Unit V : Fourier Series 2021

NOTES: CLASS-1
Periodic function:
A function 𝑓(𝑥) is said to be periodic if 𝑓(𝑥 + 𝑇) = 𝑓(𝑥) for all real 𝑥 and for some positive
number 𝑇. 𝑇 is known as the period of the 𝑓(𝑥).Fundamental period of 𝑓(𝑥) is the smallest period
of 𝑓.
Eg. 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥, 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥, 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑥, 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑥 are periodic functions with period 2𝜋.
Result1: If 𝑇 is the period of 𝑓(𝑥). Then 𝑛𝑇 is also period of 𝑓 for any integer 𝑛.
Result2:The function ℎ(𝑥) = 𝑎𝑓(𝑥) + 𝑏𝑔(𝑥) has period 𝑇 if 𝑓(𝑥)𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑔(𝑥) have period 𝑇.
Result 3: If 𝑓(𝑥) is a periodic function of period 𝑇, then 𝑓(𝑎𝑥)𝑤𝑖𝑡ℎ 𝑎 ≠ 0, is a periodic function
𝑇
with period 𝑎.

Result 4: The period of a sum of a number of periodic function is the least common multiple of the
periods.
Result 5: A constant is periodic for any period 𝑇.
Trigonometric series is a fundamental series of the form 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑎0 /2 + ∑∞
𝑛=1(𝑎𝑛 cos 𝑛𝑥 +

𝑏𝑛 sin 𝑛𝑥) where constants 𝑎0 , 𝑎𝑛 , 𝑏𝑛 are called the coeifficients.

Euler’s (Fourier-Euler) Formulae
Let 𝑓(𝑥), a periodic function with period 2𝜋 defined in the interval (𝛼, 𝛼 + 2𝜋), be the sum of a
𝑎0
trigonometric series, 𝑓(𝑥) = + ∑∞
𝑛=1(𝑎𝑛 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑛𝑥 + 𝑏𝑛 sin 𝑛𝑥) (1)
2
1 𝛼+2𝜋
Then 𝑎0 = 𝜋 ∫𝛼 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥. (2)
1 𝛼+2𝜋
𝑎𝑛 = 𝜋 ∫𝛼 𝑓(𝑥)𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑛𝑥𝑑𝑥 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑛 = 1,2,3 … (3)
1 𝛼+2𝜋
𝑏𝑛 = 𝜋 ∫𝛼 𝑓(𝑥)𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑛𝑥𝑑𝑥 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑛 = 1,2,3 … (4) .The formula (2),(3),(4) are known as Euler

formulae gives the coefficient's 𝑎0 , 𝑎𝑛 , 𝑏𝑛 which are known as Fourier coefficients of 𝑓(𝑥).
Fourier Series
Fourier series of a periodic function 𝑓(𝑥) with period 2𝜋 is the trigonometric series (1) with the
Fourier coefficients 𝑎0 , 𝑎𝑛 , 𝑏𝑛 given by the Euler formulae (2),(3),(4).The individual terms in
Fourier series is known as harmonics.
Dirichlet conditions:

1 Department of Science & Humanities (Mathematics) PESU

 Unit V : Fourier Series 2021

Let 𝑓(𝑥)be periodic function with period 2𝜋. Let 𝑓(𝑥) be a piecewise continuous, and bounded in
the interval (𝛼, 𝛼 + 2𝜋)with finite number of extrema. Then
1. at the point of continuity Fourier series of 𝑓(𝑥) (𝑅𝐻𝑆) 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑒𝑠 𝑡𝑜 𝑓(𝑥)(𝐿𝐻𝑆).
2. At the point of discontinuity Fourier series of 𝑓(𝑥) converges to the arithmetic mean of left
and right hand limits of 𝑓(𝑥).

Problem 1. Obtain the Fourier series to represent 𝑒 −𝑎𝑥 from 𝑥 = −𝜋 to 𝑥 = 𝜋 . Hence derive the
𝜋
series for 𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ𝜋

Solution : The Fourier expansion of 𝑓(𝑥) over (−𝜋, 𝜋 ) is given by,

∞
𝑎0
𝑓(𝑥) = + ∑(𝑎𝑛 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑛𝑥 + 𝑏𝑛 sin 𝑛𝑥) … … … (1)
2
𝑛=1

where,
1 𝜋
𝑎0 = ∫ 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥.
𝜋 −𝜋
1 𝜋
= 𝜋 ∫−𝜋 𝑒 −𝑎𝑥 𝑑𝑥
1 𝑒 −𝑎𝑥 𝜋
= 𝜋[ ]
−𝑎 −𝜋
−1
= 𝑎𝜋 [𝑒 −𝑎𝜋 − 𝑒 𝑎𝜋 ]
𝟐 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝒉𝒂𝝅
𝒂𝟎 = 𝒂𝝅
1 𝜋
𝑎𝑛 = 𝜋 ∫−𝜋 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑛𝑥 𝑑𝑥
1 𝜋
= 𝜋 ∫−𝜋 𝑒 −𝑎𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑛𝑥 𝑑𝑥
1 𝑒 −𝑎𝑥 𝜋
= 𝜋 [(−𝑎)2 +𝑛2 (−𝑎 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑛𝑥 + 𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑛𝑥)]
−𝜋
𝑒 𝑎𝑥
{𝑆𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑒, ∫ 𝑒 𝑎𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑏𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = [𝑎2 +𝑏2 (𝑎 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑏𝑥 + 𝑏𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑏𝑥)]}
−𝑎 𝜋
= 𝜋(𝑎2 +𝑛2 ) [𝑒 −𝑎𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑛𝑥]−𝜋

−𝑎 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑛𝜋
= 𝜋(𝑎2 +𝑛2 )(𝑒 −𝑎𝜋 − 𝑒 𝑎𝜋 )

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 Unit V : Fourier Series 2021

𝟐 𝐚 (−𝟏)𝒏 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒉 𝒂𝝅
𝒂𝒏 = 𝝅(𝒂𝟐 +𝒏𝟐 )
1𝜋
𝑏𝑛 = ∫ 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑛𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝜋 −𝜋
1 𝜋
= 𝜋 ∫−𝜋 𝑒 −𝑎𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑛𝑥 𝑑𝑥
1 𝑒 −𝑎𝑥 𝜋
= 𝜋 [(−𝑎)2 +𝑛2 (−𝑎 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑛𝑥 − 𝑛𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑛𝑥)]
−𝜋
𝑒 𝑎𝑥
𝑆𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑒 {∫ 𝑒 𝑎𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑏𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = [𝑎2 +𝑏2 (𝑎 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑏𝑥 − 𝑏𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑏𝑥)]}
−𝑛 𝜋
= 𝜋(𝑎2 +𝑛2 ) [𝑒 −𝑎𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑛𝑥]−𝜋

−𝑛 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑛𝜋
= 𝜋(𝑎2 +𝑛2 )(𝑒 𝑎𝜋 − 𝑒 −𝑎𝜋 )

𝟐 𝐧 (−𝟏)𝒏 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒉 𝒂𝝅
𝒃𝒏 = 𝝅(𝒂𝟐 +𝒏𝟐 )
Therefore the required Fourier series is given by,
∞
𝑎0
𝑓(𝑥) = + ∑(𝑎𝑛 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑛𝑥 + 𝑏𝑛 sin 𝑛𝑥)
2
𝑛=1
1 𝟐 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒉𝒂𝝅 𝟐 𝐚 (−𝟏)𝒏 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒉 𝒂𝝅 𝟐 𝐧 (−𝟏)𝒏 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒉 𝒂𝝅
𝑒 −𝑎𝑥 = +∑∞
𝑛=1 ( 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑛𝑥 + sin 𝑛𝑥)
2 𝒂𝝅 𝝅(𝒂𝟐 +𝒏𝟐 ) 𝝅(𝒂𝟐 +𝒏𝟐 )

𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒉𝒂𝝅 𝟐𝒂𝟐 (−𝟏)𝒏 𝟐𝒂𝒏(−𝟏)𝒏

⟹ 𝒆−𝒂𝒙 = {𝟏 + ∑∞
𝒏=𝟏 ( (𝒂𝟐 +𝒏𝟐 ) 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝒏𝒙 + 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒏𝒙) }
𝒂𝝅 𝝅(𝒂𝟐 +𝒏𝟐 )

Deduction :
To deduce the series we shall put 𝑎 = 1, 𝑥 = 0 in the above equation :
sin ℎ𝜋 2(−1)𝑛
𝑒 0= {1 + ∑∞
𝑛=1 ((1+𝑛2 ) 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑛(0)) }
𝜋

sin ℎ𝜋 2(−1)𝑛
⟹1 = {1 + ∑∞
𝑛=1 ((1+𝑛2 )) }
𝜋

𝜋 −1 1 −1 1
⟹ 𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ𝜋 = 1+2(1+12 + 1+22 + 1+32 + 1+42 + ⋯ )
𝜋 1 1 1
⟹ 𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ𝜋 = 1 − 1 + 2 (1+22 − 1+32 + 1+42 − ⋯ )
𝝅 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
⟹ 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒉𝝅 = 2(𝟏+𝟐𝟐 − 𝟏+𝟑𝟐 + 𝟏+𝟒𝟐 − ⋯ … … … . . )

