CLAT 2025 Passage Of The Day

Section - English

Read the given passage and answer the questions

Social media has brought the world so close that political and geographical boundaries
are crumbling. The time may come when netizenship may surpass citizenship. The
more people-to-people communication is the more the strengthening of relationships.
This is the basic principle of the political concept of nation-building. In an information
society, bonds grow stronger. We are now heading towards a world order of net states
or states. In between, an ominous development of misuse of social media has cropped
up.

The serious problem is that the spread of misinformation can severely impact the
decision-making process. This is because we are closer in the virtual world but far away
in the physical world. Digital culture has become so widespread that whatever appears
on the Net is readily accepted. Cross-check is almost nil. It is a dangerous trend.
Children today believe more in the popular search engine than anything else. That is
why fake news goes viral almost instantly through social media forwards.
In India, general elections are in progress. They are being conducted in phases
because of the vastness of the area and the high population density in some parts.
Every political party is using social media to spread information on its policies and
programs. It will be unfortunate if it, later on, turns out to be a remotely controlled
misinformation campaign. The worrying aspect is that if in a mature democracy like the
USA, people can be misled, it is relatively easy in younger democracies like India.
At present, the Internet and its allied subjects are regulated by ICANN. It is an agency
within the USA. There is a need to place it in the hands of a broad-based agency like
UNO or one of its affiliated bodies. A suggestion is in circulation that the Internet should
be placed under the supervision of the IMF, but at the same time, there is an
apprehension that disturbing the status quo may result in the fragmentation of the
existing system. The USA, The EU and China may split apart. Maybe.

However, misinformation warfare is more dangerous than conventional warfare. It has

the potential to create a slow-paced disaster. Social media is an important tool put into
the hands of an ordinary person. He or she can express views without going to
conventional means of mass communication like TV, radio, etc. Of all the creatures, only
human beings have the faculty of expressing themselves through language, written or
spoken. It is for this purpose freedom of speech is the most basic right protected in all
democratic setups.

1. Which of the following options contains the central idea being conveyed by the
author in this passage?

(a) It is important to be well aware of the boons and banes of using social media
platforms.
(b) Social media is the most convenient means to express the truth.
(c) No information available on social media platforms is completely genuine.
(d) None of the above.

2. As per the author, why does a political campaign have the chance to emerge as
a misinformation campaign?

(a) Because political parties are extensively using social media platforms.
(b) Because political parties may disclose secret information about their policies.
(c) Because the information given by the parties may be fake.
(d) Because there is a lack of face-to-face contact with the people.

3. According to the author, digital culture is a dangerous trend because of which

of the following?

(a) Any information, true or false, spreads within seconds through social media.
(b) There is no verification of any information available on the internet.
(c) The information we find using search engines is blindly believed.
(d) All of the above.

4. On the basis of your understanding of the passage, which of the following

options contains the most appropriate inference?

(a) Digital interaction makes bonding stronger than physical interaction of people.
(b) The young generation believes in "Google" more than adults.
(c) Misinformation on digital media is not as dangerous as traditional wars between two
powerful opponents.
(d) All of the above.

5. Which of the following words are is synonymous with the word “ominous”?

(a) Sinister
(b) Menacing
(c) Unfavourable
(d) All of the above.

Section - Logical Reasoning

Study the following information carefully and answer the related questions.

Businesses are currently grappling with the potential disruption of their cash flows,
particularly impacting a newer generation of companies that already face challenges in
repaying their loans. This category includes companies commonly referred to as
"zombies," which struggle to generate sufficient earnings to cover interest payments on
their debts and rely on issuing new debt to stay afloat.

The longer the COVID-19 pandemic persists, the higher the risk of a significant
economic downturn transforming into a financial crisis, with zombie companies
triggering a cascade of defaults similar to the subprime mortgage crisis in 2008.

In the past, recessions have typically been instigated by prolonged periods of higher
interest rates, rather than viral outbreaks. The impact of such contagions on the global
economy has typically been limited to approximately three months. However, the current
pandemic, which occurs once in a century, is afflicting a world burdened with
unprecedented levels of debt.

