CLASS 10 NOTES

SCIENCE
Control And Coordination
PRASHANT KIRAD
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Nervous System
The nervous system is like the control center of our bodies. It's made up of special
tissues called nervous tissue. The worker in this system is the nerve cell or neuron. The
nervous system is mainly in charge of managing and coordinating things in complex animals.

Functions of the nervous system:

The nervous system gets information from the world around us.
It collects information from different parts of our body.
It helps us to make decisions and control our muscles and glands.

Neuron and Nerve cells

Neurons are the basic structural and functional units of the nervous system. Neuron is a

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highly specialized cell which is responsible for the transmission of nerve impulses.

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Structure of a neuron:
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A neuron has four main parts:
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Cell Body (Soma):
Contains the nucleus and other organelles.
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Maintains the cell's functions.

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Dendrites:
Tree-like structures that extend from the cell body.
Receive signals from other neurons and conduct these signals toward the cell body.
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Axon:
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A long, thread-like structure that carries impulses away from the cell body.
It ends in axon terminals, which transmit signals to other neurons, muscles, or
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glands.
The axon may be covered with a myelin sheath, which insulates it and speeds up the
transmission of nerve impulses.
Nerve endings: They are like tiny branches at the ends of neurons, and they send
electrical signals to other neurons.
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Working of a neuron:
Stimulus Received: The neuron receives a stimulus, which initiates an electrical signal
called an action potential.
Impulse Generation: The action potential is generated at the cell body and travels
along the axon.
Impulse Propagation: The nerve impulse moves down the axon towards the axon
terminals.
Synapse Transmission: At the synapse, neurotransmitters are released, transmitting
the signal to the next neuron or target cell.
Response: The signal leads to a response, such as muscle contraction or hormone
release.
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Transmission of nerve impulse:
Nerve impulses travel in the following manner from one neutron to the next.

Dendrites Cell body Axon

dendrite of next neuron synapse nerve endings at the tip of axon

Flow mantra
The chemicals released from the tip of a neuron's axon traverse the synapse or
neuromuscular junction to connect with the adjacent cell.

CNS (Central Nervous System)

The central nervous system includes the brain and spinal
cord. The brain controls bodily functions, while the

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spinal cord relays signals between the brain and the

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peripheral nervous system.

Human Brain:
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It serves as the central “Topic zarrori hai
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coordination hub of the Exam mei aata hai”

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body, empowering an - Prashant Bhaiya

organism to both think and
act.
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Three Regions of Brain:

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Fore-brain: It is composed of the cerebrum.
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Mid-brain: It is composed of the hypothalamus.

Hind-brain: It is composed of the cerebellum, pons, medulla oblongata.

Forebrain: The largest and primary cognitive region of the brain responsible for
receiving sensory impulses. Its components include:
Cerebrum: Shaped like a dome, it serves as the brain's uppermost structure and
functions as the primary thinking center. Responsible for tasks such as reasoning,
speech, and information processing.
The cerebrum controls voluntary motor actions.
It is the site of sensory perceptions, like tactile and auditory perceptions.
It is the seat of learning and memory.

Lobes:
Frontal- controls voluntary movements of muscles, memory, and speech.
Parietal- a sense of touch and taste.
Temporal- a sense of smell and hearing.
Occipital- a sense of vision.
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Midbrain: The inclusion of the hypothalamus defines its composition.

Hypothalamus:
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It lies at the base of the cerebrum.
It also controls the urges for eating and drinking.
It controls sleep and wake cycle of the body.

Hindbrain: Serving as the link between the spinal cord and the rest of the brain,
it consists of three distinct parts.
1. Cerebellum: It's under the balanced and does three main things:
helps you move
keeps you balanced
manages things you do on purpose

2. Medulla: It's the brain stem, found at the bottom of the brain and stretching into
the spinal cord. It handles things our body does automatically, like hearing, heartbeats,
breathing, and actions like salivating and vomiting.

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3. Pons:
It also controls involuntary actions.
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It regulates respiration

Spinal Cord: It manages quick reflex actions and

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JOSH METER?
sends messages between the body and the brain.
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Peripheral Nervous System
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The peripheral nervous system includes cranial nerves and spinal nerves. We have 12
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pairs of cranial nerves that extend from the brain to the head's organs. Additionally,
there are 31 pairs of spinal nerves that come out of the spinal cord and connect to
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organs below the head.

