2 fundamentals-SQC 2

FUNDAMENTALS OF
PROCESS QUALITY
CONTROL
Statistical Quality Control
BULACAN STATE UNIVERSITY © 2024-2025. All Rights Reserved.

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Statistical quality control (SQC)
• RECALL: quality is a relative term. From Customer’s point of view, quality is
the ability of product or service to serve the intended purpose at a price which
he is willing to pay (fitness for use). For a manufacturer, quality means
conformance to specifications. A manufacturer has to exercise control over
quality as it is the foundation for creating demand, fixing competitive price
and securing market share.
• Hence, Quality Control is the process of seeing that everything goes as has
been planned and if required ,taking corrective measures to ensure that goods
produced are as per pre-determined standards.
• Quality control develops plans for inspection, analyses reports from
inspection , establishes pattern for sampling control and acceptances and
keeps the production department informed about the defects. (John D. Mchellan)
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Statistical quality control (SQC)
• It is the application of statistical methods for the purpose of determining if a
given component of production (input) is within acceptable statistical limits
and if there is some result of production (output) that may be shown to be
statistically acceptable to required specifications.
• It is the predecessor of Total Quality Management (TQM) which still continues
to exert its influence in the quality management of corporations.
• The use of statistical methods in the monitoring and maintaining of the
quality of products and services. One method, referred to as acceptance
sampling, can be used when a decision must be made to accept or reject a
group of parts or items based on the quality found in a sample. A second
method, referred to as statistical process control, uses graphical displays
known as control charts to determine whether a process should be continued
or should be adjusted to achieve the desired quality.
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Quality Engineering Terminology
• Every product possesses a number of elements that jointly describe what the user or
consumer thinks of as quality. These parameters are often called quality
characteristics (or critical-to-quality (CTQ) characteristics). Quality characteristics
may be of several types:
1. Physical: length, weight, voltage, viscosity
2. Sensory: taste, appearance, color
3. Time orientation: reliability, durability, serviceability
• Note that the different types of quality characteristics can relate directly or indirectly
to the dimensions of quality previously discussed.
• Quality engineering is the set of operational, managerial, and engineering activities
that a company uses to ensure that the quality characteristics of a product are at the
nominal or required levels and that the variability around these desired levels is
minimum.
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• In the application of statistical methods to quality engineering, it
is fairly typical to classify data on quality characteristics as either
attributes or variables data.
➢ Variables data are usually continuous measurements, such as
length, voltage, or viscosity. (Quantitative
continuous/measurement variable)
➢ Attributes data are usually discrete data, often taking the
form of counts. (Quantitative discrete/count variable) such as
the number of product generated that has passed the quality
test, or the number of firms which are applying statistical
quality control.
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• Quality characteristics are often evaluated relative to specifications. For a
manufactured product, the specifications are the desired measurements for the
quality characteristics of the components and subassemblies that make up the
product, as well as the desired values for the quality characteristics in the final
product.
• A value of a measurement that corresponds to the desired value for that quality
characteristic is called the nominal or target value for that characteristic that are
usually bounded by a range of values. The largest allowable value for a quality
characteristic is called the upper specification limit (USL), and the smallest allowable
value for a quality characteristic is called the lower specification limit (LSL).

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Management Aspects of Quality Improvement
The management system of an organization must be organized to properly
direct the overall quality improvement philosophy and ensure its deployment in
all aspects of the business. The effective management of quality involves
successful execution of the following:
A. Quality planning
B. Quality assurance
C. Quality control and improvement

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Quality Planning
• A strategic activity, and it is just as vital to an organization’s long-term
business success as the product development plan, the financial plan,
the marketing plan, and plans for the utilization of human resources.
• Without a strategic quality plan, an enormous amount of time, money, and effort will be
wasted by the organization dealing with faulty designs, manufacturing defects, field failures,
and customer complaints.
• It involves identifying customers, both external and those that operate internal to the
business, and identifying their needs. Then products or services that meet or exceed customer
expectations must be developed.
• The quality dimensions are important part of this effort. The organization must then
determine how these products and services will be realized.
• Planning for quality improvement on a specific, systematic basis is also a vital part of this
process
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Quality Assurance
• is the set of activities that ensures the quality levels of
products and services are properly maintained and that
supplier and customer quality issues are properly resolved.
• Documentation of the quality system is an important component. Quality system

