BY @CBSEIANS AND DURGESH

"Truth is ever to be fouyd in the smplicity, and not tn the

multiplicity and confusionof things
ss4e ewton

6 METHODS OF

DIFFERENTIATION

INTRODUCTION
LinsTORICAL NOTE One of the most inportant problen in mathcatics was to find the equation of tangent

In the history of mathematics

cUrve at a given point, Now linding the equation of tangent for a circle or cven for y
y
two names are prominent to
was casy, even without the help of dillerentiation but unfortunately the same cannot te said t
share the credit for inventing any arbitrary curve,
calculus, Issac Newton (1542 Ih was Leibniz who solved the problen of tanyents and Newton ettled the Keple
1727) and G.W. Leibntiz
(1646-1717). Both of them problem matlhematically. And durig their eflorts both of them invented Differential Calca
independently invented calculus independently.
around the seventeenth century.
DERIVATIVES USING FIRST PRINCIPLE (AB-INITIO) METHOD
Derivative function or slope function ofa piven function /)is delined as a functionwhose val
generates tlhe slope of A) wherever it is definel and /x) is diflerentiable. There is a variety
notations for the diflerential coefficient or derivatives, such as,
dx dx
y, Out of all these y' and y, are the most prominent.
f'e),
Also known as diflerential co-ellicient of function, there can be considered as co-cfflicient e

differential (dx)
Ar) -
Ilustration:y-A)-xytAy=x4 A
(xt
Ay
x+A)-2x+ Ar
lim 2x called as dy
for y
x'
so derivative of/*) is obtained as

S)=lin: fx+)-f) lim

fx-h)- f(x)

Algoritlhm to Differentiae One Variable w.rt, Another

Step-l: Let y - ) be a function and by substituting x by x +

Av in x): we will iry to calcul

y+ Ay i.e.,Jx +
Ar).
y
Step-ll: Subtract from 'y t Av'; thus obtaining Ay in terms ofx und Ar
:. t
Ay
A)-)
Ay
Step-ll1: Divide Ay by Ar, thus obtaining the value of

dy
Step-1V: Find lim
A0A
d
his IS called he value of orf' ()

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SOLVED EXAMPLES
1. Find the derivate of the following functions by Ab-initio
methodf) =x'cosr Sol. y=Ax)= tan 'x, let tan 'x=
.x
Sol. =)r'cos tan0 and tan '(r+ Ar)
=0 t A0
A=x Ar)-fr) =(r+ Ar) cos(x+ Ar) - cosx
tAr= tan(0
+

A0)
Ay=x(cos(x +
Ar)- cosr) +
2r Ar cos (r+ A) f(x+ Ar)-f() tan(x+ Ar)-tanx
+
(Ar° cos (r + Ar) A Ax x+Ar-x
(0+ A0)-(0) A0xcos(9+ A0) cos 0
tan( + A0)- tan sin(40)
A0
dy RHS = lim cos'0
Taking lim; we get lim--sinr) + 2r cos x= A6-0° sin A0
2.
Aro Ar
Find the derivate of the following functions by Ab-initio
= cos 0 =
mcthod ) = tan 'x sec² 0 1+ tan' 9 I+x dr

DIBY 6.1
Find the derivate of the following functions by Ab-initio method
1. f(r) =log (ax + b) 2. 1(x) = tan x 3. f(x) tan v2x-3 4. fx) = log(cos x)

SOME STANDARD DERIVATIVES

The following formulas can be derived by using the Ab-initio method, similar to the example in Example 1.
Algebraic Functions Logarithimic and Exponential Funetion
1. d =nx;ne R

R.A.R N2. dx
a)=a' loga; a s0
d sgn(x),x#0 d =
R.A.R |x= non– differentiable, x = 0
3 (log, Ix)=4(log, |x) ;a>0, a#1
dx x log, a
Trigonometric Functions Inverse TrHgonometric Funetions