1. Cranial Nerves: Originate from the brain and extend throughout the head.
2. Spinal Nerves: Arise from the spinal cord and extend throughout the body, excluding
the head.
3. Visceral Nerves: Emerge from the spinal cord and establish connections with internal
organs.

Reflex Action: A rapid, sudden, and immediate bodily response to a stimulus. Examples
include the knee jerk and withdrawing the hand upon touching an object.
Reflex Arc: The route traveled by nerve impulses during a reflex action is known as a
reflex arc.

Heat Receptors Spinal Organ Effector Organ Response

(Stimulus) (Skin) (Muscles) (Hand Withdrawal)

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Three Types Of Responses:

1. Voluntary Actions: Governed by the forebrain. Examples include talking and writing.
2. Involuntary Actions: Regulated by the mid and hind brain. Examples encompass

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heartbeat, vomiting, and respiration.

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3. Reflex Actions: Orchestrated by the spinal cord. An instance is the withdrawal of a
hand upon touching a hot object.
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Coordination in Plants:
Control and coordination in plants are carried out by hormones.
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“Bht zarrori Table”

- Prashant Bhaiya
Plant Hormones Functions
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Auxin Helps in the growth of plant tissues

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Cytokinin Promotes cell division, delays ageing of cells

Facilitates stem growth, triggers seed germination, stimulates

Gibberellins flowering, supports cell division, and fosters seed development
post-germination.

Suppresses growth, induces wilting of leaves,

Abscisic Acid
encourages bud and seed dormancy.

Ethylene This is a gas hormone responsible for fruit ripening.

 PRASHANT KIRAD

EMA
Growth Independent Movements:
Movements unrelated to growth are termed nastic movements. These responses occur
due to environmental stimuli, but the direction of the response is not determined by the
direction of the stimulus.
The movement in the touch-me-not plant is thigmonastic movement (movement in
response to touch).

Plants Movements Associated with Growth:

Growth-related movements are referred to as tropic movements. These responses occur
in reaction to environmental stimuli, and the direction of the response is influenced by
the direction of the stimulus.

Phototropic movement (light-dependent)

Geotropic movement (gravity-dependent)
“Dhyan mei rakhna
Chemotropic movement (chemical-dependent) topic exam mei pucha

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Hydrotropic movement (water-dependent) jaata hai”

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- Prashant Bhaiya
Thigmotropic movement (touch dependent)
1. Geotropism: The response of plant parts to the Earth's
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gravitational force is termed geotropism or gravitropism.

Positive geotropism refers to growth towards gravity, while negative

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geotropism involves growth away from gravity. Roots exhibit positive

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geotropism by growing towards gravity, while shoots display negative

geotropism by growing away from gravity.
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2. Phototropism: The response of plant parts to light is termed

phototropism.
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Positive phototropism involves movement towards light, while

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negative phototropism entails movement away from light. Stems

exhibit positive phototropism by moving towards the light, while
roots demonstrate negative phototropism by moving away from the
light.

3. Hydrotropism: Movement of plant parts in response to water or

moisture.

Positive hydrotropism involves movement towards water, while

negative hydrotropism entails movement away from water. Root
movement in search of water is an example of positive hydrotropism,
as seen in the movement of roots towards areas with high humidity.

4. Chemotropism: The response of plant parts to chemical stimuli is

termed chemotropism.

Positive chemotropism involves movement towards a chemical

stimulus, while negative chemotropism entails movement away from a
chemical stimulus. The growth of the pollen tube towards the ovule
exemplifies positive chemotropism.
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5. Thigmotropism: Movement of plant parts in response to touch is called as

thigmotropism.
Positive thigmotropism involves movement towards touch, while negative
thigmotropism entails movement away from touch. The movement of
tendrils around a support is an example of positive thigmotropism.
The Endocrine System: rtion)
VIP (very important po

Exocrine Glands: Exocrine glands release their secretions through ducts that open
onto an epithelial surface.
Endocrine Glands: Endocrine glands are ductless glands that release hormones
directly into the bloodstream in humans. In the human body, notable endocrine
glands include the pituitary, thyroid, adrenal, pineal, pancreas, ovary (female),
testis (male), and others. Now, let's delve into each gland to learn more.

