Research In Architecture II

PARAMETRIC DESIGN
AWEJ JAHIR SHAIKH

STUDENT OF FOURTH YEAR B.ARCH

SMT.KASHIBAI NAVLE COLLEGE OF ARCHITECTURE

Email ID :sawej2@gmail.com

Abstract :

Zaha Hadid, whose role in modern architecture can be termed a bastion, by virtue of her works,
broke the conventions of the discipline, which were rather rigid, by making parametric design where
the basic figures of each composition are created using a computer, the focus of her work. Certainly,
the use of computers and their engines to create undulating and intricate forms thrown in the use of
the manner of parametric design, is one of the facets that characterized Hadid's works. Her designs
which are more outrageous and scary do away with linearity and instead, combine functionalism and
your with pantology as opposed to flat rectangular boxes, which are straight bordered sh ની shapes
with contour embellishments from nature and even mathematics.

In her case, an architectural approach that is parametrically centered granted broader prospects for
architectural language and aesthetics, hence offered her the freedom to create structures, which are
altered with respect to environmental, spatial and functional changes. This has also resulted in the
aesthetic and functional dualism being made to work efficiently in the optimization of the
deployment of edifices, materials and structure – a situation which even she has been able to
achieve. Of these include the ailing understanding of architecture as an overarching surface of the
design concepts materialized in the Heydar Aliyev Center in Baku and the London Aquatics Centre.

Parametric design in Hadid’s practice is not simply a decorative device. It is a fundamental rethinking
of architecture where the opposing poles of invention and technology converge and give birth to
new possibilities in the very definition of human creation—form and space. In her designed works,
Hadid likewise contributed to architecture’s extension and her trajectory has a permanent imprint on
architecture, which still challenges imagination in design to this day.

Key Words :

Parametric design

Computational architecture

Algorithmic design

Fluid forms

Non-linear geometries

Organic architecture

Dynamic structures

Advanced mathematic

1 STES’s Smt. Kashibai Navale college of

Architecture, Pune
Research In Architecture II

1. Introduction :
Zaha Hadid, an architect with her unmatched creativity in parametric design opened a new
dimension for the contemporary architecture. With this computational method, the
architects may control complex algorithms to visualize more organic and free-form shapes
that change their geometries in response to the structural, environmental, and spatial
restrictions. In Hadid’s work, she was able to move beyond conventions of any particular
architectural design process and achieve the desired function and aesthetic of a building
form through parametric design. Her architectural philosophy developed around
parametric design the process that allowed for designing new forms of non-linear dynamic
space that rethinks the relationship between space and structure. Her understanding of
this technique is proved by such projects as the London Aquatics Centre and the Heydar
Aliyev Centre in Baku where people saw graceful curves and a variety of details.

2. Literature Review :

PARAMETRIC DESIGN PAPER-1

AUTHOR : Youngjin Lee 2015

It is still known as parametric design in which sophisticated shapes are created with the help of
algorithms and controls on parameters. It emerged initially as a distinct category in the 1990s due to
the pace of Computer Aided Design (CAD) tools. Schumacher (2009), who was a close collaborator of
Hadid, reported that term parametricism was coined to point to a new kind of architecture that is
capable of producing such intricate and organic shapes for conditions. This style fits Hadid’s
architectural philosophy, as she wanted to obliterate rectangular notions of construction by having
forms that were perpetual and innovative and resembling natural forms. As Menges (2012) rightly
points out in a general survey of parametric architecture, computational design tools bestow to
architects the freedom to borrow shapes that are not amenable to carving by hand, and designs that
occur if and when in accordance with environmental, spatial, or functional preconditions. Some
employ Hadid’s architectural work in an illustration of this kind of technological integration present in
projects such as the Guangzhou Opera House where parametric design can be said to have played a
very significant role in the generation of its complex geometries.PARAMETRIC DESIGN INVOLVES
CREATINGMODELS WHERE THE DESIGN IS DRIVEN BY A SET OF PARAMETERSANDRULES

AUTHOR : Kimberly J 2024

That are the variables that refer to the design concerning some dimensions such as material,
performance and others. Types of parameters: Length, angle, size, material density, strength, colour
– loads on the structures, energy used. Any parameter specific to the project: Parametric design
determines how all the parameters constituting relate with and depend on one another. Constraints
on the design: This places conditions on any values or behavior of parameters if they are constraining
the layout if it binds the layout within a certain area or it holds the layout within a set of
circumstances.