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3 Department of Science & Humanities (Mathematics) PESU

 Unit V : Fourier Series 2021

REFERENCES:
1. Higher Engineering Mathematics-B.S. Grewal
2. Higher Engineering Mathematics-B.V. Ramana
*************************************************************

4 Department of Science & Humanities (Mathematics) PESU

 Unit V : Fourier Series 2021

NOTES: CLASS-2
Fourier Series of Even and Odd functions
A function 𝑓(𝑥) is said to be even if 𝑓(−𝑥) = 𝑓(𝑥) ∀𝑥.and odd if 𝑓(−𝑥) = −𝑓(𝑥) ∀𝑥.
Fourier series of an even function 𝑓(𝑥)𝑖𝑛 (−𝜋, 𝜋) contains only cosine terms and is known as
Fourier cosine series given by
∞

𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑎𝑎0 /2 + ∑(𝑎𝑛 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑛𝑥)

𝑛=1
1 𝜋 2 𝜋 1 𝜋 2 𝜋
Where 𝑎0 = ∫ 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 And 𝑎𝑛 = 𝜋 ∫−𝜋 𝑓(𝑥)𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑛𝑥𝑑𝑥 = 𝜋 ∫0 𝑓(𝑥)𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑛𝑥𝑑𝑥
𝜋 −𝜋 𝜋 0

Fourier series of an odd function 𝑓(𝑥)𝑖𝑛 (−𝜋, 𝜋) contains only sine terms and is known as Fourier
sine series given by
1 𝜋 2 𝜋
𝑓(𝑥) = ∑∞
𝑛=1(𝑏𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑛𝑥) Where 𝑏𝑛 = 𝜋 ∫−𝜋 𝑓(𝑥)𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑛𝑥𝑑𝑥 = 𝜋 ∫0 𝑓(𝑥)𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑛𝑥𝑑𝑥

Fourier series of functions having period 𝟐𝑳

Let 𝑓(𝑥) be aperiodic function with arbitrary period 2𝐿 defined in an interval 𝑐 < 𝑥 < 𝑐 + 2𝐿.
𝑛𝜋𝑥 𝑛𝜋𝑥
Then the Fourier series expansion of 𝑓(𝑥) is 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑎0 /2 + ∑∞
𝑛=1 (𝑎𝑛 cos + 𝑏𝑛 sin )
𝐿 𝐿
1 𝑐+2𝐿
Where 𝑎0 = 𝐿 ∫𝑐 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥

1 𝑐+2𝐿 𝑛𝜋𝑥
𝑎𝑛 = ∫ 𝑓(𝑥)cos⁡( )𝑑𝑥
𝐿 𝑐 𝐿
1 𝑐+2𝐿 𝑛𝜋𝑥
𝑏𝑛 = ∫ 𝑓(𝑥) sin ( ) 𝑑𝑥.
𝐿 𝑐 𝐿
Fourier series for even and odd functions defined in (−𝑳, 𝑳)
Fourier series of an even function 𝑓(𝑥)𝑖𝑛 (−𝐿, 𝐿) contains only cosine terms and is known as
Fourier cosine series given by
∞
𝑛𝜋𝑥
𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑎0 /2 + ∑ (𝑎𝑛 𝑐𝑜𝑠 )
𝐿
𝑛=1
1 𝐿 2 𝐿
Where 𝑎0 = 𝐿 ∫−𝐿 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = 𝐿 ∫0 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥
1 𝐿 𝑛𝜋𝑥 2 𝐿 𝑛𝜋𝑥
And 𝑎𝑛 = 𝐿 ∫−𝐿 𝑓(𝑥)𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑑𝑥 = 𝐿 ∫0 𝑓(𝑥)𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑑𝑥
𝐿 𝐿

Fourier series for even and odd functions defined in (−𝑳, 𝑳)

1 Department of Science & Humanities (Mathematics) PESU

 Unit V : Fourier Series 2021

Fourier series of an odd function 𝑓(𝑥)𝑖𝑛 (−𝐿, 𝐿) contains only sine terms and is known as Fourier
sine series given by
∞
𝑛𝜋𝑥
𝑓(𝑥) = ∑ (𝑏𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛 )
𝐿
𝑛=1
1 𝐿 𝑛𝜋𝑥 2 𝐿 𝑛𝜋𝑥
Where 𝑏𝑛 = 𝐿 ∫−𝐿 𝑓(𝑥)𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑑𝑥 = 𝐿 ∫0 𝑓(𝑥)𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑑𝑥
𝐿 𝐿

Problem 1. Find the Fourier Series expansion of 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥(1 − 𝑥)(2 − 𝑥) in (0,2). Deduce the
1 1 1 1
sum of the series 13 − 33 + 53 − 73 +…..

Solution: The Fourier expansion of 𝑓(𝑥) over (0,2𝑙 ) is

𝑎0 𝑛𝜋𝑥 𝑛𝜋𝑥
𝑓(𝑥) = + ∑∞
𝑛=1 (𝑎𝑛 𝑐𝑜𝑠 + 𝑏𝑛 sin )
2 𝑙 𝑙

The period of 𝑓(𝑥)= 2 - 0 = 2. Therefore, 2 l = 2 ⟹ l = 1

The relevant Fourier series is given by

∞
𝑎0
𝑓(𝑥) = + ∑(𝑎𝑛 𝑎𝑜𝑠 𝑛𝜋𝑥 + 𝑏𝑛 sin 𝑛𝜋𝑥)⁡⁡⁡
2
𝑛=1

where
2
⁡⁡𝑎0 = ∫ 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥.
0
2
= ∫0 2𝑥 − 3𝑥 2 + 𝑥 3 𝑑𝑥.
2
𝑥2 𝑥3 𝑥4
= [2 2
−3 3
+ 4
]
0
16
=4−8+ 4

⟹ 𝑎0 = 0
2
𝑎𝑛 = ∫ 𝑓(𝑥)⁡𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑛𝜋𝑥𝑑𝑥 ⁡
0
2
⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡= ∫ (2𝑥 − 3𝑥 2 ⁡ + 𝑥 3 )𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑛𝜋𝑥𝑑𝑥
0
sin⁡(𝑛𝜋𝑥) −𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝑛𝜋𝑥) −𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝑛𝜋𝑥)
= [(2𝑥 − 3𝑥 2 + 𝑥 3 ) ( ) − (2 − 6𝑥 + 3𝑥 2 ) ( (𝑛𝜋)2
) + (−6 + 6𝑥) ( (𝑛𝜋)3
) −
𝑛𝜋

𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝑛𝜋𝑥) 2
(6) ( (𝑛𝜋)4
)]
0

2 Department of Science & Humanities (Mathematics) PESU

 Unit V : Fourier Series 2021

−𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝑛𝜋𝑥) 𝑎𝑜𝑠(𝑛𝜋𝑥) 2
= [(2 − 6𝑥 + 3𝑥 2 ) ( (𝑛𝜋)2
) + (−6) ( (𝑛𝜋)4
)]
0
−𝑐𝑜𝑠(2𝑛𝜋) −1 𝑐𝑜𝑠(2𝑛𝜋) 1
= [(2) ( (𝑛𝜋)2
) − (2) ((𝑛𝜋)2 )] + [(−6) ( (𝑛𝜋)4
) − (−6) ((𝑛𝜋)4 )]

⟹ 𝑎𝑛 = 0
2
⁡𝑏𝑛 = ∫ 𝑓(𝑥)⁡𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑛𝜋𝑥𝑑𝑥
0
2
= ∫0 (2𝑥 − 3𝑥 2 + 𝑥 3 ) 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑛𝜋𝑥𝑑𝑥
−𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝑛𝜋𝑥) 𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝑛𝜋𝑥)
= [(2𝑥 − 3𝑥 2 + 𝑥 3 )(− cos 𝑛𝜋𝑥 ) − (2 − 6𝑥 + 3𝑥 2 ) ( (𝑛𝜋)2
) + (−6 + 6𝑥) ( (𝑛𝜋)3
) −

𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝑛𝜋𝑥) 2
(6) ( (𝑛𝜋)4
)]
0

𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝑛𝜋𝑥) 2
= [(2𝑥 − 3𝑥 2 + 𝑥 3 )(− cos 𝑛𝜋𝑥 ) + (−6 + 6𝑥) ( (𝑛𝜋)3
)]
0
𝑐𝑜𝑠(2𝑛𝜋) 1
= [⁡(0)(−𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑛𝜋) − (0)(−1)] + [(6) ( (𝑛𝜋)3
) − (−6) ((𝑛𝜋)3 )]
12
⟹ 𝑏𝑛 = 𝑛3 𝜋3

