2.

0 Introduction
1 Curtain wall Analysis and Design using EUROCODE

In the realm of modern architectural design, the curtain wall stands as

an emblem of both functionality and aesthetic allure. Its sleek façade not
only defines the exterior envelope of a building but also serves as a pivotal
element in maintaining structural integrity and energy efficiency. Embracing
this intricate fusion of form and function, the utilization of Eurocode
standards emerges as a cornerstone in the meticulous analysis and design
process of curtain walls.

Eurocode, with its rigorous guidelines and robust methodologies, offers

a comprehensive framework for engineers and designers to navigate the
complexities inherent in curtain wall systems. By adhering to Eurocode
principles, practitioners can ensure not only compliance with international
standards but also the attainment of optimal performance and safety
benchmarks.

This introduction sets the stage for a journey into the realm of curtain
wall analysis and design, where Eurocode serves as the guiding beacon
illuminating pathways towards innovation, sustainability, and structural
excellence. Through this exploration, we aim to delve into the intricacies of
Eurocode application, uncovering its transformative potential in shaping the
built environment and redefining architectural paradigms.
GENERAL
PROJECT:

CONSULTANT:

CLIENT NASAQ RESIDENTIAL

BUILDING, SHARJAH U.A.E
CONTRACTOR

SUB CONTRACTOR

REPORT FOR: STRUCTURAL CALCULATION FOR STICK

CURTAIN WALL WITH SLIDING DOOR

DESIGN METHOD: DESIGN AND ANALYSIS USING STAAD PRO

SOFTWARE AND MANUAL CALCULATIONS
USING STATIC PRINCIPILES AND DESIGN
CODES
ITEMS INCLUDED: 1. Glass
2. Aluminium mullion
3. Aluminium Transom
4. Brackets

REFERENCES: 1. Attached Drawings and standards

CODES AND STANDARDS

SL.NO CODE NAME FOR DESCRIPTION

1 BS 8118 : 1:91 Aluminum British standard for structural use of
Aluminum
2 BS 5950:Part1 Steel British standard for structural use of
Steel
3 ASTM E 1300‐ 02 Glass American standard for glass

4 ASCE‐7 Wind American standard for wind

pressure calculation

MATERIAL SPECIFICATION

ALUMINIUM

Modulus of Elasticity, E 70000 N/mm2

Density 2710 Kg/m3

Modulus of rigidity 26600 N/mm2

Poisons ratio 0.3

Bending strength (Alloy 6063 T6) 160 N/mm2

GLASS

Modulus of Elasticity , E 71700 N/mm2

Density 2500 Kg/m3

Poisson’s Ratio, √ 0.25

Allowable bending stress (Fully tempered) 93.1 N/mm2

STEEL

Modulus of Elasticity , E 205000 N/mm2

Density 9850 Kg/m3

Poisons ratio 0.3

Design strength (S275) 275 N/mm2

DEFLECTION CRITERIA

Element Loadings Deflection limit

Aluminium mullion and Wind load L/175up to L=4.1m

transom L/240+6.35mm for L> 4.1m

Glass Wind Load L/60

WIND PRESSURE CALCULATION USING ASCE 7

Basic wind speed (3sec gust ) V= 45 m/s

Velocity pressure qz= 0.613*Kd*Kz*Kzt*I

*V2
Wind directional factor Kd=
0.85 (FromASCE 7 Clause 6.5.4.4)
Topographic factor Kzt= 1 (From ASCE 7 Clause 6.5.7.2 )

Gust effect factor G= 0.85 (From ASCE 7 Clause 6.5.8 )

Velocity pressure qz= 2 (From ASCE 7 Clause 6.5.10 )

0.738588 KN/m

Design wind pressure P1= qz*GCpe1 - qz*GCPi2

Design wind suction P2= qz*GCpe2 - qz*GCPi1

Internal pressure coefficient(+ve) GCPi1= 0.18 (From ASCE 7 Clause 6.5.11.1 )

Internal pressure coefficient(-ve) GCPi2= -0.18

External pressure coefficient(+ve) GCpe1= 0.8 (From ASCE 7 Clause 6.5.11.2 )

External pressure coefficient(-ve) GCpe2= -1

Design wind pressure P1= 1.82 KN/m2 (SAY 1.9 Kpa)

Design wind suction P2= -1.87 KN/m2 (SAY 1.9 Kpa)

 Load and stability

The Building is located in the 24 37 41.7N 46 33 14.4 E ( Khaibar,

Dhahrat Laban, Riyadh 13784)

The wind and the Earthquake is considered of the specific location.

