SWITCHGEAR AND PROTECTION

UNIT – II
CIRCUIT BREAKERS – II

INTRODUCTION

 Circuit breakers are mechanical devices designed to close or open contact members,
thus closing or opening of an electrical circuit under normal or abnormal
conditions.
 Automatic circuit breakers, which are usually employed for protection of electrical
circuits, are equipped with a trip coil connected to a relay or other means, designed to
open the breaker automatically under abnormal conditions, such as over-current.
 The automatic circuit breakers perform the following duties:-
 It carries the full-load current continuously without overheating or damage.
 It opens and closes the circuit on no load.
 It makes and breaks the normal operating current.
 It makes and breaks the short-circuit currents magnitude up to which it designed for.
 The circuit breaker performs the first three duties satisfactorily but in performing
fourth duty i.e., when it is to make or break short-circuit currents, it is subjected to
mechanical and thermal stresses.
 The interrupting or rupturing capacity of a circuit breaker is the maximum value of
current which can be interrupted by it without any damage.
 The circuit breakers are also rated in MVA which is the product of interrupting
current, rated voltage and 10-6.

OPERATING PRINCIPLE OF CIRCUIT BREAKER

 A circuit breaker is a switching and current interrupting device.

 It consists, of fixed and moving contacts which are touching each other and carry the
current under normal conditions i.e., when circuit breaker is closed.
 When the circuit breaker is closed, the current carrying contacts called the electrodes
engage each other under the pressure of a spring.
 During the normal operating condition the circuit breaker can be opened or closed
manually for switching and maintenance purpose.
 To open the circuit breaker, only a small pressure is required to be applied on a
trigger.

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 Whenever a fault occurs on any part of the power system, trip coils of the breaker gets
energized and moving contact are pulled apart by some mechanism, thus opening the
circuit.
 The separation of current carrying contacts produces an arc.
 The current is thus able to continue until the discharge ceases.
 The production of arc not only delays the current interruption process but also
generates enormous heat which may cause damage to the system or to the breaker
itself.
 Therefore the main problem in the circuit breaker is to extinguish the arc with in the
short period of time so that heat generated by it may not reach a dangerous value.
 The basic construction of a circuit breaker requires the separation of contacts in an
insulating fluid which serves two functions:-
 Extinguishes the arc drawn between the contacts when the circuit breaker is open.
 Provides insulation between the contacts and from each contact to earth.

CLASSIFICATION OF CIRCUIT BREAKERS

 There are several ways of classifying the circuit breakers but the most general way of
classification is on the basis of medium used for arc extinction.
 The medium used for arc extinction is usually oil, air, sulphur hexafluoride or
vacuum.
 Depending upon the above the circuit breakers are classified as :-
 Oil circuit breakers
 Air-blast circuit breakers
 Sulphur hexafluoride circuit breakers
 Vacuum circuit breakers

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OIL CIRCUIT BREAKERS

 In these types of circuit breakers, some insulating oil (transformer oil) is used as an
arc quenching medium.
 The contacts of the circuit breaker are opened under oil and an arc is struck between
them.
 The heat of the arc evaporates the surrounding oil and dissociates it into a substantial
volume of gaseous, hydrogen at high pressure.
 The hydrogen gas occupies a volume about one thousand times that of the oil
decomposed.
 The oil is, therefore pushed away from the arc and an expanding hydrogen gas bubble
surrounds the arc region and adjacent portions of the contacts as shown in the figure.
 The arc extinction is facilitated mainly by two processes
 Firstly the hydrogen gas has high heat conductivity and cools the arc, thus aiding the
de-ionization of the medium between the contacts.
 Secondly, the gas sets up turbulence in the oil and forces it into space between the
contacts, thus eliminating the arcing products from the arc path.
 Thus the arc is extinguished and circuit current is interrupted.

ADAVANTAGES

 It absorbs the arc energy to decompose the oil into gases which have excellent cooling
properties.
 It acts as an insulator and permits smaller clearance between live conductors and
earthed components.
 The surrounding oil presents cooling surface in close proximity to the arc.

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DISADAVNTAGES

 It is inflammable and there is a risk of a fire.

 It may form an explosive mixture with air.
 The arcing products (carbon) remain in the oil and its quality decreases with
successive operations, this needs periodic checking and replacement of oil.