The required Fourier series is given by

∞
𝑎0
𝑓(𝑥) = + ∑(𝑎𝑛 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑛𝜋𝑥 + 𝑏𝑛 sin 𝑛𝜋𝑥)⁡⁡
2
𝑛=1
∞
12
⟹ 𝑓(𝑥) = ∑ ( 3 3 sin 𝑛𝜋𝑥) ⁡⁡⁡
𝑛 𝜋
𝑛=1

Deduction :
1
To deduce the series we shall put 𝑥 = in the above equation,
2
∞
1 12 1
𝑓 ( ) = ∑ [ 3 3 sin 𝑛𝜋 ( )] ⁡⁡
2 𝑛 𝜋 2
𝑛=1
∞
1 1 2 1 3 12 1 𝑛𝜋
⟹ 2 ( ) − 3 ( ) + ( ) = 3 ⁡ ∑ [ 3 𝑠𝑖𝑛 ( )] ⁡⁡⁡
2 2 2 𝜋 𝑛 2
𝑛=1
1 1 1 1 𝜋3
⟹ 13 − 33 +53 − 73 + ⋯ … … … … … … . = 32

3 Department of Science & Humanities (Mathematics) PESU

 Unit V : Fourier Series 2021

REFERENCES:
1. Higher Engineering Mathematics-B.S. Grewal
2. Higher Engineering Mathematics-B.V. Ramana
*************************************************************

4 Department of Science & Humanities (Mathematics) PESU

 Unit V : Fourier Series 2021

NOTES: CLASS-3
1. Find the Fourier Series of 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 + 𝑥 2 in (−𝜋, 𝜋 ).
1 𝜋2
Hence deduce that ∑∞
𝑛=1 𝑛2 = 6

Solution : The Fourier expansion of 𝑓(𝑥) over (−𝜋, 𝜋 ) is

∞
𝑎0
𝑓(𝑥) = + ∑(𝑎𝑛 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑛𝑥 + 𝑏𝑛 sin 𝑛𝑥) … … … (1)
2
𝑛=1

where
1 𝜋
𝑎0 = ∫ 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥.
𝜋 −𝜋
1 𝜋
= 𝜋 ∫−𝜋 𝑥 + 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥
𝜋
1 𝑥2 𝑥3
= 𝜋[2 + ]
3 −𝜋
1 𝜋2 𝜋3 𝜋2 𝜋3
= 𝜋[2 + − + ]
3 2 3

𝟐𝝅𝟐
⟹ 𝒂𝟎 = 𝟑

1 𝜋
𝑎𝑛 = ∫ 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑛𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝜋 −𝜋
1 𝜋
= 𝜋 ∫−𝜋(𝑥 + 𝑥 2 )𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑛𝑥 𝑑𝑥
1 sin 𝑛𝑥 cos 𝑛𝑥 sin 𝑛𝑥 𝜋
= 𝜋 [(𝑥 + 𝑥 2 ) ( ) − (1 + 2𝑥) (− ) + 2 (− )]
𝑛 𝑛2 𝑛3 −𝜋
1 cos 𝑛𝑥 𝜋
= 𝜋 [(1 + 2𝑥) ( )]
𝑛2 −𝜋
1
= 𝜋𝑛2 [(1 + 2𝜋) cos 𝑛𝜋 − (1 + 2(−𝜋)𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑛(−𝜋)]
1
= 𝜋𝑛2 (4𝜋)cos 𝑛𝜋
𝟒
⟹ 𝒂𝒏 = (−𝟏)𝒏
𝒏𝟐
1 𝜋
𝑏𝑛 = 𝜋 ∫−𝜋 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑛𝑥 𝑑𝑥
1 𝜋
= 𝜋 ∫−𝜋(𝑥 + 𝑥 2 )𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑛𝑥 𝑑𝑥
1 cos 𝑛𝑥 sin 𝑛𝑥 cos 𝑛𝑥 𝜋
= 𝜋 [(𝑥 + 𝑥 2 ) (− ) − (1 + 2𝑥) (− ) + 2( )]
𝑛 𝑛2 𝑛3 −𝜋

1 Department of Science & Humanities (Mathematics) PESU

 Unit V : Fourier Series 2021

1 cos 𝑛𝑥 cos 𝑛𝑥 𝜋
= 𝜋 [(𝑥 + 𝑥 2 ) (− ) + 2( )]
𝑛 𝑛3 −𝜋
1 cos 𝑛𝜋 cos 𝑛𝜋 cos 𝑛(−𝜋) cos 𝑛(−𝜋)
= 𝜋𝑛2 [(𝜋 + 𝜋 2 ) (− )+ 2( ) − (−𝜋 + (−𝜋)2 ) (− ) + 2( )]
𝑛 𝑛3 𝑛 𝑛3
−1
= (2𝜋) cos 𝑛𝜋
𝜋𝑛
−2
= (−1)𝑛
𝑛
𝟐
⟹ 𝒃𝒏 = (−𝟏)𝒏+𝟏
𝒏

The required Fourier series is given by

∞
𝑎0
𝑓(𝑥) = + ∑(𝑎𝑛 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑛𝑥 + 𝑏𝑛 sin 𝑛𝑥)
2
𝑛=1
2𝜋 2 1 4 2
⟹ 𝑥 + 𝑥2 = + ∑∞ 𝑛
𝑛=1 (𝑛2 (−1) 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑛𝑥 + 𝑛 (−1)
𝑛+1
sin 𝑛𝑥)
3 2

𝝅𝟐 𝟒 𝟐
⟹ 𝒙 + 𝒙𝟐 = + ∑∞ 𝒏
𝒏=𝟏 (𝒏𝟐 (−𝟏) 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝒏𝒙 + 𝒏 (−𝟏)
𝒏+𝟏
𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒏𝒙) … . . … … … (𝟏)
𝟑

Deduction :
To deduce the series we shall put 𝑥 = −𝜋 in the above equation.
Here 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 + 𝑥 2 is valid for all values of 𝑥 between – 𝜋 and 𝜋 but not at the end points since
the given interval is open. Therefore, 𝑥 = −𝜋 is a point of discontinuity and hence,
1
𝑓(−𝜋) = 2 [𝑓(−𝜋 − 0) + 𝑓(−𝜋 + 0)]
1
= 2 [𝑓(𝜋 − 0) + 𝑓(−𝜋 + 0)] (since 𝑓(𝑥) is periodic with 2𝜋)
1
= 2 [𝜋 + 𝜋 2 + (−𝜋) + (−𝜋)2 ]

⟹ 𝒇(−𝝅) = 𝝅𝟐 … … … … … … … (𝟐)

Substituting the value of 𝑓(−𝜋) from (2) and putting 𝑥 = 𝜋 in (1) we obtain,
𝜋2 1 1 1 1 1
𝜋2= + 4 [12 + 22 + 32 + 42 + 52 + ⋯ ]
3

Simplifying, we get,
𝝅𝟐 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
= 𝟏𝟐 + 𝟐𝟐 + 𝟑𝟐 + 𝟒𝟐 + 𝟓𝟐 + ⋯……………..
𝟔

2 Department of Science & Humanities (Mathematics) PESU

 Unit V : Fourier Series 2021

REFERENCES:
1. Higher Engineering Mathematics-B.S. Grewal
2. Higher Engineering Mathematics-B.V. Ramana
*************************************************************

3 Department of Science & Humanities (Mathematics) PESU

 Unit V : Fourier Series 2021

NOTES: CLASS-4
−𝜋 , −𝜋 <𝑥 <0
2. Obtain the Fourier series for 𝑓(𝑥) = { }
𝑥 , 0<𝑥<𝜋
𝜋2 1 1 1
Hence deduce that = + 32 + 52 + ⋯
8 12

Solution : The Fourier expansion of 𝑓(𝑥) over (−𝜋, 𝜋 ) is

∞
𝑎0
𝑓(𝑥) = + ∑(𝑎𝑛 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑛𝑥 + 𝑏𝑛 sin 𝑛𝑥)
2
𝑛=1

where
1 𝜋
𝑎0 = ∫ 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥.
𝜋 −𝜋
1 0 𝜋
= 𝜋 [∫−𝜋 −𝜋 𝑑𝑥 + ∫0 𝑥 𝑑𝑥]
𝜋
1 𝑥2
= 𝜋 {[−𝜋(𝑥)]0−𝜋 + [ 2 ] }
0
1 𝜋2
= 𝜋 [−𝜋 2 + ]
2

𝝅
⟹ 𝒂𝟎 = − 𝟐

1 𝜋
𝑎𝑛 = ∫ 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑛𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝜋 −𝜋
1 0 𝜋 1 0 𝜋
= 𝜋 [∫−𝜋 𝑓(𝑥)𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑛𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + ∫0 𝑓(𝑥)𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑛𝑥 𝑑𝑥] + 𝜋 [∫−𝜋 −𝜋 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑛𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + ∫0 𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑛𝑥 𝑑𝑥 ]