Panel Specification:
Area = 704.60 mm2

Perimeter = 652.94 mm

Bounding box = X: -24.94 ------ 25.06

Y: -51.33 ------ 59.67
Centroid: X: 0
Y: 0

Moment of Inertia: : X: 1002340.77 mm4

Y: 272608.03 mm4

Product of Inertia: XY = 2173.19

Radii of Gyration: : X: 37.72 mm

Y: 19.27 mm

Principal moment of and X-Y direction about

centroid

Glass type:
6mm double glass with 12mm spacer
 Desing of Architectural Drawings
Curtain
Wall(casea)(
CASE(A)

CASE(B)

CASE©
E. FORMIULATIONS

The maximum deflection of a transom due to the weight of the glazing is given by the formula:

8
G × a ×10
× ( 3 L −4 a )
2 2
δ=
48 × E al × l yy

Where the following terms are as mentioned below:

G-weight of the glass pane in kg .
a-distance of the glazing blocks from the mullion in mm.
E - modulus of Elasticity of Aluminium in N /mm '
L - length of the Transom in mm
lyy - moment of Inertia of transom in mm"

The maximum transom deflection by dead load:

L
δ max = , mm or 3 mm
500

whichever is less (as per the EN-14351-1)

The formula for the deflection due to windload acting on the transom is derived as shown below:

F
F A=F B =
2
Fl
M max =
4
3
Fl
f=
48 EI

( )
2 2 2
Fl x 4x
y= 1− 2 für x ≤ l tan ⁡α = F l = 3 f
16 EI 3l 2 16 El l

As per the deflection formula we can state that:

[ ]
3
( W 1+W 2 ) L
δ= 4
48 × Eal × Ixx ×10

The following terms are as mentioned below:

W1 - windload of the transom due to upper field.

W2-windlosd of the transom due to lower field. E - modulus of elasticity of Aluminium in N /mm 2
L. - length of the transom in mm Lxx - moment of lnertia of transom in mm+
The deflection caused due to the self: weight of the transom and glass welght is derived as shown below:
a. The deflection caused due to the self-weight

CASE A.

Uniformly distributed loading of w repen

total losd W =wL
ν x
−5 w L 5 W L
Maximum deflection = , at center
384 EI 384 EI

wx
def. = ( L x −2 L x 4 + x 2 ) , o ≤ x ≤ L
24 El

The formula for calculating the deflection due to the self-weight of transom in mm is as follows:

δ=
[( 5× w × L4
384 ×69500 ×10 6 × 1 yy ×10−8
×1000 ) ]
The following terms are as mentioned below:
W - sele-weight of the transom in N .

o length of the transom in mm.

lyy- moment of inertia of transom in mm 4
 E. 69500 N /mm2
(modulus of elasticity of aluminjum in N /mm ' )

b. The deflection caused due to glass weight resting on the transom transferred through the plazing
blocks.
CASE 2.

Maximum bending moment:

M i=1=Pa, between loads

Pa
Maximum deflection = ( 3 L2−4 a 2 )
24 EI
Px
def. = ( 3 La−3 a2−x 2 ) , o ≤ x ≤ a
6 EI
Pa (
3 Lx−3 x −a ) , a ≤ x ≤( L−a)
7 2
¿
6 EI

The formula for calculating the deflection due to the self-weight of glass on transom in mm is as follows:

[( ) ( ( ) ( )
) ]
2 2
L a
3× −4 ×
P×a 1050 1000
δ= × ×1000
1000 48 ×60500 ×10 8 × 1 yy ×10−3

p. Cllass weight in kg
E - modulus of elssticity of Aluminium in N /mm 2
a-distance of the glazing blocks from the mullion in mm.

o length of the transom in mm.

lyy- moment of inertia of transom in mma.
The overall deflection due to dead-lond is calculated by adding the equation 1.4 and 1.5 .
Uniformly distributed loading of w sgme
tot 21 load W =wL.
wL W
Reactions: Ri=R 7= =
2 2
Shear ¿ w ( L2 −x ) ,0 ≤ x ≤ L
Therefore, the total deal locad deflection formula is given as shown below:

[( ) ( ( ) ( )
) ]
2 z
L a
=4 ×

[( ]
3×
)
4
5× w × L P× a 1050 1090
δ=¿ ×1000 + ¿ × ×1000
6
384 ×69500 ×10 × 1 yy ×10 −8
1000 48 × 69500× 106 ×1 yy × 10−8
The maximum mullion and transom deflection by windload:

L
δ max = , mm or 15 mm
200

whichever is less ( as per the EN14351-1)

CASE 12 A .
1.
Trapezoidially dilstributed ioved:
Total load: W =w (2−a)
Max. foad: w lb/in
w w
Rencrions: R1= , R 2=
2 2
2
Shear Forces: V 1=R1 ; V 2=R2

Meximum bending moment

4
wL [ 2 L
3 L −4 a ] , x= Maximum de flection
2
¿
24 Ei 2

[ ( ) ( )]
4 2 4
wL π a L
¿ 25−40 +16 , x= The above formula 1.8 and 1.9 is used for calculating the
1920 εt l b 2
deflection and bending moment for the mullions.