TYPES OF OIL CIRCUIT BREAKERS

 There are mainly two types of oil circuit breakers

 BULK OIL CIRCUIT BREAKERS

 These types of circuit breakers use large quantity of oil.
 These are further classified into two types
 Plain oil circuit breakers
 Arc control oil circuit breakers
 In plain oil circuit breakers there is no special means is available for controlling the
arc and the contacts are directly exposed to the whole of the oil in the tank.
 In arc control oil circuit breakers, special arc control devices are employed to get the
beneficial action of the arc as efficiently as possible.

 LOW OIL CIRCUIT BREAKERS

 In these types of circuit breakers small amount of oil will be used.
 In such breakers, oil is used only for arc extinction.
 The current conducting parts are insulated by air or porcelain or organic insulating
material.

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LOW OIL CIRCUIT BREAKERS

 In bulk oil circuit breakers, the oil should perform two functions.
 It should act as arc quenching medium and also it insulates the live parts from earth.
 It has been found that only small percentage of oil is used for arc extinction where the
majority of the oil will be used for insulation purpose.
 Due to this the quantity of oil in bulk oil circuit breakers reaches a very high as the
system voltage increases.
 This will increases the expenses, tank size and weight of the breaker but it is also
increases the fire risk and maintenance problem.
 The fact that only a small percentage of oil in the bulk oil circuit breaker is actually
used for arc extinction leads to the question as to why the remainder of the oil, that is
not immediately surrounding the device, should not omitted with consequent saving in
bulk weight and fire risk.
 These leads to development of low oil circuit breakers.
 A low oil circuit breaker employs solid materials for insulation purposes and uses a
small quantity of oil which is just sufficient for arc extinction.

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CONSTRUCTION

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 The above figure shows the cross section of a single phase low oil circuit breaker.
 There are two compartments separated from each other but both filled with oil.
 The upper chamber is the circuit breaking chamber while the lower one is the
supporting chamber.
 The two chambers are separated by a partition and oil from one chamber is prevented
from mixing with the other chamber.
 This arrangement permits two advantages.
 Firstly, the circuit breaking chamber requires a small volume of oil which is just
enough for arc extinction.
 Secondly, the amount of oil to be replaced is reduced as the oil in the supporting
chamber does not get contaminated by the arc.

 SUPPORTING CHAMBER
 It is a porcelain chamber mounted on a metal chamber.
 It is filled with oil which is physically separated from the oil in the circuit breaking
compartment.
 The oil inside the supporting chamber and the annular space formed between the
porcelain insulation and bakelised paper is employed for insulation purposes only.

 CIRCUIT BREAKING CHAMBER

 It is a porcelain enclosure mounted on the top of the supporting compartment.
 It is filled with oil and has the following parts:-
 fixed contacts
 moving contact
 turbulator
 The moving contact is hallow and includes a cylinder which moves down over a fixed
piston.
 The turbulator is an arc control device and has both axil and radial vents.
 The axial venting ensures the interruption of low currents whereas radial venting
helps in the interruption of heavy currents.

 TOP CHAMBER
 It is a metal chamber and is mounted on the circuit-breaking chamber.

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 It provides expansion space for the oil in the circuit breaking compartment.
 The top chamber is also provided with a separator which prevents any loss of oil by
centrifugal action caused by circuit breaker operation during fault conditions.

 OPERATION:-
 Under normal operating conditions, the moving contact remains engaged with the
upper fixed contacts.
 When a fault occurs, the moving contact is pulled down by the tripping springs and an
arc is struck.
 The arc energy vaporizes the oil and produces gases under high pressure.
 This action constrains the oil to pass through a central hole in the moving contact and
results in forcing series of oil through the respective passage of the turbulator.
 The process of turbulation is orderly one, in which the sections of the arc are
successively quenched by the effect of separate streams of oil moving across each
section in turn and bearing away its gases.

 ADVANTAGES:-
 It requires lesser quantity of oil.
 It requires smaller space.
 There is reduced risk of fire.
 Maintenance problems are reduced.

 DISADVANTAGES:-
 Due to smaller quantity of oil, the degree of carbonization is increased.
 There is a difficulty of removing the gases from the contacts space in time.
 The dielectric strength of the oil deteriorates rapidly due to high degree of
carbonization.