Pituitary Gland:
Pea-sized gland situated at the base of the

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brain
Functions as the master gland, overseeing
the secretions of all other endocrine glands
Produces Growth Hormone (GH), LH, FSH. RA
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Insufficient GH secretion results in
Dwarfism
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Excessive GH secretion leads to Gigantism

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in children.
Excessive GH in adults causes 'Acromegaly'
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Thyroid Gland:
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Butterfly-shaped gland in the throat

Secretes the hormone 'Thyroxine,' which regulates body metabolism
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Requires iodine for thyroxine synthesis in the body

Iodine deficiency results in under-secretion of thyroxine
Under-secretion of thyroxine causes goitre

Pancreas:
Leaf-like gland located behind the stomach in the abdomen
Functions as both an endocrine and exocrine gland
Endocrine function involves the production of two hormones: Insulin and glucagon
Insulin and glucagon act antagonistically to regulate blood sugar levels
Exocrine function includes the secretion of enzymes to break down proteins, lipids,
carbohydrates, and nucleic acids in food
Insufficient insulin production from the pancreas results in diabetes
Adrenal Gland:
Present in pairs above each kidney
Size decreases with age
Secretes adrenaline, a hormone facilitating the flight and fight response
Additionally secretes noradrenaline
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Gonads:
Gonads are gamete-producing organs: testes in males, ovaries in females
Testes produce androgen (testosterone and other male hormones), while ovaries
produce estrogen and progesterone (female hormones)
Androgen and estrogen contribute to gamete production and influence the sexual
characteristics of males and females, respectively
Progesterone serves as the pregnancy hormone.

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IMPORTANT QUESTIONS
1) What are hormones?
Solution:

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Hormones are the chemical substances secreted in trace amounts by specialised tissue
called endocrine glands.
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2) Trace the sequences of events through a reflex arc which occur when a bright light is
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focused on your eyes.
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Solution:
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Photo receptors (EYE) Sensory neuron Spinal cord

Effector Muscles in Eye (blinking) Motor neuron

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3) (a) What is reflex arc?

(b) What are the components of reflex arc?
(c) How do muscle cells move?
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Solution:
a. The process of detecting the signal or the input and responding to it by an output
action might be completed quickly. Such a connection is commonly called reflex arc.
b. Stimulus " Receptors " Sensory neurons " Spinal cord " Motor neurons " Effector.
c. Muscle cells have special proteins that change their shape and arrangement in the
cell in response to electrical impulse. This leads the muscle cells shortening.
4) What are hormones? Name the hormone produced by thyroid gland and state its
function.
Solution:
Chemical coordination in animals occurs through chemicals called hormones which are
secreted by endocrine glands. Thyroxin hormone. It regulates metabolism of
carbohydrates, fats and proteins. It is advisable to consume iodized salt in our food as
iodine is required by our thyroid gland to produce thyroxin hormone. If it lacks in our
body goiter may occur due to enlargement of thyroid in the neck region.
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5) Name the hormone synthesized at the shoot tips. How does it help the plant to
respond to light?
Solution:
Auxin is synthesized at the shoot tips when growing plant detects light and helps the
cells to grow longer. When light is coming from one side of the plant, auxin diffuses
towards the shady side of the shoot. This concentration of auxin stimulates the cells to
grow longer on the side of the shoot which is away from light. Thus, the plant appears
to bend towards light.

6) State how concentration of auxins stimulates the cells to grow longer on the side of

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shoot which is away from light?
Solution:
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Auxin form in the shoot tip but diffuse toward the part which is in shade/away from
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the light. The concentration on shady part increase stimulation cells in this part to
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elongate. The side of shoot on this side grows longer than the part in light hence bend
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towards light.

7) 1. Name the endocrine gland associated with brain.

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2. Which gland secretes digestive enzymes as well as hormone?

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3. Name the endocrine gland associated with kidneys.

4. Which endocrine gland is present in males but not in females?
5. Which hormone is responsible for changes in females during puberty?
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6. Iodine is necessary for the synthesis of which hormone?

Solution:
1. Pituitary gland
2. Pancreas
3. Adrenal gland
4. Testes
5. estrogen
6. Thyroxine

“Class 10th Phodenge”