3. Data Collection :

Explanation of Sources: Sources are those facts which describe the three-dimensional areas and
give the details such as its area, material, its performance, etc.The classes of sources may be
geometric e. g. lengths, angles, areas etc., material, e. g. density, strength, colour etc., functional e.
g. loads, energy efficiency etc. or any other depending on the subject matter. B. Relations and
constraints Understanding relations between parameters: The parameters in the completion of
2 STES’s Smt. Kashibai Navale college of
Architecture, Pune
Research In Architecture II

design requirements entail developing a straight line that touches on all the parameters in the
design. Imposing restrictions on the design: They reduce the overall variation of input or output
values of variables and enable the actual design to meet certain restraints or achieve some
predetermined results. C. An example of these is Autodesk Revit, Grasshopper, Rhinoceros 3D,
Fusion 360 among others parametric modeling software. Functionality: It’s the ability of the
designer to construct dynamic parametric models by setting parameters and defining the
dependencies between them enabling to achieve multiple iterations or investigation in very short
time. Parametric Design Advantages. A. Design Inclusion and Modification through Parametric
Design: Using this model structural systems that were parametrically designed can able to handle
quite big changes since such changes in the model are enough to cause a completely different
structural design that will be able to accommodate the temporal changes in design requirements.
Improvement and performancebased design: Indeed it is possible to apply parametric models for
the purpose of design enhancement to meet the needs which can be related to, for example,
strength, energy consumption or even ecological impact by emagining requirements.

requirements.

ADVANTAGES OF PARAMETRIC DESIGN:

FLEXIBILITY AND ADAPTABILITYNATURAL LIGHT

OMPLEX GEOMETRIES

INTEGRATION WITH DIGITAL FABRICATION

REAL-TIME VISUALIZATION

APPLICATIONS OF PARAMETRIC DESIGN:

3 STES’s Smt. Kashibai Navale college of
Architecture, Pune
Research In Architecture II

BUILDING ENVELOPS

ROOFS

Building Design

Facade Optimization

4. Aim :

The objective of this research is to investigate and compare parametric design as implemented in
Zaha Hadid’s architectural firm in concern to its impacts on architectural styles today, improvements
in designing tool and coding and construction sustainability. Focusing on her key works and involving
the principles of parametric technologies, the research aims at demonstrating the revolutionary
changes of the new parametric approach and the perspectives of its progress in architecture.5.
Objectives :

To Define Parametric Design Principles.

To Analyze Iconic Projects.

To Evaluate Design Processes.

To Analyze the Influence on Contemporary Architecture.

6. Scope :

Parametric Design Principles:

The research will assess the principles of parametric design which include algorithms, geometries
and the work cycles. It will make clear how far these principles are put into practicing architecture

Case Studies of Iconic Projects:

The study will include in-depth case studies of several of Zaha Hadid’s notable architectural works,
such as:

Heydar Aliyev Center (Baku, Azerbaijan)

MAXXI Museum (Rome, Italy)

London Aquatics Centre (London, UK)

Guangzhou Opera House (Guangzhou, China)

Impact on Contemporary Architecture:

Lastly the impact of Zaha Hadid on today’s architects and the architectural practices will be looked at
to determine how her approach to parametric architecture influenced new architectural trends and
paradigms.hies

4 STES’s Smt. Kashibai Navale college of

Architecture, Pune
Research In Architecture II

7. Discussion :

ZAHA HADID’S PARAMETRIC DESIGN :

Implementation of the Parametric Design Theories This paper establishes that Zaha Hadid’s
architectural practice is informed significantly by parametric design. In this aspect, having the
knowledge in algorithms and computational tools, Hadid was able to free architecture from the
‘straight-jacket’ so to speak of modernist architectural constraints. It also helped me bring an
aesthetic sensibility in addition to being beneficial in solving problems when it comes to something
specific to the sites. Case Study Insights Focusing on the noteworthy examples like the Heydar Aliyev
Centre and the London Aquatics Centre it is possible to display how, through the application of
parametric design, it was possible to gain sensitive and sophisticated solutions which responded to
the specificity of particular projects. The Heydar Aliyev Centre with smooth curvilinear shape and
round form demonstrates how with the help of parametric instruments it is possible to construct
lines that interact with the territory being built on. On the other hand, the technical build show the
fuse between architect and engineers, the London Aquatics Centre exemplifies how parametric ideas
can be implemented with great difficulty and much attention to engineering details.

Influence on Contemporary Architectural Practices:

Zaha Hadid’s parametric design has had a profound influence on contemporary architecture,
inspiring a generation of architects to explore similar methodologies. The discussion reflects on how
her work has contributed to the emergence of parametricism as a recognized architectural style,
characterized by fluid forms and complex geometries. This influence is evident in the works of
various contemporary architects who have embraced digital tools to create innovative designs that
challenge traditional architectural conventions.

Heydar Aliyev Cente

Shape and Geometry : The Centre is Pritzker-winning architect Zaha Hadid’s only building in Baku and
is, therefore, instantly recognizable by her organic form that is devoid of conventional straight edges.
The general shape of the building is smooth and fluid, which engineered to give a clear impression
that it arose out of the ground, making the whole image kinetic.