1 sin 𝑛𝑥 0 sin 𝑛𝑥 𝜋 cos 𝑛𝑥 𝜋

= [−𝜋 [ ] + [𝑥. ] − [− ] ]
𝜋 𝑛 −𝜋 𝑛 0 𝑛2 0
1 𝜋
= 𝜋(𝑛2 ) [ 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑛𝑥]0
1
= [ 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑛𝜋 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑛(0)]
𝜋𝑛2
1
⟹ 𝑎𝑛 = 𝜋𝑛2 [ (−1)𝑛 − 1]

1 𝜋
𝑏𝑛 = ∫ 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑛𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝜋 −𝜋

1 Department of Science & Humanities (Mathematics) PESU

 Unit V : Fourier Series 2021

1 0 𝜋 1 0 𝜋
= 𝜋 [∫−𝜋 𝑓(𝑥)𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑛𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + ∫0 𝑓(𝑥)𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑛𝑥 𝑑𝑥] + 𝜋 [∫−𝜋 −𝜋 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑛𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + ∫0 𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑥 𝑑𝑥 ]
0
1 − cos 𝑛𝑥 −cos 𝑛𝑥 𝜋 sin 𝑛𝑥 𝜋
= [−𝜋 [ ] + [𝑥. ] − [− ] ]
𝜋 𝑛 −𝜋 𝑛 0 𝑛2 0
1 0 𝜋
= 𝜋(𝑛) {[ 𝜋𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑛𝑥]−𝜋 − [ 𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑛𝑥]0 }
1
= 𝜋𝑛2 [ 𝜋𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑛(0) − 𝜋𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑛𝜋 − [𝜋𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑛(𝜋) − 0]]
1
⟹ 𝑏𝑛 = 𝑛 [1 − 2 (−1)𝑛 ]

The required Fourier series is given by

∞
𝑎0
𝑓(𝑥) = + ∑(𝑎𝑛 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑛𝑥 + 𝑏𝑛 sin 𝑛𝑥)
2
𝑛=1
1 −𝜋 1 1
𝑓(𝑥) = 2 ( ) +∑∞ 𝑛 𝑛
𝑛=1 {𝜋𝑛2 [ (−1) − 1]𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑛𝑥 + 𝑛 [1 − 2 (−1) ] sin 𝑛𝑥}
2

−𝜋 1 1
⟹ 𝑓(𝑥) = + ∑∞ 𝑛 𝑛
𝑛=1 {𝜋𝑛2 [ (−1) − 1]𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑛𝑥 + 𝑛 [1 − 2 (−1) ] sin 𝑛𝑥}
4

Deduction :
To deduce the series we shall put 𝑥 = 0 in the above equation.
π 1
𝑓(0) = − 4 + ∑∞ n
n=1 {πn2 [ (−1) − 1]cos n(0)}

Since 𝑥 = 0 is a point of discontinuity,

1
f(0) = 2 [𝑓(0 − 0) + 𝑓(0 + 0)]
1
= 2 [−𝜋 + 0]
𝜋
= −2

Therefore,
∞
−𝜋 − 𝜋 −1 1
= + ∑ ( 2 [1 − (−1)𝑛 ])
2 4 𝜋 𝑛
𝑛=1
𝜋 𝜋 1 2 2 2
⟹ = + 𝜋 (12 + 32 + 52 + ⋯ )
2 4

1 1 1 𝜋2
⟹ + + + ⋯ … … … … … … … … . . . =
12 32 52 8

2 Department of Science & Humanities (Mathematics) PESU

 Unit V : Fourier Series 2021

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
2. Express 𝑓(𝑥) = (𝜋 − 𝑥)2 as a Fourier Series of period 2𝜋 in the interval 0 < 𝑥 < 2𝜋 and
1 1
hence deduce the sum of the series 1 + 22 + 32 + ⋯

Solution: The Fourier expansion of 𝑓(𝑥) over (0, 2𝜋) is

∞
𝑎0
𝑓(𝑥) = + ∑(𝑎𝑛 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑛𝑥 + 𝑏𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑛𝑥)
2
𝑛=1

where
1 2𝜋
𝑎0 = ∫ 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥.
𝜋 0
1 2𝜋
= 𝜋 ∫0 (𝜋 − 𝑥)2 𝑑𝑥
2𝜋
1 (𝜋−𝑥)3
= 𝜋 [ 3(−1) ]
0
−1 −𝜋3 𝜋3
= [ − ]
𝜋 3 3
𝟐𝝅𝟐
⟹ 𝑎0 = 𝟑

1 2𝜋
𝑎𝑛 = 𝜋 ∫0 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑛𝑥 𝑑𝑥
1 2𝜋
= 𝜋 ∫0 (𝜋 − 𝑥)2 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑛𝑥 𝑑𝑥
1 sin 𝑛𝑥 cos 𝑛𝑥 sin 𝑛𝑥 2𝜋
= 𝜋 [(𝜋 − 𝑥)2 ) ( ) − 2(𝜋 − 𝑥)(−1) (− ) + 2(−1) (− )]
𝑛 𝑛2 𝑛3 0

1 cos 𝑛𝑥 2𝜋
= 𝑓 [2(𝜋 − 𝑥) (− )]
𝑛2 0
1
= 𝜋𝑛2 [+2𝜋(𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑛𝜋) + 2𝜋𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑛(0)]
1
= (4 𝜋 )
𝜋𝑛2
𝟒
⟹ 𝑎𝑛 = 𝒏𝟐

1 2𝜋
𝑏𝑛 = ∫ 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑛𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝜋 0

3 Department of Science & Humanities (Mathematics) PESU

 Unit V : Fourier Series 2021

1 2𝜋
= 𝜋 ∫0 (𝜋 − 𝑥)2 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑛𝑥 𝑑𝑥
−cos 𝑛𝑥 sin 𝑛𝑥 cos 𝑛𝑥 2𝜋
1 (𝜋 − 𝑥)2 ) ( ) − 2(𝜋 − 𝑥)(−1) (− ) + 2(+1) ( )
= 𝜋[ 𝑛 𝑛2 𝑛3 ]
0

1 −cos 𝑛𝑥 2 2𝜋
= 𝜋 [(𝜋 − 𝑥)2 ) ( ) + 𝑛3 (𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑛𝑥)]
𝑛 0

⟹ 𝑏𝑛 =0

The required Fourier series is given by

𝑎0
𝑓(𝑥) = + ∑∞
𝑛=1(𝑎𝑛 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑛𝑥 + 𝑓𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑛𝑥)
2
𝟐𝝅𝟐 1 𝟒
⟹ (𝜋 − 𝑥)2 = ( 2) + ∑∞
𝑛=1 (𝒏𝟐 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑛𝑥 + (𝟎) 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑛𝑥)
𝟑
𝜋2 4
⟹ (𝜋 − 𝑥)2 = + ∑∞
𝑛=1 (𝑛2 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑛𝑥)
3

Deduction :
To deduce the series we shall put 𝑥 = 0 in the above the series
π2 4
𝑓(0) = + ∑∞
n=1 (n2 cos n(0))
3

Since, 𝑥 = 0 is a point of discontinuity,

1 1
𝑓(0) = [𝑓(0 − 0) + 𝑓(0 + 0)] = [𝜋 2 + 𝜋 2 ] = 𝜋 2
2 2
𝜋2 4
Therefore, 𝑓(0) = 𝜋 2 = +∑∞
𝑛=1 (𝑛2 )
3

1 1 1 𝜋2
⟹ + + + ⋯ … … … … … … … … =
12 22 32 6

4 Department of Science & Humanities (Mathematics) PESU

 Unit V : Fourier Series 2021

REFERENCES:
1. Higher Engineering Mathematics-B.S. Grewal
2. Higher Engineering Mathematics-B.V. Ramana
*************************************************************

5 Department of Science & Humanities (Mathematics) PESU

 Unit V : Fourier Series 2021

NOTES: CLASS-5
Half Range Fourier series of f(x) in(0,𝞹)
Cosine series
∞
𝑎0
𝑓(𝑥) = + ∑ 𝑎𝑛 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑛𝑥
2
𝑛=1

Fourier Coefficients:
𝟐 𝝅
𝑎0 = ∫ 𝒇(𝒙)𝒅𝒙.
𝝅 𝟎
𝟐 𝝅
𝑎𝑛 = ∫ 𝒇(𝒙) 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒏𝒙 𝒅𝒙
𝝅 𝟎
Sine Series
∞

𝑓(𝑥) = ∑ 𝑏𝑛 sin 𝑛𝑥
𝑛=1

Fourier Coefficients:
𝟐 𝝅
𝑏𝑛 = ∫ 𝒇(𝒙) 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒏𝒙 𝒅𝒙
𝝅 𝟎
Half Range Fourier series of f(x) in (0,l):
Cosine series
∞
𝑎0 𝑛𝜋𝑥
𝑓(𝑥) = + ∑ 𝑎𝑛 𝑐𝑜𝑠
2 𝑙
𝑛=1

