 4
𝑘𝑥 𝑛 : 𝑛 ≠ −1 𝑥 𝑛+1 3
∫ 2𝑥 4 𝑥4
3- k∙ 2𝑥 ⟶ =
𝑛 +1 4 2

4- [𝑓(𝑥)]𝑛 ⋅ 𝑓 ′ (𝑥): 𝑛 ≠ −1 [𝑓(𝑥)]𝑛+1 2

(𝑥 2 − 1 ) 6
∫
(𝑥 − 1 )5 ⋅ (2𝑥) ⟶
𝑛+1 6

Examples: Find the Integrations for each the following:

1. ∫ 5 𝑑𝑥 = 5𝑥 + 𝑐

3 𝑥4
2. ∫ 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = +𝑐
4

𝑥2
3. ∫ 2𝑥𝑑𝑥 = 2 ⋅ +𝑐
2

3 𝑥4
4. ∫ 8𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 8 ⋅ +𝑐
4

2 (3𝑥+1)3
5. ∫(3𝑥 + 1) 3 𝑑𝑥 = +𝑐
3
 Chapter four (The derivative and it`s applications)
Second:- Definite Integration
Examples: Calculate Integrations of each the following:
2
2 3 2𝑥4 𝑥2 (2)4 (2)2
1. ∫0 (2𝑥 + 𝑥 + 5)𝑑𝑥 = [ + + 5𝑥 ] = ( + + 5(2)) − (0 − 0 + 0)
4 2 0 2 3
4 24+4+30 58 1
= 8 + + 10 = = = 19
3 3 3 3
2 2
1 24 1 −4 (𝑥+1)−3 −1
2. ∫0 𝑑𝑥 = ∫0 24 (𝑥 + 1) (1)𝑑𝑥 = 24 [ ] = 24 [ ]
(𝑥+1) 4 −3 0 3(𝑥+1) 3
0
−1 −1 −1 1 −1+27
= 24 [ − ] = 24 [ + ]=24 [ ]
3(2+1)3 3(0+1)3 81 3 81

26 208
=24 [ ]=
81 27
9 1 9
3. ∫1 𝑑𝑥 = [√𝑥 ]1 = [√9 − √1 ] = 3 − 1 = 2
2 √𝑥
−1 −1
2 𝑥2 2 2( 3 1 2 2( 3
4. ∫0 3 𝑑𝑥 = ∫0 𝑥 𝑥 + 1) 2 𝑑𝑥 = ∫0 3𝑥 𝑥 + 1) 2 𝑑𝑥
√𝑥 +1 3
1 2
1 (𝑥3 +1)2 2 2 2
= [ 1 ] = [√𝑥 3 + 1 ]0 = (√8 + 1 − √0 + 1)
3 3 3
2
0
2 4
= (3 − 1) =
3 3