documentation involves four components: policy, procedures, work instructions and
specifications, and records.
• Policy generally deals with what is to be done and why, while procedures focus on the
methods and personnel that will implement policy. Work instructions and specifications are
usually product-, department-, tool-, or machine-oriented. Records are a way of documenting
the policies, procedures, and work instructions that have been followed.
• Records are also used to track specific units or batches of product, so that it can be
determined exactly how they were produced. Records are often vital in providing data for
dealing with customer complaints, corrective actions, and, if necessary, product recalls.
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Quality Control and Improvement
• Involve the set of activities used to ensure that the products and services meet
requirements and are improved on a continuous basis. Since variability is often a major
source of poor quality, statistical techniques, including Statistical Process Control and
designed experiments, are the major tools of quality control and improvement.
• Quality improvement is often done on a project-by-project basis and involves teams led
by personnel with specialized knowledge of statistical methods and experience in
applying them.
• Projects should be selected so that they have significant business impact and are linked
with the overall business goals for quality identified during the planning process.

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Total Quality Management
• A strategy for implementing and managing quality improvement activities on an

organization-wide basis.
• Also referred to as total productive maintenance.
• It is the approach of the management to achieve long-term success by focusing on
customer satisfaction. The organization works towards a steady improvement in quality
at all stages of production. TQM also helps reduce risks in manufacturing, improve the
customer experience, and ensure that the employees are well-versed and up-to-date
with their training. TQM holds every individual accountable for the overall quality of the
production.

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TQM Tools

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Check
Sheet

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Check
Sheet

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Cause and Effect Diagram(Ishikawa diagram, Fishbone diagram or Fishikawa)

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Cause and Effect Diagram(Ishikawa diagram, Fishbone diagram or Fishikawa)

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Control Chart

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Control
Chart

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Histogram

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Scatter
Diagram

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Stratification

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Brainstorming of ideas

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Others
• Flowchart

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Others
• Tree Diagram

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References
1. Introduction to Statistical Quality Control, 7th Edition by
Douglas C. Montgomery, 2013, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New
York.
2. Statistical Quality Control, 5th edition by Eugene L. Grant and
Richard S. Leavenworth, McGraw-Hill Book Company
3. https://www.aafp.org/family-physician/practice-and-
career/managing-your-practice/quality-improvement-
basics.html
4. https://www.aafp.org/family-physician/practice-and-
career/managing-your-practice/quality-improvement-
basics.html
5. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=g8q2bTyGH4A
6. https://efinancemanagement.com/financial-
management/total-quality-management
7. https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/engineering/statistical
-quality-
control#:~:text=Statistical%20quality%20control%20(SQC)%2
0is,statistically%20acceptable%20to%20required%20specifica
tions%20%5B
Thank you Ma’am Meann Magtulis
Asst. Professor III
Bulacan State University (Main)
maryann.magtulis@bulsu.edu.ph

3/1/20XX
8/27/2024
8/27/2024
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FUNDAMENTALS OF

BULACAN STATE UNIVERSITY © 2024-2025. All Rights Reserved.

BULACAN STATE UNIVERSITY © 2024-2025. All Rights Reserved.

BULACAN STATE UNIVERSITY © 2024-2025. All Rights Reserved.

BULACAN STATE UNIVERSITY © 2024-2025. All Rights Reserved.

• Documentation of the quality system is an important component. Quality system

BULACAN STATE UNIVERSITY © 2024-2025. All Rights Reserved.

• A strategy for implementing and managing quality improvement activities on an

BULACAN STATE UNIVERSITY © 2024-2025. All Rights Reserved.

BULACAN STATE UNIVERSITY © 2024-2025. All Rights Reserved.

BULACAN STATE UNIVERSITY © 2024-2025. All Rights Reserved.

BULACAN STATE UNIVERSITY © 2024-2025. All Rights Reserved.

BULACAN STATE UNIVERSITY © 2024-2025. All Rights Reserved.

BULACAN STATE UNIVERSITY © 2024-2025. All Rights Reserved.

BULACAN STATE UNIVERSITY © 2024-2025. All Rights Reserved.

BULACAN STATE UNIVERSITY © 2024-2025. All Rights Reserved.

BULACAN STATE UNIVERSITY © 2024-2025. All Rights Reserved.

BULACAN STATE UNIVERSITY © 2024-2025. All Rights Reserved.

BULACAN STATE UNIVERSITY © 2024-2025. All Rights Reserved.

BULACAN STATE UNIVERSITY © 2024-2025. All Rights Reserved.

BULACAN STATE UNIVERSITY © 2024-2025. All Rights Reserved.

BULACAN STATE UNIVERSITY © 2024-2025. All Rights Reserved.

BULACAN STATE UNIVERSITY © 2024-2025. All Rights Reserved.

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