AIR-BLAST CIRCUIT BREAKERS

 These breakers employ a high pressure air-blast as an arc quenching medium.

 The contacts are opened in a flow of air-blast established by the opening of blast
valve.
 The air-blast cools the arc and sweeps away the arcing products to the atmosphere.

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 This rapidly increases the dielectric strength of the medium between contacts and
prevents from re-establishing the arc.
 Thus the arc is extinguished and flow of current is interrupted.

TYPES OF AIR-BLAST CIRCUIT BREAKERS

 Depending up on the direction of air-blast in relation to arc, they are classified into
following types shown in figure:-

 Axial blast type :- in which the air-blast is directed along the arc path as shown in
figure (i)
 Cross blast type:- in which the air-blast is directed at right angles to the arc path as
shown in figure (ii)
 Radial blast type:- in which the air-blast is directed radially as shown in figure (iii)

AXIAL-BLAST AIR CIRCUIT BREAKER

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 The above figure shows the essential components of axial blast air circuit breaker.
 The fixed and moving contacts are held in closed position by spring pressure under
normal operating conditions.
 The air reservoir is connected to the arcing chamber through an air valve.
 The valve remains closed under normal conditions but opens automatically by the
tripping impulse when a fault occurs on the system.
 When a fault occurs, the tripping impulse causes opening of the air valve which
connects the circuit breaker reservoir to the arcing chamber.
 The high pressure air entering the arcing chamber pushes away the moving contact
against spring pressure.
 The moving contact is separated and an arc is struck.
 At the same time, the pressure air blast flows along the arc and takes away the ionized
gases along with it.
 Thus the arc is extinguished and current flow is interrupted.
 In such breakers, the contact separation required for interruption is generally small
(1.7 cm).
 Such a small gap may constitute inadequate clearance for insulation.
 This switch opens immediately after fault interruption to provide the necessary
clearance for insulation.

CROSS-BLAST AIR CIRCUIT BREAKER

 In this type of circuit breaker, an air blast is directed at right angles to arc.
 The cross-blast lengthens and forces the arc into a suitable chute for arc extinction.

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 The above figure shows the essential parts of cross-blast circuit breaker.
 When the moving contact is withdrawn, an arc is struck between the fixed and
moving contacts.
 The high pressure cross-blast forces the arc into chutes consisting of arc splitters and
baffles.
 The splitters serve to increase the length of the arc and baffles gives improved
cooling.
 The result is that arc is extinguished and flow of current is interrupted.
 Since blast pressure is same for all currents, the inefficiency at low currents is
eliminated.
 The final gap for interruption is great enough to give normal insulation clearance so
that a series isolating switch is not necessary.

ADVANTAGES

 The risk of fire is eliminated.

 The arc products are completely eliminated by the blast whereas the oil deteriorates
with successive operations.
 The growth of dielectric strength is so rapid that final contact gap needed for arc
extinction is very small.
 The arcing time is very small due to rapid buildup of dielectric strength between
contacts.
 Due to less arc energy air blast circuit breakers are very suitable for conditions where
frequent operation is required.

DISADAVANTAGES

 The air has relatively inferior arc extinction properties.

 The air blast circuit breakers are very sensitive to the variation in the RRRV.
 Considerable maintenance is required for the compressor plant which supplies the air
blast.

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SULPHUR HEXAFLOURIDE CIRCUIT BREAKER (SF6)

 In this type of circuit breakers SF6 gas is used as the arc quenching medium.
 The SF6 is an electro-negative gas has a strong tendency to absorb free electrons.
 The contacts of the breaker are opened in a high pressure flow of SF6 gas and an arc is
struck between them.
 The conducting free electrons in the arc in the arc are rapidly captured by the gas to
form relatively immobile negative ions.
 This loss of conducting electrons in the arc quickly builds up enough insulation
strength to extinguish the arc.
 The SF6 circuit breakers have been found to be very effective for high power and high
voltage services.

 The figure shows the parts of SF6 circuit breaker.

 It consists of fixed and moving contacts enclosed in a chamber contains SF6 gas.
 This chamber is connected to SF6 gas reservoir.
 When the contacts of breaker are opened, the valve mechanism permits a high
pressure SF6 gas from the reservoir to flow towards the arc interruption chamber.
 The fixed contact is a hallow cylindrical current carrying contacts fitted with an arc
horn.