1. (sin x) = cos x d
1.
isin'*=<1
2 (cos x) =-sin x 2 d

x
3.
(tan x) =sec' 3 (tan*) = !1+ y?eR
4. (cot x) =-cosec'x d
dr
4. (cot" x)-eR
5. (scc x)= secx tan x +1
dr
cosecx) =-cosecx cot x 6.
d
(cosee")= -1
lxVe*|>1
Tethods of Differentiation 175

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SOLVED EXAMPLES
3. Find the derivative of
the following functions x x| x-scc x) =
(scc x + tan x)(1+ tan Sccx + tanr
Sol. y =x x! = *':x20 1+ tanx-scc.X
x+ sccx
dy
= ScC x tan
dy dx
.:. For x
0; = 2x and for x < dy
0; --2x 6. Find the derivative of the function
dx dx
1

d(x|*), y= tan -
1

+ tan
T+3r+3-+
tan
dx x'+x+1 +5x41

4. Find the derivative of the following functions 3l927* +

..n tetm
+

log = tan:!. = tan+l)

Sol. y=3teg, + logxy=3g,* + log,ax Sol. Let t, = an +x+1 1+x(x+1) 1+x(x+)
x + = tan-(+ 1)- tan-'x
+log,
4
y=3s, log, x
4 1

1 Similarly t,= tan

-
tan(x+2)-tan(zsh
dy_1 +3x+3
x
4
5. Find the derivative
dx
of the following functions
4
and
, = tan" = tan(x+3)– tan"'(+2)
x+5x+7
tan x + sec x1
:
tan-sec x+1 (x+n)–tan (x+ - 1)
n
1,= tan
Sol. y=
tan x+ sec x-l (tan x + sec x)-(sec x-tan x) . y=t+, +,t .... , = tan(*tn)-tan-!x
tan- secx+1 tan x-Secx+1
1 1
(tan x + sec x) -(sec x– tan x)(sec x + tan x) dy
1+(*+n)² 1+
dx
tan x-sccx+1
DIBY 6.2
Find the derivative of the following functions
Ni+x* +1
5. x
6. e + 3* + logx 7. 3 cotx-5tan x 8. cos 9. 2tan-l(cosec tan'x- tan cotr)

ALGEBRA OF DIFFERENTIATION
S
1. Addition and Subtraction Rule
The differential coefficient Derivative of sum of two functions is cqual to sum of their derivatives as
or derivative of a constant
d
is equal to zero; ie.,
dx de )
d(constant)
2. Product Rule
dx
Ify = u.v where u and v are two differentiable functions
x.
of
d dv
y=(u.v)
dx
=
u.+v-du or (u.v)' = u.v + v.w
dx dx
SS Aconstant factor may be taken
i.e.
It can bc remembered as "Derivative of the product of two functions = first functo
outside the derivative sign, derivative of second function + second function x derivative of first function.
ify = )
[k= constant], then In case of the product of three function. i.., y = u. v. w.
dy y'=u' (u.w) + u.v.w + (u.v).w
y=u,u, ...u, then y= u1,
=
Kf'C). ..
d .t4,u, "4,t.t uu,..u,',
3. Quotient Rule
du
If y= where u and v are two functions
then" dr

Calcu
176

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SOLVED EXAMPLES,

1. Findf () where fx) = x tan x+ e = f(x)

(i) v(x)
1+tanx g(*)
Sol. yx tan x +.

(r)s(*)-(s'(*))×f*)
1+ tan x
(s(1))
dy d())
dx »v()=(6)*g(6)-g (6)xf(6)
(e(6)
e)+tan x)-(+ tan x
dx
(1+ tan x)'
(6-3)
=2x tan x+x
sec
r4ete tan x-e secx
(1+ tan x)'
25 5
8. Iffandg are functions whose graphs are shown, let u(x) 9 45
f() 9. Find the derivative with respect to x of the function:
-fx), g(x) and v(x) Then find
g(x)
+ arc sin 2x
(log,os, Sinx)(log.cosr) at x =
1+x? 4
2.x
Sol. y=(log.sinx)(log cosx)l+arc sin 1+x

tn sin xln cosx 1

x +2 tanx
ln cos x nsin
ln sin x +2tanx
() u(2) (i) v (6) NE ln cos x A M

x
(en cos x)COSX +(ensin x) Sin
;x<1 dy ln sin x sin x
22 dx ln cosX (en cos.x)* 1+x*
4 19 4
xe[1,4) ; ;xe [1,4);
Sol.
g(x)=+ g'()= (l+1)
x-3 ;xe(4,8) 1 ;xe (4,8) -9=2
dxl:
2 2x2 2

