Mechanics 2

Mechanics
: L.O 2
By:
Mavrex Team
Concepts:
‣A. Area under a curve
‣B. Kinematic equations for 1-D motion with constant

acceleration
‣C. free-fall motion
Area under the curve
Definition:
 The area under the curve equals the sum of the areas of all
the rectangles. Mathematically, this is represented as the
limit of a sum (integral) as the width of the rectangles
approaches zero .
 It is the area of the part between the graph and “X”

axis.
 When the area is above the “X” axis the area is
positive.
When the area is below the “X” axis the area is negative
 What does the area under the curve in acceleration
time graph mean?
You know that:
 𝑨𝒄𝒄𝒆𝒍𝒆𝒓𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏(𝒂) = 𝜟 𝑽 ÷ 𝛥 𝒕 that’s means the

velocity 𝛥 𝑽 = 𝒂 × 𝛥 𝒕
 What does the area under the curve in velocity time

graph mean?
You know that:

 𝒗𝒆𝒍𝒐𝒄𝒊𝒕𝒚 (𝑽) = 𝜟 𝑿 / 𝛥 𝒕
that’s means the distance 𝛥 𝑿 = 𝑽 × 𝛥 𝒕
 The area of VT graph is the distance.
 And the area of AT graph is the velocity.
In this picture :
To calculate the distance, we
Bring the area under the curve
By calculate the area of A and B minus
area of C =
(5 ∗ 8) + (0.5 ∗ 3 ∗ 5) − (0.5 ∗ 3 ∗ 5)
= 40𝑐𝑚3
Free fall
A free-falling object is falling under the sole influence of
gravity. Any object being acted on only by gravity is said to be
in a state of free fall. There are two important motion
characteristics that are true of freefalling objects:
• Free-falling objects do not encounter air resistance.
• All free-falling objects (on Earth) accelerate
downwards at a rate of 9.8 m/s/s (often
approximated as 10 m/s/s for back-of-
theenvelope calculations)
Because free-falling objects are accelerating
downwards at a rate of 9.8 m/s/s, a ticker tape
trace or dot diagram of its motion would depict an
acceleration. The dot diagram at the right depicts
the acceleration of a free-falling object. The position of the
object at regular time intervals - say, every 0.1 second - is
shown. The fact that the distance that the object travels
every interval of time is increasing is a sure sign that the ball
is speeding up as it falls downward. If an object travels
downward and speeds up, then its acceleration is
downward.
Free-fall acceleration is often witnessed in a physics
classroom by means of an ever-popular strobe light
demonstration. The room is darkened and a jug full of water is
connected by a tube to a medicine dropper. The dropper drips
water and the strobe illuminates the falling droplets at a regular
rate - say once every 0.2 seconds. Instead of seeing a stream of
water free-falling from the medicine dropper, several
consecutive drops with increasing separation distance are seen.
The pattern of drops resembles the dot diagram shown in the
graphic at the right.
Experiment :
• When a rock and a feather are dropped from the same
height at the same moment inside a tube filled with air, we
notice that the rock reaches the bottom of the tube first
(figure (1)) where the two bodies during falling are under
the effect of two forces:
1. The gravitational pull of the Earth (their weights).

2. The air resistance to their motion.
• since the collisions of air molecules with

the object affect
the velocity of falling of light objects
(the feathers more than that of heavier
objects (the
rock),
we find that the rock reaches the
bottom of the tube first.
• If we repeat the previous experiment
but with evacuating the tube from air, we notice that the
rock and the feather reach the bottom of the tube at the
same moment (figure 2) which means that when they fall
under the effect of their weights only, they move with the
same acceleration.
• The motion of bodies in the gravitational field under the
effect of their weights only with neglecting the air
resistance is called free fall and the experiments prove that
the free-falling bodies move with the same uniform
acceleration regardless of their masses which is called
Free Fall acceleration whose average value at the
Earth's surface is 𝟗. 𝟖 𝒎/𝒔 (sometimes rounded to 𝟏𝟎𝒎/𝒔)
and its direction is towards the center of the Earth (always
downward).
• When studying the motion of anybody in free fall, we

should assume a reference (positive) direction of motion
and relative to it the sign of the acceleration is determined
and in the following we will assume that the positive
direction of motion is the direction of the initial velocity of
the body.
 Note that:
• The Free Fall Acceleration varies slightly from one place
to another on the Earth's surface because the Earth's
shape is not completely spherical, but it is ellipsoid,
where its equatorial diameter is bigger than its polar
diameter, so the free fall acceleration varies depending
on the distance from the Earth's center, but we will
neglect this slight variation during our study.
• When objects move under the effect of gravity, the
equations of motion with uniform acceleration are
applied using letter "𝒈" instead of "𝒂" for denoting the
acceleration due to gravity as follows:
1. 𝑉𝑓 = 𝑉𝑖 + 𝑔𝑡
2. 𝑑 = 𝑉𝑖 𝑡 + ½ 𝑔𝑡2
3. 2𝑔𝑑 = 𝑉𝑓2– 𝑉𝑖2
 ONE-DIMENSIONAL MOTION IN A VERTICAL LINE