Fourier Coefficients:
𝟐 𝒍
𝑎0 = ∫ 𝒇(𝒙)𝒅𝒙.
𝒍 𝟎
𝟐 𝒍 𝑛𝜋𝑥
𝑎𝑛 = ∫ 𝒇(𝒙) 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝒅𝒙
𝒍 𝟎 𝑙
Sine Series
∞
𝑛𝜋𝑥
𝑓(𝑥) = ∑ 𝑏𝑛 sin
𝑙
𝑛=1

Fourier Coefficients:
𝟐 𝒍 𝒏𝝅𝒙
𝑏𝑛 = ∫ 𝒇(𝒙) 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝒅𝒙
𝒍 𝟎 𝒍

1 Department of Science & Humanities (Mathematics) PESU

 Unit V : Fourier Series 2021

Problem 1 . Obtain the Fourier expansion of the function 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥, as a cosine series in
(0, 𝜋).
Solution : The Fourier cosine series is given by,
𝑎0
𝑓(𝑥) = + ∑∞
𝑛=1 𝑎𝑛 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑛𝑥
2

where
𝜋
2
𝑎0 = ∫ 𝑥𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥𝑑𝑥
𝜋
0
2
= 𝜋 [𝑥(−𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥) − (1)(−𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥)]𝜋0
−2
= {𝜋 cos 𝜋 − 0}
𝜋

⟹ 𝑎0 = 2

𝜋
2
𝑎𝑛 = ∫ 𝑥𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑛𝑥𝑑𝑥
𝜋
0
1 𝜋
= ∫0 𝑥[𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝑛 + 1)𝑥 − sin(𝑛 − 1)]𝑑𝑥
𝜋
𝜋
1 cos(𝑛+1)𝑥 cos(𝑛−1)𝑥 sin(𝑛+1)𝑥 sin(𝑛−1)𝑥
= 𝜋 𝑥. [− + − (1). [− + ]]
𝑛+1 𝑛−1 𝑛+1 𝑛−1
0
1 𝜋(−1)𝑛+1 (−1)𝑛−1
= 𝜋 [− +𝜋 ]
𝑛+1 𝑛−1
𝜋(−1)𝑛 1 1
= [𝑛+1 − 𝑛−1]
𝜋
−2
= (−1)𝑛 [𝑛2 −1]
𝟐(−𝟏)𝒏+𝟏
⟹ 𝑎𝑛 = where 𝑛 ≠ 1
𝒏𝟐 −𝟏

When 𝒏 = 𝟏,
𝜋
2
𝑎1 = ∫ 𝑥𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥𝑑𝑥
𝜋
0
1 𝜋
= 𝜋 ∫0 𝑥𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑥𝑑𝑥
1 𝑥(−𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑥) (1)(−𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑥) 𝜋
= 𝜋[ − ]
2 4 0

2 Department of Science & Humanities (Mathematics) PESU

 Unit V : Fourier Series 2021

1[−𝜋]
= 2𝜋
𝟏
⟹ 𝑎𝑛 = 𝟐

Therefore the Half range Fourier Cosine Series for 𝑓(𝑥) is

∞
𝑛0
𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 = + 𝑎1 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 + ∑ 𝑎𝑛 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑛𝑥
2
𝑛=2
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 𝟐(−𝟏)𝒏+𝟏
⟹ 𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 = 1 − + ∑∞
𝑛=2 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑛𝑥
2 𝒏𝟐 −𝟏

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Problem 2. Find the Fourier half range a) Cosine series b) Sine series of
𝒙, 𝟎 < 𝒙 < 𝟏
𝐟(𝒙) = {
𝟐 − 𝒙, 1 < 𝑥 < 𝟐
Solution : The Half Range Fourier Cosine series is given by,
∞
𝑎0 𝑛𝜋𝑥
𝑓(𝑥) = + ∑ 𝑎𝑛 𝑐𝑜𝑠
2 𝑙
𝑛=1

where
2
2
𝑎0 = ∫ 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥
2
0
1 2
= ∫0 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + ∫1 (2 − 𝑥)dx
1 2
𝑥2 𝑥2
= [ 2 ] + [2𝑥 − ]
0 2 1

=1
2 𝑙 𝑛𝜋𝑥
𝑎𝑛 = ∫ 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑑𝑥
𝑙 0 𝑙
2
2 𝑛𝜋𝑥
= ∫ 𝑓(𝑥)𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑑𝑥
2 2
0

3 Department of Science & Humanities (Mathematics) PESU

 Unit V : Fourier Series 2021

1 𝑛𝜋𝑥 2 𝑛𝜋𝑥
= ∫0 𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑑𝑥 + ∫1 (2 − 𝑥)𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑑𝑥
2 2
𝑛𝜋𝑥 1 𝑛𝜋𝑥 1 𝑛𝜋𝑥 2 𝑛𝜋𝑥 2
sin cos sin cos
2 2 2 2
= [𝑥. 𝑛𝜋 ] − [− 𝑛2 𝜋2
] + [(2 − 𝑥). 𝑛𝜋 ] −[ 𝑛2 𝜋2
]
2 0 4 2 1 4
0 1
2 𝑛𝜋 4 𝑛𝜋 2 𝑛𝜋 4 𝑛𝜋
= 𝑛𝜋 sin( 2 )+𝑛2 𝜋2 [𝑐𝑜𝑠 ( 2 ) − 1] − 𝑛𝜋 sin( 2 ) − 𝑛2 𝜋2 [𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑛𝜋 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠 ( 2 )]
8 𝑛𝜋 4
= 𝑛2 𝜋2 𝑐𝑜𝑠 ( 2 ) − 𝑛2 𝜋2 [1 + (−1)𝑛 ]

𝑛𝜋𝑥
b) The Half range Fourier Sine series is given by, 𝑓(𝑥) = ∑∞
𝑛=1 𝑏𝑛 sin 𝑙
𝟐 𝒍 𝑛𝜋𝑥
𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑏𝑛 = ∫ 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑑𝑥
𝒍 𝟎 𝑙
2 2 𝑛𝜋𝑥
= 2 ∫0 𝑓(𝑥)𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑑𝑥
2
1 𝑛𝜋𝑥 2 𝑛𝜋𝑥
= ∫0 𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑑𝑥 + ∫1 (2 − 𝑥)𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑑𝑥
2 2
𝑛𝜋𝑥 1 𝑛𝜋𝑥 1 𝑛𝜋𝑥 2 𝑛𝜋𝑥 2
−cos s 𝑖𝑛 −𝑐𝑜𝑠 sin
2 2 2 2
=[𝑥. 𝑛𝜋 ] − [− 𝑛2 𝜋2
] + [(2 − 𝑥). 𝑛𝜋 ] −[ 𝑛2 𝜋2
]
2 0 4 2 1 4
0 1
−2 𝑛𝜋 4 𝑛𝜋 2 𝑛𝜋 4 𝑛𝜋
= cos( )+ [𝑠𝑖𝑛 ( )] + cos( ) − [0 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛 ( )]
𝑛𝜋 2 𝑛2 𝜋 2 2 𝑛𝜋 2 𝑛2 𝜋 2 2
8 𝑛𝜋
= 𝑛2 𝜋2 sin( 2 )

Therefore,
𝑎0 𝑛𝜋𝑥
i. Half range Cosine series: 𝑓(𝑥) = + ∑∞
𝑛=1 𝑎𝑛 𝑐𝑜𝑠
2 2
1 8 𝑛𝜋 4 𝑛𝜋𝑥
⟹ 𝑓(𝑥) = 2 + ∑∞ 𝑛
𝑛=1 𝑛2 𝜋 2 𝑐𝑜𝑠 ( 2 ) − 𝑛2 𝜋 2 [1 + (−1) ]𝑐𝑜𝑠 2

𝑛𝜋𝑥
ii. Half range Sine series :𝑓(𝑥) = ∑∞
𝑛=1 𝑏𝑛 sin 𝑙
∞
8 𝑛𝜋 𝑛𝜋𝑥
⟹ 𝑓(𝑥) = ∑ sin ( ) sin
𝑛2 𝜋 2 2 2
𝑛=1

4 Department of Science & Humanities (Mathematics) PESU

 Unit V : Fourier Series 2021

Problem 3. By using the sine series for 𝑓(𝑥) = 1 in 0 < 𝑥 < 𝜋. Hence show that,
1 1 1 𝜋2
+ 32 + 52 + ⋯ = .
12 8

Solution : The half range Fourier sine series given by

∞

𝑓(𝑥) = ∑ 𝑏𝑛 sin 𝑛𝑥
𝑛=1

2 𝜋
𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑏𝑛 = ∫ 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑛𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝜋 0
2 𝜋
⟹ 𝑏𝑛 = 𝜋 ∫0 (1) 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑛𝑥 𝑑𝑥
2 −𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑛𝑥 𝜋 −2
= 𝜋[ ] = 𝑛𝜋 [𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑛𝜋 − 1]
𝑛 0
−2
= 𝑛𝜋 [(−1)𝑛 − 1]
2
= 𝑛𝜋 [1 − (−1)𝑛 ]