5 STES’s Smt. Kashibai Navale college of

Architecture, Pune
Research In Architecture II

Materials : Glass Reinforced Concrete,Glass fibre reinforced Concrete,Steel structure frame

systems,Glazing and cladding,Interiors,Facade – Color & Texture.

Tensioning Mechanism : The design may consist of self-tensioned cables or rods that tied different
structural members so as to support loads and minimize or avoid distortion. Such elements might
help balance most forces acting within a building and on specific dimensions where geometry
introduces potential sources of stress.

Support System : Primary structure: Being a skeleton of the building, it is encompassed of an

immensely strong steel frame work. This frame affords the required support to the architectural
forms typical of Hadid Zaha’s work especially the complicated curved forms.

These materials are lightweight, durable, and weather-resistant, providing good protection against
the elements.

MAXXI Museum (Rome, Italy)

Materials: The use of consumers in the construction of the museum can be bordered, surrounded
by large reinforced concrete enclosures and large transparent glass panes. Based on concrete
restructuring, it consists a stable ground, whereas transparent and translucent items of glass offer
warm, clear, and rapidly responsive illumination. Flexible Exhibition Areas: The interior of the
MAXXI Museum consists in large and variable exhibit areas that may embrace different genres of
art and creativity – visual arts, architecture, and media arts. Regarding flexibility of the exhibition
areas, the open plan seems to provide a better method of how the exhibitions are arranged.
London Aquatics Centre at the Olympic Park, London United Kingdom The Aquatics Centre located
in London, United Kindom in the Queen Elizabeth Olympic Park is another beautiful creation of the
steel-building-architect, Zaha Hadid. Designed in 2011 for the London 2012 Olympic Games, it is
now one of the newest examples of the architectural and innovative technologies in constructing
sports facilities.

CHALLENGES

Complexity of Design Process

•Learning Curve: Similar to Parametric design, this design requires a skilled knowledge in complex
programs such as Rhino, Grasshopper, and Autodesk Maya. The main disadvantage involves the
fairly high number of talents who may require training to adapt to the gradual slope of the
learning curve.

6 STES’s Smt. Kashibai Navale college of

Architecture, Pune
Research In Architecture II

•Collaboration: The concept of complexity usually relates to issues of communication between

architects, engineers and contractors. The relations between the various components of a design
project may get more challenging to orchestrate because of the disparities in employing a
sophisticated parametric model. Structural Issues

•Engineering Integration: The process of designing complicated complex geometries requires a

strong input from structural engineering counterpart to ensure that the business ends up with not
only beautiful forms but also safe ones. Compared to the simpler selection process of basic
architectural styles that do not need to be modified to also adhere to certain designs, this might be
intricate because the designs which make up the models have to be continuously refined in order
to satisfy both aesthetic and structural orientation demands.

•Material Limitations: Indeed, because of the parametric design, design can drive fluidity, the
available materials may constrain the physical constructible. This will demand new methodological
approaches to material science to get those results. Cost Implications

•Budgeting and Resources: Parametric design incorporates sophisticated technology and

processes and, as such, makes costs high. Details modelling and iteration may take more time and
hence require more resources in their actualisation.

• Construction Complexity: These designs are expensive in terms of some aspect of human input
and erections take a lot of time. Ideological forms are difficult to implement and may therefore
quickly get out of hand and become too expensive. Conformity to Regulations

• Building Codes and Regulations: Parametric designs may contradict with the building codes and
regulations; this require architects to handle difficult approval procedures. It may take a very long
time to produce innovative designs with adaptation to the requirements of the regulations may
lead to compromise as well.

• Environmental Impact: While in parametric design, the performance of building is improved,

nonetheless it normally consumes many resources in construction. Hence designers have to
consider the amount of efficiency in regard to sustainability aspects of the resources they are going
to use.

Architectural Innovation

Parametric design: In the case of Zaha Hadid it relates to using an algorithm and computational
methods to design forms with a variety of shapes and sizes. This method has more freedom and
versatility in architecture, allowing scope for developing new geometries and spatial opportunities.

Sustainable Design: As there is so much interest in pursuing sustainability as the ultimate

architecture design goal, this has become the primary emerging idea towards the development of
green construction materials, smart energy utilizing systems, and structures that allow for the
minimization of energy use and thus smaller amounts of carbon emissions.