4
5 ;x>8 0 ;x>8

8 32
= en2
16+
f(x) :s)= 10. Lety) be a polynomial function of second degree. If
2,23 5 J1) ={-1) and a,, a, 4, are in A.P. Then show f'(a,),
() r) =f).gt) u() =f).e) +
g(),r() f(a,),f'(a,) are in A.P.
+
u(2)=A2).g'(2) g(2)/(2) Sol. Letf)=rttv. Thenf'()=2\r+m alsof(1)=f-1)
tty=-tv=0
:.f(a) = 2ha,f'(a,) = 22a,f'(a) = 2ha, as a,, 4,, a,
are in A.P.

f'la).f'(a,).f"(a,) are in A.P.

ethods of Differentiation
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11. Differentiate the following functions (ii) As we know,
(i) sin(sin 'x)
-TSIs0
(ii) cos (cosr) cos (cosx) = x
Sol. () As we know
y= 0sxsr
|2T-x TTSXS2.

y=-x

as: Thus,
y sin (sin 'x) is defined for xe (-1, 1] and and so on shown
ye-1,1] 1, xe (2nt, (2n +1) n)
dy_
:y=x for all xe (-1, 1] ==1 for all x e (-1, xe (2n+1)T,(2n +2)z)
dx
1]
dt-1,
DIBY 6.3
sin 8x +3sin 6x +4sin 4x–3sin 2x
10. Findf' () where f(x)is defined as
cos7x+ 4 cos 5x+8cos 3x+5 cosx
x

11. Find
dy
1or the function
y= cos-Zcosx+3sin 12. Differentiate: tan(tan-'x)
d
V13

CHAINRULE
Ifyis a function of'u' and 'w is a function of
'* i.e., let us say y-Au)and u-g) ie,y=fa
dy dy du
then
dx du dx
Differentiation of a Function With Respect to Another Function
So far we have discussed derivative of one variable, say, y with respect to other varnabes
x. In this section, we stilldiscuss derivative of a function with respect to another functa
Let y = and y g(*) be two functions of x. Then, to find the derivative of f:) wt;
fr)
i.e., to find
du we use
the following formula
du dul dx
du du dul dx
SOLVED EXAMPLES,

12. If y=e find

dy
14. If y= tan x+1
dx
find
Vx-1 d
y= sec0+l
Sol. Given differentiating w.r. to x. x+1
Sol. Here tan put x= seco y = tan Vseco-1
d{(tan'x'} d(tan-') Vx-1
We get 'd{e"
dx d{(tan x'} d(tanx) dx l+ cos 0
= tan = tan"|
1 V-cos
dy- 3(tan x)
dx
y
atx=
.y= tan
13. Find the derivative of the following =log sin //4
2x -.cosx y=se'x dy_
Sol. y'=:
sin x
=2(VR/4)= \r 2|xr-1

178

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15 Find the diflerential coctlicient

of'' with respcct to
16. If -<x< G
differentiate tan
log cos.x
respect to tan
=
Sol. Given
log cosx
3x-r
1 Sol. Lct u tan and y= tan
Let log cOSr =|= 1-3r?
(diflrentiating w.r.t. u)
Puttingr=tan), we have u=tan'(tan 30) andy=tan'(tan20)
d
- =30 and y=20
log cos x;
Let cos
du

du_1 du d dt
<-<0<
tan 0
6 6

730<and < 29<

d
d dt dx
3
(-sin x) =: sin x
1

tan x u=3tan'r and y = 2tanr

COS
du
d
du
_
dy dy d )= tan x and v =
2
dx=
du d i,-tan (log cos x)°
dx 1+x 1+1 di du
dr 1+x

DIBY 6.4
dy
13. Ify = log(sin x); find 14, If y=sin(cos.r) + cos(x) + cos(sin x); find at"4
dx dx
15. If y = log, (tan
I +x*); find 16. Iff() = sinx + sin 4x. cos , then find f (2r²+/2).