Therefore the Half range Fourier Sine series of 𝑓(𝑥) is

∞
𝑛𝜋𝑥
𝑓(𝑥) = ∑ 𝑏𝑛 sin
𝑙
𝑛=1
2
⟹ 1 = ∑∞ 𝑛
𝑛=1 𝑛𝜋 [1 − (−1) ] sin 𝑛𝑥

4 𝑠𝑖𝑛3𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛5𝑥
⟹1= (𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 + + + ⋯.)
𝜋 3 5

Deduction :
Consider the Parseval’s identity for odd functions given by,
𝑙 2
2∫0 [𝑓(𝑥)]2 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑙[∑∞
𝑛=1 𝑏𝑛 ]

𝜋 ∞
2
𝟐
⟹ 2 ∫ (1) 𝑑𝑥 = 𝜋 [∑( [𝟏 − (−𝟏)𝒏 ])2 ]
0 𝒏𝝅
𝑛=1

5 Department of Science & Humanities (Mathematics) PESU

 Unit V : Fourier Series 2021

4 4 4
⟹ 2[𝑥]𝜋0 = 𝜋2 [4 + 32 + 52 + ⋯ … … … … … … . . ]

1 1 1 𝜋2
⟹ 12 + 32 + 52 + ⋯ ……………..= 8

REFERENCES:
1. Higher Engineering Mathematics-B.S. Grewal
2. Higher Engineering Mathematics-B.V. Ramana
*************************************************************

6 Department of Science & Humanities (Mathematics) PESU

 Unit V : Fourier Series 2021

NOTES: CLASS-6
Parseval’s Identity:
𝑙 ∞
𝑎0 2
∫ [𝑓(𝑥)]2 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑙 [ + ∑(𝑎𝑛 2 + 𝑏𝑛 2 )]
−𝑙 2
𝑛=1

For even functions

𝑙 𝑎0 2
2∫0 [𝑓(𝑥)]2 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑙 [ + ∑∞ 2
𝑛=1 𝑎𝑛 ]
2

For Odd functions

𝑙 2
2∫0 [𝑓(𝑥)]2 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑙[∑∞
𝑛=1 𝑏𝑛 ]

Problem 1. Find the Fourier Series expansion of period 2𝜋 for the function
𝑥(𝜋 − 𝑥), − 𝜋 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 0
𝑓(𝑥) = {
𝑥(𝜋 + 𝑥), −𝜋 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 0
Solution : Since 𝑓(𝑥) = −𝑥(𝜋 + 𝑥)𝑖𝑛 (−𝜋, 0) = −𝑓(𝑥)𝑖𝑛 (0, 𝜋)
and 𝑓(−𝑥) = 𝑥(𝜋 − 𝑥)𝑖𝑛 (0, 𝜋) = −𝑓(𝑥)𝑖𝑛 (−𝜋, 0), 𝑓(𝑥)is an odd function.
Then the Fourier Series expansion of 𝑓(𝑥) is given by,
𝑓(𝑥) = ∑∞
𝑛=1 𝑏𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑛𝑥

where
1 𝜋
𝑏𝑛 = 𝜋 ∫−𝜋 𝑓(𝑥)𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑛𝑥𝑑𝑥
1 0 𝜋
= 𝜋 {∫−𝜋 𝑥(𝜋 − 𝑥)𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑛𝑥𝑑𝑥 + ∫0 𝑥(𝜋 + 𝑥)𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑛𝑥𝑑𝑥 }
0 𝜋
1 ∫−𝜋(𝜋𝑥𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑛𝑥 − 𝜋𝑥 2 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑛𝑥)𝑑𝑥 + ∫0 (𝜋𝑥𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑛𝑥 + 𝜋𝑥 2 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑛𝑥)𝑑𝑥
= 𝜋{ }

0 𝜋
1 ∫−𝜋(𝜋𝑥𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑛𝑥 − 𝑥 2 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑛𝑥)𝑑𝑥 + ∫0 (𝜋𝑥𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑛𝑥 + 𝑥 2 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑛𝑥)𝑑𝑥
= 𝜋{ }

1 (−𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑛𝑥) (−𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑛𝑥) 0 (−𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑛𝑥) (−𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑛𝑥) (𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑛𝑥) 0

= 𝜋 {[𝜋𝑥. − 𝜋(1). ] − [𝑥 2 . − (2𝑥). + (2). ]
𝑛 𝑛2 𝜋 𝑛 𝑛2 𝑛3 𝜋

(−𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑛𝑥) (−𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑛𝑥) 𝜋 (−𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑛𝑥) (−𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑛𝑥) (𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑛𝑥) 𝜋

+ [𝜋𝑥. − 𝜋(1). ] + [𝑥 2 . − (2𝑥). + (2). ] }
𝑛 𝑛2 0 𝑛 𝑛2 𝑛3 0

1 2 𝜋 2 (−1)𝑛 𝜋 2 (−1)𝑛 2(−1)𝑛 𝜋 2 (−1)𝑛 𝜋 2 (−1)𝑛 2(−1)𝑛 2

= 𝜋 {− 𝑛3 − − + − − + − 𝑛3 }
𝑛 𝑛 𝑛3 𝑛 𝑛 𝑛3

1 Department of Science & Humanities (Mathematics) PESU

 Unit V : Fourier Series 2021

1 4 4𝜋 2 (−1)𝑛 4(−1)𝑛
= 𝜋 {− 𝑛3 − + }
𝑛 𝑛3

4 (−1)𝑛 − 1 𝜋 2 (−1)𝑛
⟹ 𝑏𝑛 = { − }
𝜋 𝑛3 𝑛

Therefore, 𝑓(𝑥) = ∑∞
𝑛=1 𝑏𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑛𝑥
4 (−1)𝑛 −1 𝜋 2 (−1)𝑛
⟹ 𝑓(𝑥) = ∑∞
𝑛=1 { − } 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑛𝑥
𝜋 𝑛3 𝑛

Problem 2: Obtain the Fourier Series to represent the function 𝑓(𝑥) = |𝑥|, − 𝜋 < 𝑥 < 𝜋.
Solution : Since 𝑓(−𝑥) = |−𝑥| = |𝑥| = 𝑓(𝑥) , 𝑓(𝑥) is an even function.
𝑎0
The Fourier Series expansion of 𝑓(𝑥) is 𝑓(𝑥) = + ∑∞
𝑛=1 𝑎𝑛 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑛𝑥
2

where
2 𝜋
𝑎0 = 𝜋 ∫0 𝑥𝑑𝑥
𝜋
2 𝑥2
= 𝜋[2]
0

⟹ 𝑎0 = 𝜋
𝜋
2
𝑎𝑛 = ∫ 𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑛𝑥𝑑𝑥
𝜋
0
2 (𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑛𝑥) (−𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑛𝑥) 𝜋
= 𝜋 [𝑥. − (1). ]
𝑛 𝑛2 0
2
⟹ 𝑎𝑛 = [(−1)𝑛 − 1]
𝜋𝑛2

Therefore the Fourier Series is given by,

2 Department of Science & Humanities (Mathematics) PESU

 Unit V : Fourier Series 2021

𝜋 2
⟹ 𝑓(𝑥) = 2 + ∑∞ 𝑛
𝑛=1 𝜋𝑛2 [(−1) − 1]𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑛𝑥

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Problem 3. Obtain the Fourier Series for the function 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 , − 𝜋 < x < 𝜋. Hence show that
𝟏 𝝅𝟒
∑ = 𝟗𝟎
𝒏𝟒

Solution : Since 𝑓(−𝑥) = 𝑓(𝑥) , 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 is an even function.