Central banks worldwide are becoming increasingly aware that a financial crisis may
arise as a result of the economic strain caused by the pandemic. The Federal Reserve
(Fed), drawing from its playbook used during the 2008 financial crisis, is implementing
aggressive measures to ease market panic. It is essential to explore the reasons behind
the present vulnerability of the financial system.

Around 1980, global debt began to rise rapidly as interest rates declined, accompanied
by deregulation that facilitated easier lending practices. Debt levels tripled, reaching an
all-time high of more than three times the size of the global economy just prior to the
2008 crisis. During the crisis, debt decreased, prompting central banks worldwide to
subsequently reduce interest rates to historic lows in an attempt to stimulate recovery.

6. Which of the following is the central theme of the above passage?

a) The impact of viral outbreaks on the global economy

b) The risk of a financial crisis caused by zombie companies
c) The measures implemented by central banks to ease market panic
d) The relationship between global debt levels and interest rates

7. Which of the following is the correct expression of the author's opinion as

stated in the passage?

a) The COVID-19 pandemic will have a limited impact on the global economy.
b) Zombie companies are a necessary part of the business ecosystem.
c) Central banks should refrain from implementing aggressive measures during financial
crises.
d) The present vulnerability of the financial system needs to be explored.

8. Question 3. What can be most conveniently inferred from the given paragraph?

a) The current pandemic will result in a financial crisis similar to the subprime mortgage
crisis.
b) The global debt levels have been steadily decreasing since the 2008 crisis.
c) Central banks' actions during the 2008 financial crisis were ineffective.
d) The COVID-19 pandemic has caused interest rates to rise globally.

9. The objective behind the information furnished in the passage is:

a) To explain the measures implemented by central banks during financial crises.

b) To highlight the positive impact of zombie companies on the economy.
c) To emphasize the need for higher interest rates to prevent financial crises.
d) To raise awareness about the potential risks of the current economic situation.

10. According to the given passage, which of the following statements is true?

a) Global debt levels have steadily declined since the 2008 crisis.
b) Central banks are unaware of the potential financial crisis caused by the pandemic.
c) The current pandemic is the first global contagion to impact the economy for three
months.
d) Central banks are taking aggressive measures to ease market panic during the
pandemic.
Section- Legal Reasoning

Read the passage and answer the questions that follow.

In the case of J. P. Pathak vs M/S Pratibha Industries Ltd, it was held that “Onus to
prove this issue to the effect whether there is privity of contract between the parties was
placed upon the defendant. It appears that there is a typographical error in this issue.
This is for the reason that it was the defendant's stand that there was no privity of
contract between the parties. Therefore, the defendant cannot possibly be asked to
prove something opposite to its stand. It could be asked to prove only what it sought to
establish by raising the plea that there was no privity of contract. This issue should
instead have read as follows: Whether there is no privity of contract between the plaintiff
and the defendant? (OPD). Or, in the alternative: Whether there is privity of contract
between the plaintiff and the defendant? (OPP). I accordingly proceed ahead to give my
finding on this issue on the basis that the onus is on the defendant to prove that there is
no privity of contract between the parties. On a conspectus of the entire evidence on
record, I hold that there was no privity of contract between the plaintiff and the
defendant.

However, the answer to this issue would be incomplete without examining whether the
plaintiff's case is covered within exceptions to the rule of privity of contract. If the
plaintiff's case is found to be covered within exceptions to this rule, CS 136/13 J. P.
Pathak vs. Pratibha Industries Ltd. Page 10/14 then he can maintain the instant action
even though there was no privity of contract with the defendant. To the rule of privity of
contract, courts have introduced a few exceptions. And one such exception is ­whereby
the terms of a contract a party is required to make payment to a third person and he
acknowledges it to that person, a binding obligation is thereby created. A good
illustration of this exception is the case of Devaraja Urs vs. Ram Krishnaiah AIR 1952
Mys. 109.

The facts were - A sold his house to B under a registered sale deed and left a part of
the sale price in his hands desiring him to pay this amount to C, his creditor.
Subsequently, B made part­payments to C informing him that they were out of the sale
price left with him and that the balance amount would be remitted immediately. B,
however, failed to remit the balance and C sued him for the same. The suit was held to
be maintainable. It was held that though originally there was no privity of contract
between B and C, B having subsequently acknowledged his liability, C was entitled to
sue him for recovery of the amount.”