3 2
2 2 3 2 3 (𝑥2 −1) 1
5. ∫0 3𝑥 ∙ (𝑥 − 1 𝑑𝑥 = )2 ∫0 2
2𝑥 ⋅ (𝑥 − 1 𝑑𝑥 = )2 [ ] = [(𝑥 2 − 1)3 ]20
2 2 3 0 2
1 1
= [ (4 − 1)3 − (0 − 1)3 ] = [27 + 1] = 14
2 2
1
1 2 1 𝑥5 𝑥3
6. ∫0 (𝑥 − 1 𝑑𝑥 = )2 ∫0 4
(𝑥 − 2𝑥 + 1)𝑑𝑥 = [ 2
−2 + 𝑥]
5 3 0
1 2 3−10+15 8
=( − + 1 ) − (0 − 0 + 0 ) = =
5 3 15 15
−2
11 1 11 1 11 1 11
7. ∫4 3 2 𝑑𝑥 = ∫4 3 𝑑𝑥 = ∫4 2 𝑑𝑥 = ∫4 (𝑥 − 3) 𝑑𝑥 3
√𝑥 −6𝑥+9 √(𝑥−3)2 (𝑥−3) 3
1 11
(𝑥−3)3 3 3 3
=[ 1 ] = [3 √𝑥 − 3]11
4 = 3[ √8 − √1] = 3(2 − 1) = 3
3 4
4 (√𝑥−1)3 4 1 4 1
8. ∫1 𝑑𝑥 = ∫1 ⋅ (√𝑥 − 1)3 𝑑𝑥 = 2 ∫1 ⋅ (√𝑥 − 1)3 𝑑𝑥
√𝑥 √𝑥 2 √𝑥
( √𝑥−1) 4 4 (√𝑥−1)4
4
(1)4 (0)4 1
= 2∙[ ] =[ ] = − =
4 1 2 1 2 2 2
 Chapter four (The derivative and it`s applications)
Examples: A body moves on a straight line with the given velocity 𝑣 (𝑡) = 2𝑡 − 4 𝑚⁄𝑠𝑒𝑐
Find :
a. The distance that the particle moves during the interval [1,3]
b. The displacement on [1,3]
c. The distance is cut during 5th second
d. The displacement from initial motion after (4) seconds.
Sol.
a. let 2𝑡 − 4 = 0 ⟹ 𝑡 = 2 ∈ [1,3] ⟶ [1,2], [2,3]
2
𝑑1 = ∫ (2𝑡 − 4)𝑑𝑡 = [𝑡 2 − 4𝑡 ]12 = (4 − 8) − (1 − 4) = −1
1
3
𝑑2 = ∫ (2𝑡 − 4)𝑑𝑡 = [ 𝑡 2 − 4𝑡 ]32 = (9 − 12) − (4 − 8) = 1
2
The distance: 𝑑 = |𝑑1 | + |𝑑2 | = 1 + 1 = 2𝑚
b. The displacement: 𝑠 = ∫13 (2𝑡 − 4)𝑑𝑡 = [𝑡 2 − 4𝑡]31 = (9 − 12) − (1 − 4) = 0 𝑚
c. 2𝑡 − 4 = 0 ⇒ 𝑡 = 2 ∉ [4,5]
5
The distance: 𝑑 = |∫ (2𝑡 − 4)𝑑𝑡 | = |[𝑡 2 − 4𝑡 ]54 |
4
= |(25 − 20) − (16 − 16)| = 5𝑚
d. The displacement: 𝑠 = ∫04 (2𝑡 − 4)𝑑𝑡 = [𝑡 2 − 4𝑡]40 = (16 − 16) − (0 − 0) = 0𝑚
Examples: A body moves on a straight line with an acceleration of (18)m/sec 2
where its velocity at 4th second is (82)𝑚/𝑠𝑒𝑐. Find:
a. The distance that the body travelled during 3rd second.
b. The displacement from initial motion after (3) seconds.
Sol.
𝑣(𝑡 ) = ∫ 𝑎 (𝑡 ) 𝑑𝑡 = ∫ 18 𝑑𝑡
𝑣(𝑡) = 18𝑡 + 𝑐 (𝑣(𝑡) = 82 when 𝑡 = 4)
⇒ 82 = 18(4) + 𝑐
⇒ 82 − 72 = 𝑐 ⇒ 𝑐 = 10
∴ 𝑣(𝑡) = 18t + 10
5
a. let 18𝑡 + 10 = 0 ⟹ 𝑡 = − 9
𝑖𝑔𝑛𝑜𝑟𝑠𝑒
3
𝑑(𝑡) = |∫2 (18𝑡 + 10)𝑑𝑡 | = |[9𝑡 2 + 10𝑡 ]32 |
= |(81 + 30) − (36 + 20)| = |111 − 56| = 55𝑚
 Chapter four (The derivative and it`s applications)
3
b. 𝑠(𝑡) = ∫0 (18𝑡 + 10)𝑑𝑡 = [9𝑡 2 + 10𝑡]30
= (81 + 30) − (0 + 0) = 111𝑚

Home work
Exercise(1):- Calculate Integrations of each the following:
2
1. ∫−2 (3𝑥 − 2)𝑑𝑥
2
2. ∫1 (𝑥 −2 + 2𝑥 + 1)𝑑𝑥
3
3. ∫1 (𝑥 4 + 4𝑥 )𝑑𝑥
3 2𝑥3 −4𝑥2 +5
4. ∫1 𝑥2
𝑑𝑥
4
5. ∫1 (𝑥 − 2)(𝑥 + 1)2 𝑑𝑥
1
6. ∫0 √𝑥(√𝑥 + 2)2 𝑑𝑥
3 𝑥4 −1
7. ∫2 𝑑𝑥
𝑥−1
2 𝑥3 −1
8. ∫3 𝑑𝑥
𝑥−1

Exercise (2):- Find the equation of tangent line of the function 𝑓(𝑥 ) = 3𝑥 2 − 4𝑥 + 5
at 𝑦 = 4

Exercise (3):- Find the equation of tangent line of the function 𝑓(𝑥 ) = 𝑥 4 − 𝑥 2 + 7
at 𝑥 = 1

Exercise (4):- A body moves on a straight line with an acceleration of

(2𝑡 − 4 𝑚/𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 ) where its velocity at 5th second is (9 𝑚/sec). Find:
a. The distance that the particle moves during the interval [1,4]
b. The displacement from initial motion after (3) seconds.
Exercise (5):- A body moves on a straight line with the given velocity:
𝑣(𝑡) = (3𝑡 2 − 6𝑡 + 3)𝑚/𝑠𝑒𝑐 Find:
a. The distance on interval [2,4]
b. The displacement on interval [0,5]