The Fourier Series expansion of 𝑓(𝑥) is
∞
𝑎0
𝑓(𝑥) = + ∑ 𝑎𝑛 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑛𝑥
2
𝑛=1

where
2 𝜋 2
𝑎0 = ∫ 𝑥 𝑑𝑥,
𝜋 0
𝜋
2 𝑥3
= 𝜋[3]
0
2𝜋 2
⟹ 𝑎0 = 3

2 𝜋
𝑎𝑛 = ∫ 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑛𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝜋 0
2 𝜋
= ∫0 (𝑥 2 )𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑛𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝜋
2 sin 𝑛𝑥 cos 𝑛𝑥 sin 𝑛𝑥 𝜋
=𝜋 [(𝑥 2 ) ( ) − (2𝑥) (− ) + 2 (− )]
𝑛 𝑛2 𝑛3 0
2 cos 𝑛𝑥 𝜋
= 𝜋 [(2𝑥) ( )]
𝑛2 0
2
= [(2𝜋) (cos 𝑛𝜋 − 0]
𝜋𝑛2
1
= cos 𝑛𝜋(4𝜋)
𝜋𝑛2

3 Department of Science & Humanities (Mathematics) PESU

 Unit V : Fourier Series 2021

4
⟹ 𝑎𝑛 = (−1)𝑛
𝑛2
The required Fourier series is given by
∞
𝑎0
𝑓(𝑥) = + ∑(𝑎𝑛 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑛𝑥)
2
𝑛=1

2𝜋 2 1 4
⟹ 𝑥2 = ( ) 2 + ∑∞ 𝑛
𝑛=1 {𝑛2 (−1) 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑛𝑥}
3

𝜋2 4
⟹ 𝑥2 = + ∑∞ 𝑛
𝑛=1 {𝑛2 (−1) 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑛𝑥}
3

Deduction :
Consider the Parseval’s identity given by

Using Parseval’s identity

𝑙 ∞
1
∫[𝑓(𝑥)]2 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑙 { (𝑎0 )2 + ∑(𝑎𝑛 2 + 𝑏𝑛 2 )}
2
−𝑙 𝑛=1

𝜋 2 ∞ 2
2 ]2
1 2𝜋 2 4
⟹ ∫[𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝜋 { ( ) + ∑ ([ 2 (−1)𝑛 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑛𝑥] + 0)}
2 3 𝑛
−𝜋 𝑛=1
𝜋 ∞
4
2𝜋 2 16
⟹ ∫ 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝜋 { + ∑ 4}
9 𝑛
−𝜋 𝑛=1

5 𝜋 ∞
𝑥 2𝜋 2 1
⟹ [ ] = 𝜋{ + 16 ∑ 4 }
5 −𝜋 9 𝑛
𝑛=1
∞
2𝜋 5 2𝜋 2 1
⟹ = 𝜋{ + 16 ∑ 4 }
5 9 𝑛
𝑛=1
∞
2𝜋 4 2𝜋 2 1
⟹ = + 16 ∑ 4
5 9 𝑛
𝑛=1
∞
2𝜋 4 2𝜋 2 1
⟹ − = 16 ∑ 4
5 9 𝑛
𝑛=1

4 Department of Science & Humanities (Mathematics) PESU

 Unit V : Fourier Series 2021

∞
𝜋4 1
⟹∑ 4=
𝑛 90
𝑛=1

REFERENCES:
1. Higher Engineering Mathematics-B.S. Grewal
2. Higher Engineering Mathematics-B.V. Ramana
*************************************************************

5 Department of Science & Humanities (Mathematics) PESU

 Unit V : Fourier Series 2021

NOTES: CLASS-7
Harmonic Analysis
It is the process of finding the constant term and the first few cosine and sine terms numerically.
Data:

x 𝑥1 𝑥2 𝑥3 ……. 𝑥𝑁

y 𝑦1 𝑦2 𝑦3 ……. 𝑦𝑁

2𝞹 2 2 2
𝑎0 = ∑𝑦 𝑎𝑛 = 𝑁 ∑ 𝑦cosnx 𝑏𝑛 = 𝑁 ∑ 𝑦 sinnx
𝑁

2l 2 𝑎𝑛 = 2 𝑛𝜋𝑥
𝑎0 = ∑𝑦 𝑏𝑛 = ∑ 𝑦 sin ( )
𝑁 2 𝑛𝜋𝑥 𝑁 𝑙
∑ 𝑦cos( )
𝑁 𝑙

Problem 1. Express y as a Fourier series up to first harmonics.

X 0 𝜋⁄ 2𝜋⁄ 𝜋 4𝜋⁄ 5𝜋⁄

3 3 3 3
Y 7.9 7.2 3.6 0.5 0.9 6.8

Solution :
Length of interval = 2𝜋
No. of intervals, N = 6
2 2 1
𝑎0 = 𝑁 ∑ 𝑦 = ∑ 𝑦= (26.9) = 8.9667
6 3

2 2
𝑎𝑛 = ∑ 𝑦 cos𝑛𝑥 𝑏𝑛 = ∑ 𝑦 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑛𝑥
𝑁 𝑁
2 2
𝑎1 = 6 ∑ 𝑦𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 𝑏1 = ∑ 𝑦 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥
6
1 1
= 3 ∑ 𝑦𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 = 3 ∑ 𝑦𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥

𝑥 𝑦 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 𝑦𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 𝑦𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥

1 Department of Science & Humanities (Mathematics) PESU

 Unit V : Fourier Series 2021

0 7.9 1 7.9 0 0
𝜋⁄ 7.2 0.5 3.6 0.87 6.2352
3
2𝜋⁄ 3.6 -0.5 -1.8 0.87 3.1176
3
𝜋 0.5 -1 -0.5 0 0
4𝜋⁄ 0.9 -0.5 -0.45 -0.87 -0.7794
3
5𝜋⁄ 6.8 0.5 3.4 -0.87 -5.8888
3
Total ∑ 𝑦 =26.9 ∑ 𝑦𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 =12.15 ∑ 𝑦𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 =2.6846

2 2 1
𝑎0 = 𝑁 ∑ 𝑦 = ∑ 𝑦= (26.9) = 8.9667
6 3
1 1
𝑎1 = 𝟑 ∑ 𝑦𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 = 𝟑 [𝟏𝟐. 𝟏𝟓] = 4.05
1 1
𝑏1 = 𝟑 ∑ 𝑦𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 = 𝟑 [𝟐. 𝟔𝟖𝟒𝟔] = 0.8949

Therefore Fourier series up to first harmonic is given by

𝑎0
𝑓(𝑥) = + 𝑎1 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 + 𝑏1 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥
2

𝑦 = 4.48335 + 4.05𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 + 0.8949𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥

REFERENCES:
1. Higher Engineering Mathematics-B.S. Grewal
2. Higher Engineering Mathematics-B.V. Ramana
*************************************************************

2 Department of Science & Humanities (Mathematics) PESU

 Unit V : Fourier Series 2021

NOTES: CLASS-8
Harmonic Analysis

Problem 2. Determine the first 3 coefficients of cosine and two coefficient of sine terms in the
Fourier series for the following data

X 0 𝜋⁄ 𝜋⁄ 𝜋⁄ 2𝜋⁄ 5𝜋⁄
6 3 2 3 6
Y 0 9.2 14.4 17.8 17.3 11.7

Solution :
𝜋
Length of interval is 2𝑙 = 𝜋⟹ 𝑙 = 2

No. of sub intervals, N= 6

2 2 1
𝑎0 = 𝑁 ∑ 𝑦 = ∑ 𝑦= (70.4) = 23.46
6 3

2 𝑛𝜋𝑥 2 𝑛𝜋𝑥
𝑎𝑛 = ∑ 𝑦 cos ( ) 𝑏𝑛 = ∑ 𝑦 𝑠𝑖𝑛 ( )
𝑁 𝑙 𝑁 𝑙
2 𝑛𝜋𝑥 2 𝑛𝜋𝑥
= 6 ∑ 𝑦 cos ( 𝜋 ) = 6 ∑ 𝑦 cos ( 𝜋 )
⁄2 ⁄2

1 1
= 3 ∑ 𝑦 cos (2𝑛𝑥) = 3 ∑ 𝑦𝑠𝑖𝑛(2𝑛𝑥)

𝑥 𝑦 cos 2x 𝑦 cos2x cos 4x 𝑦 cos4x

0 0 1 0 1 0
𝜋⁄ 9.2 0.5 4.6 -0.5 -4.6
6
𝜋⁄ 14.4 -0.5 -7.2 -0.5 -7.2
3
𝜋⁄ 17.8 -1 -17.8 1 17.8
2
2𝜋⁄ 17.3 -0.5 -8.65 -0.5 -8.65
3
5𝜋⁄ 11.7 0.5 5.85 -0.5 -5.85
6
Total ∑ 𝑦 cos2x = ∑ 𝑦 cos4x =
∑ 𝑦 = 70.4
-23.2 -8.5

Cosine Terms

1 Department of Science & Humanities (Mathematics) PESU

 Unit V : Fourier Series 2021

1
𝑎𝑛 = 𝟑 ∑ 𝑦 cos2nx
1 1
𝑎1 = 𝟑 ∑ 𝑦 cos2x = 𝟑 [−𝟐𝟑. 𝟐] = −7.73
1 1
𝑎2 = 𝟑 ∑ 𝑦 cos4x = 𝟑 [−𝟖. 𝟓] = −2.83

𝑥 𝑦 𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑥 𝑦𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛4𝑥 𝑦𝑠𝑖𝑛4𝑥

0 0 0 0 0 0
𝜋⁄ 9.2 0.87 8.004 0.87 8.004
6
𝜋⁄ 14.4 0.87 12.528 -0.87 -12.528
3
𝜋⁄ 17.8 0 0 0 0
2
2𝜋⁄ 17.3 -0.87 -15.051 0.87 15.051
3
5𝜋⁄ 11.7 -0.87 -10.179 -0.87 -10.179
6
Total ∑ 𝑦𝑠𝑖𝑛4𝑥 =0.348
∑ 𝑦𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑥 =

-4.698

1
𝑏𝑛 = 𝟑 ∑ 𝑦𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑛𝑥
1 1
𝑏1 = 𝟑 ∑ 𝑦𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑥 = 𝟑 [−4.698] = −7.73
1 1
𝑏2 = 𝟑 ∑ 𝑦𝑠𝑖𝑛4𝑥 = 𝟑 [0.348] = 0.116

Therefore Fourier series of 𝑓(𝑥) is given by

𝑎0
𝑓(𝑥) = + 𝑎1 𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑥 + 𝑏1 𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑥+ 𝑎2 𝑐𝑜𝑠4𝑥 + 𝑏2 𝑠𝑖𝑛4𝑥
2

⟹ 𝑦 = 11.733 − 7.733𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑥 − 1.566𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑥 − 2.833𝑐𝑜𝑠4𝑥 + 0.116𝑠𝑖𝑛4𝑥

2 Department of Science & Humanities (Mathematics) PESU

 Unit V : Fourier Series 2021

REFERENCES:
1. Higher Engineering Mathematics-B.S. Grewal
2. Higher Engineering Mathematics-B.V. Ramana
*************************************************************

3 Department of Science & Humanities (Mathematics) PESU

 Unit V : Fourier Series 2021

NOTES: CLASS-9
Complex form of Fourier series
The complex exponential form of the Fourier series is
𝒊𝒏𝝅𝒙 𝒄+𝟐𝑳 −𝒊𝒏𝝅𝒙
𝟏
𝒇(𝒙) = ∑∞
𝒏=−∞ 𝒄𝒏 𝒆 𝒍 where 𝒄𝒏 = 𝟐𝑳 ∫𝒄 𝒇(𝒙)𝒆 𝑳 𝒅𝒙.

Problem 1. Find the complex form of the Fourier Series of 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑒 −𝑥 − 1 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 1

Solution : Here period, 2𝑙 = 2 ⟹ 𝑙 = 1

The complex form of The Fourier Series of 𝑓(𝑥) is given by,

∞

𝑓(𝑥) = ∑ 𝑐𝑛 𝑒 𝑖𝑛𝜋𝑥/𝑙
𝑛=−∞

where
1 𝑙
𝑐𝑛 = 2𝑙 ∫−𝑙 𝑓(𝑥)𝑒 −𝑖𝑛𝜋𝑥/𝑙 𝑑𝑥 .
1 1
= 2 ∫−1 𝑒 −𝑥 𝑒 −𝑖𝑛𝜋𝑥/1 𝑑𝑥
1 1
= 2 ∫−1 𝑒 −(𝑖𝑛𝜋+1)𝑥 𝑑𝑥
1
1 𝑒 −(𝑖𝑛𝜋+1)𝑥
= 2 [ −(𝑖𝑛𝜋+1) ]
−1
𝑒 −(𝑖𝑛𝜋+1) −𝑒 (𝑖𝑛𝜋+1)
= −2(𝑖𝑛𝜋+1)

𝑒 (𝑖𝑛𝜋+1) −𝑒 −(𝑖𝑛𝜋+1)
= 2(𝑖𝑛𝜋+1)

𝑒 1 .𝑒 𝑖𝑛𝜋 −𝑒 −1 .𝑒 −𝑖𝑛𝜋+1
= 2(𝑖𝑛𝜋+1)

𝑒(𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑛𝜋+𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑛𝜋)−𝑒 −1 (𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑛𝜋+𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑛𝜋)
= 2(𝑖𝑛𝜋+1)

𝑒.𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑛𝜋−𝑒 −1 .𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑛𝜋
= 2(𝑖𝑛𝜋+1)

(𝑒.−𝑒 −1 )(−1)𝑛
= 2(𝑖𝑛𝜋+1)

(−1)𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ1
= (𝑖𝑛𝜋+1)

(−1)𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ1
= (𝑖𝑛𝜋+1)
(−1)𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ1(−𝑖𝑛𝜋+1)
= (𝑖𝑛𝜋+1)(−𝑖𝑛𝜋+1)

1 Department of Science & Humanities (Mathematics) PESU

 Unit V : Fourier Series 2021

(−1)𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ1(−𝑖𝑛𝜋 + 1)
⟹ 𝑐𝑛 =
(𝑛2 𝜋 2 + 1)

Therefore, the complex form of Fourier Series for 𝑓(𝑥) is

𝑓(𝑥) = ∑∞
𝑛=−∞ 𝑐𝑛 𝑒
𝑖𝑛𝜋𝑥/𝑙

∞
−𝑥
(−1)𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ1(−𝑖𝑛𝜋 + 1) 𝑖𝑛𝜋𝑥
⟹𝑒 = ∑ 𝑒
(𝑛2 𝜋 2 + 1)
𝑛=−∞

REFERENCES:
1. Higher Engineering Mathematics-B.S. Grewal
2. Higher Engineering Mathematics-B.V. Ramana
*************************************************************

2 Department of Science & Humanities (Mathematics) PESU

 Unit V : Fourier Series 2021

NOTES: CLASS-10
Complex form of Fourier series

Problem 2. Find the complex form of the Fourier Series of 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑎𝑥 − 𝜋 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 𝜋.
Solution : Here period, 2𝑙 = 2𝜋 ⟹ 𝑙 = 𝜋

The complex form of The Fourier Series of 𝑓(𝑥) is given by,

∞

𝑓(𝑥) = ∑ 𝑐𝑛 𝑒 𝑖𝑛𝜋𝑥/𝑙
𝑛=−∞

where
𝑙
1
𝑐𝑛 = ∫ 𝑓(𝑥)𝑒 −𝑖𝑛𝜋𝑥/𝑙 𝑑𝑥
2𝑙
−𝑙
1 𝜋
= 2𝜋 ∫−𝜋 𝑒 −𝑖𝑛𝜋𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑎𝑥𝑑𝑥.
𝜋
1 𝑒 −𝑖𝑛𝑥
= 2𝜋 {𝑎2 +𝑖 2 𝑛2 [−𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑎𝑥 + 𝑎𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑥]}
−𝜋
𝑒 𝑎𝑥
{𝑆𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑒, ∫ 𝑒 𝑎𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑏𝑥𝑑𝑥 = 𝑎2 +𝑏2 [𝑎𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑏𝑥 + 𝑏𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑏𝑥]}

1 𝑒 −𝑖𝑛𝜋 𝑒 𝑖𝑛𝜋
= { 2 [−𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑎𝜋 + 𝑎𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑎𝜋] − [−𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑎𝜋 − 𝑎𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑎𝜋]}
2𝜋 𝑎 − 𝑛2 𝑎 2 − 𝑛2
(−𝑒 −𝑖𝑛𝜋 +𝑒 −𝑖𝑛𝜋 ) (𝑒 −𝑖𝑛𝜋 +𝑒 −𝑖𝑛𝜋 )
= . 𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑎𝜋 + . 𝑎 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑎𝜋
2𝜋(𝑎2 −𝑛2 ) 2𝜋(𝑎2 −𝑛2 )
sin 𝑛𝜋 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑛𝜋
= 𝜋(𝑎2 −𝑛2 ) . 𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑎𝜋 + 𝜋(𝑎2 −𝑛2 ) . 𝑎𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑎𝜋

(−𝑒 −𝑖𝑛𝜋 + 𝑒 −𝑖𝑛𝜋 ) (−𝑒 −𝑖𝑛𝜋 + 𝑒 −𝑖𝑛𝜋 )

{𝑆𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑒, = sin 𝑛𝜋 & = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑛𝜋}
2 2
sin 𝑛𝜋 𝑐
= 𝜋(𝑎2 −𝑛2 ) . 𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑎𝜋 + 𝜋(𝑎2 −𝑛2 ) . 𝑎𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑎𝜋 {Since, 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒏𝝅 = 𝟎 & 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒏𝝅 = (−𝟏)𝒏 }

(−1)𝑛
⟹ 𝑐𝑛 = . 𝑎𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑎𝜋
𝜋(𝑎2 − 𝑛2 )

Therefore, the complex form of Fourier Series for 𝑓(𝑥) is

𝑓(𝑥) = ∑∞
𝑛=−∞ 𝑐𝑛 𝑒
𝑖𝑛𝜋𝑥/𝑙

1 Department of Science & Humanities (Mathematics) PESU

 Unit V : Fourier Series 2021

∞
(−1)𝑛 𝑎𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑎𝜋 𝑖𝑛𝑥
⟹ 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑎𝑥 = ∑ .𝑒
𝜋(𝑎2 − 𝑛2 )
𝑛=−∞

REFERENCES:
1. Higher Engineering Mathematics-B.S. Grewal
2. Higher Engineering Mathematics-B.V. Ramana
*************************************************************

2 Department of Science & Humanities (Mathematics) PESU