11. The law of contracts states that only the parties to a contract have the right to
enforce it. Which doctrine of common law governs this?

a) The doctrine of estoppel

b) The rule of privity
c) The rule of restitution
d) Theory of compensation

12. X plans to sell his car for an amount of 5 lakhs. Y goes to X with the intent of
purchasing the car but offers 4 lakhs in exchange. X denies the offer, Y goes to X
the next day offering 5 lakhs, however, X tells him that he is offered a larger sum
by Z. Y sues X for breach of contract and damages. Decide.

a) Y will not succeed since no contract was made as the offer made the next day was
not accepted by X
b) Y will succeed since X cannot claim a price higher than what was initially demanded
c) Y can claim the car for 5 lakhs but no damages
d) Y can claim damages from X but not the sale of the car

13. X orders a black mobile cover from an e-commerce website. However, he is

sent one of the same design but which is white. Decide the status of the contract.

a) The contract is performed since the phone cover was delivered

b) The contract is void since there was no consent from X before delivering the white
cover
c) The contract is performed since all the essential elements are present which are
offer, acceptance and consideration
d) The contract is valid since the design was the same as what was ordered

14. X and Y enter into a contract where X is a writer and Y has to get a novel
written. Y agrees to pay X 2000 rupees if he writes the novel which is around 500
pages in length. X starts to write the novel and finishes around 150 pages, that is
when Y informs him that he need not write the novel since he has found another
writer Z who is ready to write the novel for 1500. X demands for his compensation
for the 200 pages he has written. Decide.
a) X cannot sue Y since the agreement states delivery of the novel
b) X cannot sue Y since the amount charged was unfair and higher than the market
price
c) X will succeed in his claim for the charge of 150 pages written
d) X can sue Z for loss of business

15. Arjun's father had an illegitimate son, Ravi. Before he died, he transferred his
estate to Arjun with the condition that Arjun would pay Ravi an amount of 500,000
rupees and half of the estate would be transferred to Ravi's name when he was 21
years old. After reaching the age when Ravi did not receive the money and asked
Arjun for it, he refused to give him his share. Ravi filed a recovery lawsuit.

Choose the correct answer about the decision of the court.

a)Ravi had no right to sue as he was not aware of the contract at the time of formation
of the contract.
b)Ravi had no right to sue as he was not a party to the contract.
c)Ravi had the right to sue against the contract between Arjun and his father even if he
was not a party to it.
d)Ravi had no right to sue as Arjun had not authorised him to do so.

Section- General Knowledge

Read the following passage and answer the questions

In a big organisational restructuring ahead of the 2024 Lok Sabha elections, the
Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) announced new party presidents for Andhra Pradesh,
Telangana, Punjab, and Jharkhand. In a statement, the BJP stated that Union Minister
G Kishan Reddy is the new president of the state unit in Telangana. He will be replacing
Bandi Sanjay Kumar. The party also appointed Etela Rajender as the election
management committee in Telangana.

Sources had reported that new entrants in the party were against the leadership of
Kumar and there is a possibility that he will be inducted as a minister in the central
government in a reshuffle in the coming days. In Punjab, Ashwani Sharma has been
replaced by Sunil Jhakhar as the new party president, who joined the BJP in March
2022.

Former Union Minister D. Purandeswari has been appointed as the president of the
Andhra Pradesh unit, replacing Somu Veeraju. Purandeswari, who was inducted into
the national team as a general secretary, is the daughter of former Andhra Pradesh
Chief Minister N T Rama Rao. Kiran Kumar Reddy, the former Chief Minister of Andhra
Pradesh, was appointed as the party’s Member of National Executive Committee,
according to the statement. In Jharkhand, former Chief Minister Babulal Marandi has
been appointed as the new party president, replacing Deepak Prakash. In 2006,
Marandi quit the BJP to set up his party, Jharkhand Vikas Morcha (Prajatantrik). But in
2020, he announced that his party would be merging with the BJP. These appointments
come ahead of the 2024 Lok Sabha elections where the BJP-led NDA government is
aiming to retain power for the third consecutive term.