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 The moving contact is also hollow cylinder with rectangular holes in side to permit
the SF6 gas to let out through these holes after flowing along and across the arc.
 The tips of fixed contact, moving contact and arching horn are coated with copper-
tungsten arc resistance material.
 Since SF6 gas is costly it is reconditioned and reclaimed by suitable auxiliary system
after each operation of the breaker.

WORKING

 In the closed position of the breaker, the contacts remain surrounded by SF6 gas at a
pressure of about 2.8 kg/cm2.`
 When the breaker operates, the moving contact is pulled apart and an arc is struck
between the contacts.
 The movement of the moving contact is synchronized with the opening of a valve
which permits SF6 gas at 14 kg/cm2 pressure from the reservoir to the arc interruption
chamber.
 The pressure flow of SF6 rapidly absorbs the free electrons in the arc path to form
immobile negative ions which are ineffective as charge carriers.
 The result is that the medium between the contacts quickly builds up high dielectric
strength and causes the extinction of the arc.
 After the breaker operation, the valve is closed by the action of a set of springs.

ADVANTAGES

 Due to the superior arc quenching property of SF6, such circuit breakers have very
short arching time.
 Since the dielectric strength of SF6 gas is 2 to 3 times that of air, such breakers can
interrupt much larger currents.
 The SF6 circuit breakers give noiseless operation due to its closed gas circuit.
 The closed gas enclosure keeps the interior dry so that there is no moisture problem.
 There is no fire risk in such breakers because SF6 gas is non-inflammable.
 As there are totally enclosed and sealed from atmosphere they are suitable for
explosive hazards.

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DIADVANTAGES

 SF6 breakers are costly due to high cost of SF6.

 Since SF6 gas has to recondition after every operation of the breaker, addition
equipment is required for the purpose

VACUUM CIRCUIT BREAKERS

 In such breakers, vacuum is used as the arc quenching medium.

 Since vacuum offers the highest insulating strength, it has far superior arc quenching
properties than any other medium.
 When the contacts of breaker are opened in vacuum, the interruption occurs at first
current zero with dielectric strength between the contacts building up at a rate
thousands of times higher than that obtained with other circuit breakers.

PRINCIPLE

 The production of arc in a vacuum circuit breaker and its extinction can be
explained as follows:-
 When the contacts of the breaker are opened in vacuum, an arc is produced between
the contacts by the ionization of metal vapours of contacts.
 However, the arc is quickly extinguished because the metallic vapours, electrons and
ions produces during the arc rapidly condense on the surface of the circuit breaker
contacts, resulting in quick recovery of dielectric strength.
 As soon as the arc produced in vacuum, it is quickly extinguished due to the fast rate
of recovery of dielectric strength in vacuum.

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CONSTRUCTION

 The above figure shows the essential parts of vacuum circuit breaker.
 It consists of fixed contact, moving contact and arc shield mounted inside a vacuum
chamber.
 The movable member is connected to control mechanism by stainless steel bellows.
 This enables the permanent sealing of the vacuum chamber so as to eliminate the
possibility of leak.
 A glass vessel or ceramic vessel is used as the insulating body.
 The arc shield prevents the deterioration of the internal dielectric strength by
preventing metallic vapours falling on the inside surface of the outer insulating cover.

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WORKING

 When the breaker operates, the moving contact separates from the fixed one and arc is
struck between the contacts.
 The production of arc is due to the ionization of metal ions and depends very much
upon the material of contacts.
 The arc is quickly extinguished because the metallic vapours, electrons and ions
produces during arc are diffused in a short time and seized by the surface of moving
and fixed members and shield.
 Since vacuum has very fast rate of recovery of dielectric strength, the arc extinction in
a vacuum breaker occurs with a short contact separation (0.625 cm).

ADVANTAGES

 They are compact, reliable and having longer life.

 There are no fire hazards.
 There is no generation of gas during and after operation.
 They can interrupt any fault current. The main features of these types of breakers are
that it can break any heavy fault current perfectly just before the contacts reach
definite opening position.
 They require less maintenance.
 They can successfully withstand lightening surges.
 They have low arc energy.

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