Measures used include: passive solar, green roof, and rain water harvesting.
7 STES’s Smt. Kashibai Navale college of
Architecture, Pune
Research In Architecture II

Smart Buildings: This influenced the smart buildings which apply on the use of theses sensors and
automations to make it work perfectly and constructive. These can read energy consumption,
climatic condition regulation, real -time information to enhance the level of experience to the
users. Other trends in digital construction technology include 3D Bio printing and CNC Milling
where architects are able to generate building components with a lot of intricacy and accuracy. The
innovation here can reduce waste and cost of construction while also enable tailored solutions, if
not easily done, before.

Modular and Prefabricated Construction: In modular construction, some units of a building are
manufactured off site and later assembled at the site. It reduces a great deal of time, money and at
the same time ensure quality improvement, and improved efficiency.

• Smart Structures: The use of sensors and the smart technologies offered changes in the function
and evaluation of the tensile structure for the factors of protection and long life.

• Digital Fabrication: The advancements in computational design and computer controlled

fabrication in construction slightly increases technical precision and ease construction of tensile
structure, and subsequently paves way for numerous possibilities in regards to form..

OPPORTUNITIES

1. Liquid Silhouettes

Most of Hadid’s work includes organic shapes and curves which are created through parametric
design program. This helps the architects to understand the design of forms which do not conform
to the normal geometry.

2. Adaptive Environments

The provision of parametric design allows the designer freedom of creating interiors and exteriors
that are fluid and have the ability to accommodate several activities. For example, the spaces can
be designed around daylighting, circulation and user orientation.

3. Non-Simple Geometries

The parametric tools make it easier and quicker to play with irrational and complex geometry than
conventional techniques which may take longer to achieve the same results. One of these graphics
designs is the Guangzhou Opera House by Zaha Hadid which summarizes extremely exceptional
designs appreciated in architecture.

4. Environmental Friendly

The building performance for example can also incorporate parametric design strategies in taking
into considerations some building orientation or positioning to some environmental elements. This
encourages better environmental practices as energy saving measures alongside minimization in
the use of other resources like materials thanks to smart designs.

5. Personalization

Distributional design characteristics make it possible to modify design portals significantly,

particularly to address unique site conditions or clients’ wishes. It is therefore possible to have
eye-catching edifices that portray a sense of place.

6. Integration of design and making processes

8 STES’s Smt. Kashibai Navale college of

Architecture, Pune
Research In Architecture II

The marriage between parametric design and digital making processes exploits the ability of
advanced technologies to process and construct complex designs for instance 3d printing and CNC
cutting.

7. Interdisciplinary Work

With the implementation of parametric tools the work processes of designers, engineers and
manufacturing facilities become less and more complicated, more effective and more integrated.

8. Investigative Architecture

The Parametric design breaks the rules of the architectural practice. This

EXAMPLES

Guangzhou Opera House (Guangzhou, China)

It is probably true that the Guangzhou Opera House in China is one of the most representative
examples of new style architecture by the architect Zaha Hadid. Zaha Hadid’s design and the
performance arts center was opened in 2010 facilitating the corpus de ballet of that special
architect. This paper includes a brief that specifies the key details and marked architectural
features of the Guangzhou Opera House and the cultural references it uses. Recognition and
Awards In addition to the architectural masterpieces that the Guangzhou Opera House will
produce, it has earned several awards from its unique design such as membership to few
architectural bodies as contribution to the modern architecture. Obstacles in Building: Intricate
Geometric Shapes: Challenges of engineering the opera house arises from he fact that is has many
curved surfaces or geometric shapes. There was very strict construction methodology followed
that included the concept of digital modeling also in order to have very high levels of accuracy in
both construction and Validation. Environmental Factors: The other factor that informed the
design was CLIMATE AND ENVIRONMENT, of the area where the facility was to be located. Energy
conservation provisions were also provided during the construction of the building to ensure that
the building had least effects on the environment.

CONCLUSION

Currently, Zaha Hadid has done vast research in parametric design that has transformed
architecture as an art and technology that has assisted in the change of spaces. With time she has
worked over her specialization and these implications thus bringing hope and a true revelation of
the potential of the design thinking in terms of future architecture. That is why the further
9 STES’s Smt. Kashibai Navale college of
Architecture, Pune
Research In Architecture II

investigation of the parametric design principles will be interested not only to the architets and
designers, but will put them in front of more extensive parameters with regard to the issue of
form, function, and ecology. Zaha Hadid has taken a traditional technique of parametric design and
has made a very sharp dressing tool out of it in today’s architectural world. In the years that has
followed, she has demonstrated how art and technology in any form can be wed to create
geometrical shapes in which the curves have no endpoints.

10. REFRENCES :

https://doi.org/10.47191/wjarr/v23i2-03.
https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.082080899.
https://doi.org/10.1038/nbt.4096.

10 STES’s Smt. Kashibai Navale college of

Architecture, Pune
Research In Architecture II

11 STES’s Smt. Kashibai Navale college of

Architecture, Pune