16. Former Union Minister D. Purandeswari has been appointed as the president
of the Andhra Pradesh unit, replacing Somu Veeraju. Which constituency did she
represent in the 15th Lok Sabha elections of India?

(a) Kakinada
(b) Guntur
(c) Nellore
(d) Visakhapatnam

17. Who was the first President of the Bharatiya Janta Party?

(a) L. K. Advani
(b) Venkaiah Naidu
(c) Atal Bihari Vajpayee
(d) Amit Shah

18. Which party gave the slogan ‘land to the tiller’ during the elections?

(a) Janata Party

(b) Congress party
(c) Aam Aadmi Party
(d) Left Front Party

19. According to which Article of the Indian Constitution does the President
appoint the Chief Justice of India

(a) Article 145

(b) Article 124 (2)
(c) Article 239
(d) Article 356
20. Which of the following parties is NOT a recognised political party in India?

(a) Jana Sena Party

(b) All India Forward Bloc
(c) Biju Janata Dal
(d) Bahujan Samaj Party

Section - Quantitative Techniques

Answer the following questions using the figure given below.

In a study conducted on the students of a college, the ratio of boys to girls in different
departments was analyzed. The study included five departments, labeled A, B, C, D,
and E. The data collected provides valuable insights into the ratio of boys to girls in
each department. Read the following passage and answer the questions based on the
information provided.

According to the study, in Department A, the ratio of boys to girls is 2:3. In Department
B, the ratio is 3:5. Department C has a ratio of 5:7, while Department D has a ratio of
4:9. Lastly, Department E has a ratio of 1:4.

21. If there are 90 boys in Department A, what is the total number of students in
Department A?

a) 150
b) 225
c) 210
d) 240

22. What is the ratio of boys to girls in Department D if there are 135 girls?

a) 2:3
b) 3:4
c) 4:9
d) 5:6

23. If the number of girls in Department C is 280, what is the total number of
students in Department C?
a) 520
b) 448
c) 600
d) 640

24. In Department B, the ratio of boys to girls is 4:7. If the total number of
students in Department B is 660, how many boys are there?

a) 120
b) 140
c) 240
d) 150

25. If the ratio of boys to girls in Department B is 7:10, and the number of girls is
120, what is the total number of students in Department B?

a) 210
b) 240
c) 204
d) 300
 ANSWER KEY
____________________________________________________________________________

1 2 3 4 5
a c d b d
6 7 8 9 10
b d a d d
11 12 13 14 15
b a b c c
16 17 18 19 20
d c d b a
21 22 23 24 25
b c b c c
 SOLUTIONS

1. Explanation: The first option contains the central idea being conveyed by the
author in the passage. According to the context of the passage, social media
platforms are widely used by people belonging to all ages. It has become so
reliable that even young children blindly believe the information collected from
search engines without even verifying it. Hence, option (a) is the correct answer.