(MOTION UNDER GRAVITY)
• Sign convention: Any vector quantity directed upward will be

taken as positive and directed downward will be taken as
negative
1) S will be taken as positive if final position

lies above initial position and negative if
final position lies below initial position.
2) Velocity (Initial or final) will be taken as
positive if it is upward and negative if it is
downward
3) Acceleration a is always taken to be −𝒈
In the following example:
• Displacement will be taken as +𝑯
• Initial velocity will be taken as +𝒖
• Acceleration will be taken as −𝒈
Another example:
• Displacement will be taken as −𝑯
• Initial velocity will be taken as +𝒖
• Acceleration will be taken as −𝒈
Kinetic equations
V=u–gt
S = u t – ½ g t2
V2 = u2 - 2g s
V : final velocity
U / V0 : initial velocity
T : time g: gravity s /
d : displacement
Questions
1- Two bodies are thrown vertically upwards with their

initial velocity in the ratio 2: 3. Then the ratio of the
maximum heights attained by them is
(a) 1:1
(b) 2:3
(c)4:9
(d) √(2): √(3)
2- If a ball is thrown vertically upwards with speed u, the
distance covered during the last t seconds of its ascent is
(a) ut ( b) ½ gt 2
(c) ut- ½ gt2 (d) (u + gt) t
3- Ball A is dropped to the ground from the top of a tower
while another ball B is thrown towards the earth with
some initial velocity from same tower. Neglecting air
resistance, the acceleration is
(a) same for both the balls.

(b) greatest for the dropped ball A.
(c) greatest for the ball B.
(d) depends upon the sizes of A and B
4- A ball is dropped from rest from a height 6 m above the

ground. The ball falls freely and reaches the ground 1.1
seconds later. What is the average speed of the ball?
(a) 5.5 m/sec (b) 6.1 m/sec

(c) 6.6 m/sec (d) 11 m/sec
5- A car starting from rest accelerates at a contact rate α for some time
after which it decelerates at a contact rate β to come to rest if the total
time elapsed is t then the maximum velocity acquired by the car is
given by:
6- the displacement of the object during the time interval from

2 to 3 seconds equal …….
A: 50 B: 30
C: 25 D: 10
7- if a body having initial velocity Zero
is moving with a uniform acceleration of
8 m s. then the distance travelled by it in fifth second will be
A: zero B:36m C:40m
D:100m
8- A sprinter can reach his maximum speed of 10m s by
acceleration at 2.5m s. In order to cover a distance of 100m he
will take
A: 9s B:10s
C:11s D:12s
9- A body moves along a straight line from A to B with

uniform acceleration 2\3 m\sec2 the time taken is 12sec the
velocity at B is 25m\sec then the distance AB =…………m
A:204 B:252
C:156 D:48
10- Speeds of two identical cars are u and 4u at a specific a

instant. If the same deceleration is applied on both cars, the
ratio of the respective distances in which the two cars are
stopped from that instant is
A: 1:1 B: 1:4
C: 1:8 D: 1:16
11- The velocity of a car is
plotted as shown. Determine the
total distance the car moves
until it stops (t= 80 s)
A: 800m B:
600m
C:80m D: 40m
12- a body starts from rest and travels a distance X with
uniform acceleration then it travels a distance 2X with
uniform speed finally it travels a distance 3X with uniform
retardation and comes to rest. if the complete motion of the
particle is along a straight line, then the ratio of its average
velocity to maximum velocity is
A:2\5 B: 3\5 C:4\5
D:6\7
13- the figure below is the velocity vs. time
graph for a moving body alone a straight line.
What is the total displacement covered?
A: 13,5 B: 14
C: 13 D: 20

Mechanics 2

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Mechanics

‣B. Kinematic equations for 1-D motion with constant

 It is the area of the part between the graph and “X”

You know that:

 𝑨𝒄𝒄𝒆𝒍𝒆𝒓𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏(𝒂) = 𝜟 𝑽 ÷ 𝛥 𝒕 that’s means the

 What does the area under the curve in velocity time

You know that:

1. The gravitational pull of the Earth (their weights).

• since the collisions of air molecules with

• When studying the motion of anybody in free fall, we

 ONE-DIMENSIONAL MOTION IN A VERTICAL LINE

• Sign convention: Any vector quantity directed upward will be

1) S will be taken as positive if final position

1- Two bodies are thrown vertically up- wards with their

(a) same for both the balls.

4- A ball is dropped from rest from a height 6 m above the

(a) 5.5 m/sec (b) 6.1 m/sec

6- the displacement of the object during the time interval from

9- A body moves along a straight line from A to B with

10- Speeds of two identical cars are u and 4u at a specific a

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