The formulas to be used for the calculations are:

8
G × a ×10
× ( 3 L −4 a ) …. (1.1)
2 2
δ=
48 × E al × I xx
L
δ max= , mm or 3 mm
500

[ ]
3
( w1 +W 2) L
δ= 4
48 × Eal ×lxx ×10

δ=
[( 5.(1.2)
6
384 ×69500 ×10 × lyy ×10
−8 ) × 1000
]
[( ) ( ( ) ( )
) ]
2 z
L e
3× −4 ×
P×a 1000 1000
δ= × × 1000
1000 48 ×69500 ×10 × ( yyy ×10
b −8

L
δ max = , mm or 15 mm
200
Maximum bending moment

4
wL [ 2 L
3 L −4 a ] , x=
2
¿
24 EI 2

Maximum deflection

[ ( ) ( ) ] , x= L2
4 2 4
wL a a
¿ 25−40 +16
1920 EI L L

F. WTND LOAD CALCULATION

This location comes under wind zone -1 category:

v y 0=22.5 (time-averaged wind speeds)
9,0-0.32 (associated speed pressures)

As per the surrounding condition the building comes under Terrain caregory- 2
b- 40130 mm, d - 14160 mm , H −15350 mm
Velocity pressure as per wind zone
10<h< 188 ,−0.80 KN /m2 HD=0.382c−b or 2 h.
whichever is smaller
b: crosswind dimension.
H ←b Wind presaures on wall surface
for conditions e ¿ d
External pressure co-efficients for vertical walls of rectangular buildings
As HD is ieas then 1 , As per section 7

Zare A c

hid c T =10 c m. c p ⋅13 5−1 G1 ∈ 0 r pen .1

5 −1 , 2 -1.4 −0 , θ −1 ,1 -0.5

1 -1.2 -1.4 1−0.8 -1.1 1−0.5

≤ 0 , 25 −1 , 2 −1 , 4 −0 , 8 −1 ,1 -0.5

For wind presuure

we- qp (zc )π cpc

For area A.
 We ¿ 0.80 ×(−1.4)
¿ ¿

For area B

We −0.80 ×(−1.1)
2
¿−0.88 KN /m
¿

Area A is under suction wind pressure

Hence, the design windload of 1.75 KPa is used for further structural calculation.

G. CALCULATIONS ON DIFFERENT CASES:

CASE 1:

The top module of the facade with 2.4 m height is used for the windload and deadload calculations.
G.1.1 Required Ixx and Iyy;

The reguired Txx for the mullion is calculated using the formula mentioned below:

( () ( ))
4 2 4
2 ×w × L a a
J xx = × 25−40× −16 ×
1920× E L2 × δ 2 vux L L

Where: ( as per flg a)

L−Span of the mullion (in mm)
E a=¿ Modulus of Elasticity for Aluminium

2
¿ 69500 N /mm

a−¿ Half of the transom span (in mm )

( ( ) ( ))
4 2 2
−2 ×1.060 ×2400 960 409
× 35−40× −16 ×
1920× 69500 ×23.40 2400 2400
−994397 mm 4
I sx=99.4397 cm4
¿
Hence, Type D mulion profile combination should be used for safe design.

The required Iyy for the transom is calculated using the formula mentioned below:

Where: (as per fig b)

Glass weight −125.31 Kg
Transom Length −1750 mm
Block Spacing - 150 mm
δ ex =¿ Max. Allowable deflection (in mm) ¿ L/500
4
117−¿ Moment of Inertia of Transom in y-drection−14.65 cm
¿

Hence, Type H transom should be used for safe design.

G.1.2 Actual vertical Mullion Deflection due to Windload:
Span of member L=2400 mm
Field width s ,−1800 mm s, −1800 mmm
Allowable defiection Bzm− L/200 or 15 mm

¿ 21.15 mm

Design Wind Pressure W1 −1.75 kN /m* .

L-2400mm a, −900 mm 2−900 mm

W −W 1 ×2
−0.0012× 900
−0.0012× 900
¿1.080 N /mm
W t=w, x (L−3)
−1.08 ×(4230−900)
¿3596.4 N
W 1=w 1 x (L−a)
−1.08 ×(4230−900)
¿3596.4 N
¿
Max Load Right
Max Load Left
w−w1 × 2.