2. Explanation: The third option contains the most appropriate answer to this
question. According to the author, a political campaign has a chance to emerge
as a misinformation campaign when the information given by the parties is fake
and related to the party policies and other contexts. Political parties are using
social media to conduct their campaigns and spread information about their
programs. If people do not cross-check the information, they have a great chance
of being cheated later on. The first option is not a proper reason for answering
the question. The second and last options are not supported by the passage.
Hence, option (c) is the correct answer.
3. Explanation: All the information given in the options supports the fact that the
digital culture is a dangerous trend. According to the author, the digital culture
has been adopted to such an extent that any information, true or false, spreads
within seconds through social media and is blindly believed by most people
without proper verification or cross-checking. So, in case incorrect information is
viral, people are getting completely misled by it. All the options above contain
these points and, thus, can be considered to be correct. Hence, option (d) is the
correct answer.
4. Explanation: The second option contains the most appropriate inference of the
passage. According to the author, social media has become such a widespread
system throughout the world that physical interaction among people is no longer
considered important. So, option (b) is the correct answer.
5. Explanation: All of the given words are synonymous with the word
“ominous”."Ominous" means something which suggests that something bad is
going to happen in the near future. “Sinister” is the word used to indicate that
something harmful will happen. “Menacing” means something suggesting a
threat.“Unfavourable” means something inauspicious. Hence, option (d) is the
correct answer.
6. Explanation: The central theme of the passage is the risk of a financial crisis
caused by zombie companies. It highlights the potential disruption of cash flows
for businesses, especially newer companies facing challenges in repaying their
 loans. The passage explains that these companies, referred to as "zombies," rely
on issuing new debt to stay afloat and may trigger a cascade of defaults, similar
to the subprime mortgage crisis in 2008. Correct option: b) The risk of a financial
crisis caused by zombie companies.
7. Explanation:: The author's opinion, as stated in the passage, is that the present
vulnerability of the financial system needs to be explored. The passage
discusses the potential risks and impact of zombie companies on the financial
system, implying the need for a deeper understanding of the situation to address
and mitigate these risks. Answer: d) The present vulnerability of the financial
system needs to be explored.
8. Logical Explanation:: The paragraph suggests that if the COVID-19 pandemic
persists, there is a higher risk of a significant economic downturn transforming
into a financial crisis, with zombie companies triggering a cascade of defaults
similar to the subprime mortgage crisis in 2008. It can be inferred that the current
pandemic has the potential to lead to a similar financial crisis. Answer: a) The
current pandemic will result in a financial crisis similar to the subprime mortgage
crisis.
9. Logical Explanation:: The objective of the passage is to raise awareness about
the potential risks of the current economic situation. It discusses the challenges
faced by businesses, the risk of a financial crisis caused by zombie companies,
and the need to explore the present vulnerability of the financial system. The
passage aims to inform readers about these risks and their potential
consequences. Logical answer: d) To raise awareness about the potential risks of
the current economic situation.
10. Logical Explanation:: The passage mentions that central banks, including the
Federal Reserve (Fed), are implementing aggressive measures to ease market
panic during the pandemic. It states that central banks are drawing from their
playbook used during the 2008 financial crisis to address the economic strain
caused by the pandemic. Therefore, it can be inferred that central banks are
taking aggressive measures to alleviate market panic. Answer: d) Central banks
are taking aggressive measures to ease market panic during the pandemic.
11. Explanation- The privity rule or the doctrine of probity states that only the parties
to a contract are the ones who have the authority to enforce it. However, there
are certain exceptions like contracts with minors, trusts, family arrangements etc,
but the general principle stands the same. Hence b) is the correct answer.

12. Explanation- No contract has been created in the given scenario since X never
accepted any offer by Y. Even if Y accepted the initial asking price of X, his offer
to buy was not accepted by X, hence there is no creation of contract since offer
 and acceptance are essential for contract creation. Hence a) is the correct
answer.

13. Apart from the offer, acceptance and consideration, another important element of
the contract is the “meeting of minds” or the Consensus ad idem. In this scenario,
X is of the idea that a black cover has been delivered to him, which he discovers
is white only after he had received it. Hence b) is the correct answer.

14. Explanation - In this scenario, the contract is valid and is made with consensus
ad idem. The amount that X and Z charge are irrelevant here since the amount Y
was aware of the amount that he was charged with. The principle of quantum
meruit comes into effect here since X is liable to be paid for the amount of work
done. Hence, c) is the correct answer.

15. Explanation: c) This case falls under an exception to the privity of contract rule.
Although Ravi was not a party to the contract between Arjun and his father, the
contract specifically included a provision that benefitted Ravi. Under contract law,
a third-party beneficiary (Ravi) can enforce the contract if the contract was made
for his benefit, which is the case here. Therefore, Ravi has the right to sue to
enforce his claim to the money and property.

16. Explanation: (d) Visakhapatnam D. Purandeswari represented the

Visakhapatnam constituency in the 15th Lok Sabha (2009-2014). She is a
politician from Andhra Pradesh and was a member of the Indian National
Congress during that period.

17. Explanation: (c) Atal Bihari Vajpayee Atal Bihari Vajpayee was the first President
of the Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP), which was founded in 1980. He later
became the Prime Minister of India.

18. Explanation: (d) Left Front Party. The slogan "land to the tiller" was a prominent
slogan of Left Front parties, particularly the Communist Party, as part of their
agrarian reforms and land redistribution agenda aimed at benefiting peasants
and small farmers.

19. Explanation: (b) Article 124 (2). Article 124(2) of the Indian Constitution
empowers the President of India to appoint the Chief Justice of India. The
appointment is done in consultation with the judges of the Supreme Court and
the High Courts.
 20. Explanation: (a) Jana Sena Party. The Jana Sena Party, founded by
actor-politician Pawan Kalyan, is a regional party primarily active in Andhra
Pradesh. As of recent years, it is not recognized as a national political party by
the Election Commission of India, unlike the other options listed.

21. Explanation:
Let the number of boys in Department A be 2x.
According to the ratio, we have 2x = 90.
Solving for x, we find x = 45.
Therefore, the total number of students in Department A is
2𝑥 + 3𝑥 =
5𝑥 = 5 × 45
= 225.

22. Explanation:
The ratio of boys to girls in Department D can be determined based on the given
information that there are 135 girls.
Let's solve the question:

We are given that the ratio of boys to girls in Department D is 4:9. This means that for
every 4 boys, there are 9 girls.

To find the ratio when there are 135 girls, we need to determine the number of boys.

Let's set up a proportion:

𝐵𝑜𝑦𝑠 4
𝐺𝑖𝑟𝑙𝑠
= 9

Let the number of girls be 135.

So,
𝐵𝑜𝑦𝑠 4
135
= 9

To find the number of boys, we can cross-multiply and solve for Boys:

(4×135)
𝐵𝑜𝑦𝑠 = 9
540
𝐵𝑜𝑦𝑠 = 9
𝐵𝑜𝑦𝑠 = 60
Therefore, in Department D, when there are 135 girls, the ratio of boys to girls is 60: 135
, which simplifies to 4:9.

23. Explanation:
To determine the total number of students in Department C based on the given
information that there are 280 girls, we need to find the ratio of boys to girls and use it to
calculate the total number of students.
Let's solve the question:

We are given that the ratio of boys to girls in Department C is 3:5.

This means that for every 3 boys, there are 5 girls.

To find the total number of students, we need to consider both boys and girls.

Let's set up a proportion:

𝐵𝑜𝑦𝑠 3
𝐺𝑖𝑟𝑙𝑠
= 5

Let the number of girls be 280.

So,
𝐵𝑜𝑦𝑠 3
280
= 5

To find the number of boys, we can cross-multiply and solve for Boys:

(3×280)
𝐵𝑜𝑦𝑠 = 5
840
𝐵𝑜𝑦𝑠 = 5
𝐵𝑜𝑦𝑠 = 168

Now, to calculate the total number of students in Department C, we add the number of
boys and girls:

Total number of students = Boys + Girls

Total number of students = 168 + 280
Total number of students = 448

Therefore, in Department C, when there are 280 girls, the total number of students is
448.
 24. Explanation:
To solve this question, we can set up a proportion based on the given ratio.

Let the number of boys is 4x and the number of girls be 7x.

According to the information, the total number of students in Department B is 660, so

we have the equation:

4x + 7x = 660

Combining like terms, we get:

11x = 660

Dividing both sides by 11, we find:

x = 60

Substituting the value of x back into the equation, we can find the number of boys:

𝑁𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑏𝑜𝑦𝑠 = 4𝑥 =
4 × 60 =
240

Therefore, there are 240 boys in Department B.

25. Explanation:
To find the total number of students in Department B, we need to determine the number
of boys using the given information.

Given that the ratio of boys to girls in Department B is 7:10, and the number of girls is
120, we can set up the following proportion:

𝐵𝑜𝑦𝑠 7
𝐺𝑖𝑟𝑙𝑠
= 10

Let's represent the number of boys as "x." Plugging in the given values, we have:

𝐵𝑜𝑦𝑠 7
120
= 10
To solve for x, we can cross-multiply:

10𝑥 = 7 × 120

10𝑥 = 840

Dividing both sides by 10, we find:

𝑥 = 84

Therefore, there are 84 boys in Department B.

To find the total number of students, we add the number of boys and girls:

Total number of students = Number of boys + Number of girls

Total number of students = 84 + 120
Total number of students = 204

Therefore, the total number of students in Department B is 204.