W- W1 ×2
¿ 0.0012× 900
¿ 1.080 N /mm

Total Load Right

Total Load Left

W +¿¿ =w 1 ×(L−3)
¿ 1.08 ×(4230−900)
¿ 35964 N

W 1=w1 x( L−a)
¿ 1.08 ×(4230−900)
¿ 3595.4 N
 δ mmL=10.35 mm
¿

Connection Details:
CHECK FOR FIN PORTION OF ALUMINIUM BRACKET (6MM THICK)

Eccentricity of loading from base plate e=¿ 60 mm

¿
So bending moment about X axis Mx=FZ Z e=¿ 0.18 kN −m

Thickness of fin plate t=¿ 6 mm

Depth of fin plate d=¿ 110 mm

¿ ¿ 2
Area of cross-section (2plates) A=2 d t=¿ 1320 mm

¿ 3
Section modulus about major axis (2 plates) Zx=2 Ed /6 24200.0 mm

¿
Factored Tensile stress Q 1=1.2 FY / A=¿ 1.9 Mpa

¿
Factored bending stress Q=1.2 Mx /Zx 9.08 Mpa

Limiting stress of aluminium (Alloy 6082

P=¿ 255 Mpa
T6)

Stress ratio Q/ P=¿ 0.04 <1

So the fin portion of aluminium bracket is structurally adequate

CHECK FOR BASE PLATE PORTION OF ALUMINIUM BRACKET (6MM)
 Nominal 2.5 2.7 3 4 5 6 8 10 12 16 19
Thicknes (3 ⁄ 3 2 ) (lami (1 ⁄ 8 ) (5 ⁄ 3 2 ) (3 ⁄ 1 6 ) (1 ⁄ 4 ) (5 ⁄ 1 6 ) (3 ⁄ 8 ) (1 ⁄ 2 ) (5 ⁄ 8 ) (3 ⁄ 4 )
s )
mm ( in.) LS1 LS2 LS1 LS2 LS1 LS2 LS1 LS2 LS1 LS2 LS1 LS2 LS1 LS2 LS1 LS2 LS1 LS2 LS1 LS2 LS1 LS2

2.5 ( ⁄32)
3
2.00 2.00 2.73 1.58 3.48 1.40 6.39 1.19 10.5 1.11 18.1 1.06 41.5 1.02 73.8 1.01 169. 1.01 344. 1.00 606. 1.0
0
2.7 (lami) 1.58 2.73 2.00 2.00 2.43 1.70 4.12 1.32 6.50 1.18 10.9 1.10 24.5 1.04 43.2 1.02 98.2 1.01 199. 1.01 351. 1.0
0
3 (1 ⁄ 8 ) 1.40 3.48 1.70 2.43 2.00 2.00 3.18 1.46 4.83 1.26 7.91 1.14 17.4 1.06 30.4 1.03 68.8 1.01 140. 1.01 245. 1.0
0
4 ( ⁄32)
5
1.19 6.39 1.32 4.12 1.46 3.18 2.00 2.00 2.76 1.57 4.18 1.31 8.53 1.13 14.5 1.07 32.2 1.03 64.7 1.02 113. 1.0
1
5 ( ⁄16)
3
1.11 10.5 1.18 6.50 1.26 4.83 1.57 2.76 2.00 2.00 2.80 1.56 5.27 1.23 8.67 1.13 18.7 1.06 37.1 1.03 64.7 1.0
2
6 ( ⁄4)
1
1.06 18.1 1.10 10.9 1.14 7.91 1.31 4.18 1.56 2.80 2.00 2.00 3.37 1.42 5.26 1.23 10.8 1.10 21.1 1.05 36.4 1.0
3
8 (5 ⁄ 1 6 ) 1.02 41.5 1.04 24.5 1.06 17.4 1.13 8.53 1.23 5.27 1.42 3.37 2.00 2.00 2.80 1.56 5.14 1.24 9.46 1.12 15.9 1.0
7
10 ( ⁄8)
3
1.01 73.8 1.02 43.2 1.03 30.4 1.07 14.5 1.13 8.67 1.23 5.26 1.56 2.80 2.00 2.00 3.31 1.43 5.71 1.21 9.31 1.1
2
12 ( ⁄2)
1
1.01 169. 1.01 98.2 1.01 68.8 1.03 32.2 1.06 18.7 1.10 10.8 1.24 5.14 1.43 3.31 2.00 2.00 3.04 1.49 4.60 1.2
8
16 ( ⁄8)
5
1.00 344. 1.01 199. 1.01 140. 1.02 64.7 1.03 37.1 1.05 21.1 1.12 9.46 1.21 5.71 1.49 3.04 2.00 2.00 2.76 1.5
7
19 (3 ⁄ 4 ) 1.00 606. 1.00 351. 1.00 245. 1.01 113. 1.02 64.7 1.03 36.4 1.07 15.9 1.12 9.31 1.28 4.60 1.57 2.76 2.00 2.0
0