DERIVATIVES OF FUNCTIONS IN PARAMETRIC FORMS

Fom x = ), y = g) is said to be paramctric fomm with as a parameter. In order to find
differentiation of functions in such fon, we have by chain rulc.
dy
dy_dy dr dy_dt dy_dg () dy

dt dx dt
whenever0 and
as=s)
dx dx dx df'(t0)
dt
[Provided f() + 0]

SOLVED EXAMPLES

2
=2at, find dy
= y
17. Ifx 2a, 1 + 4t4)
dr
d I+(21+) (2)l+(4 21
Sol.
dx
-=4at dy. =
6at
dy_dy t_6at3t dt
dr dt dx dt dx 4at
-e
dy
dy Hence,
18. Ifx = e
and y = tan (21+ 1), find dx 21(2* + 2t+1)

Sol. Here y= e 19, Find the

dy
for the following parametric functions:

dx
=e(-21) and
y =
tan (2 + 1) (a) x=alt + sin ): y= a(l - cos )
(b) x=2 In cot ;y= tant+ cot t

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Sol. (a)
dr
= dx-3 cos' /sin dy
t3bsin' t cos
a(l-cos): a
sint Sol. (a) d
d d
a sin dy 3bsin' tcost b
dy -tant
cot (12kr) dx 3a cos' sint
a(l-cost)
d'y. b
-2 cosec 3a cos t sint
(b)
a
cos't(-3a cos t sin t)
dt Cot sin 21
(6)
dx
=e cos t-e sin t=e (Cos t- Sin t)
4 cos 21
=

Scc-coscc t= d
sin 2/ dy cos (cos t +
sin )
=esintte t=
dy
4 cos 21 sin 2t dt
dx 4 sin 2t dy cost+ sint
dt COSt sin t
Find d'y
dy' of following paramctric functions: d(cost+- sint
y-dt
cos t sint
(a) x=a cos' t and y = b sin
dy2 e (cost- sint) e (cost-sin
(6) x=e cost andy= e sint
DIBY 6.5
du
17. Ifu=fr >), v= g),f()= cos x,
g'() = sin x then find dy
16:(1-r")
18. Ify= sec 4x and x = tan-'(), prove that
+rty?
dt (1-6
dy d'y d'y as
19. Find dr
d? d Where y
=J) is represented parametrically
(a) x=at, * 2at y
(6) x=a cos y ,
=b sin 9

SOLVEDEXAMPLES

dy
21. Find =
d
(a) sin Vcos x

(6) sin|
log+i
1

x+1 x(r+1)
d{sin lcosx) a(Vcosx) d(cosx)
Sol. (a)
() y=log(*+e")
dx d(Vcosx) d(cosx) dx

sin x.cosxVcosx
= cos Vcos x. .(-sin x) = 2vcosx
2/cos x

(b) Let
2/*+eli
dr

Calcal
180

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DERIVATIVE OF AN IMPLICIT FUNCTION
Ifx and y are related by the rute Fa, y) = 0 such that y cannot be obtaincd entirely or exactly
in terms x
of then y is said to be an inplicit function ofx. For example:
x
-y + 3ry =0

For implicit function put; partial differential of a

fx, y)} = where is
dx dy
given function with respect to x (ie. differentiating fwith respect to x keeping. y constant) and
means partial differential of a given function with respect to y (i.e. differentiating
f with
respect toy, keepingx constant).
Caution: Careless application of implicit differentiation may lead to errors, For e.g.,;
consider x +y= 0, through implicit differentiation, we get 2x+ 2y=0 dy. But
dy dx
there is only one value of (x, y) whích satisfy the equation ie., the origin only. Hence it is
wrong to find dy in this case. Hence it is important to note that implicit differentiation is
dx
a
mercly technique to find the derivative and is applicable only if the function is differentiable.
SOLVED EXAMPLES
22. Find dvldx
(a) log(ry) =ty ))+()=) d
(b) x+y= sin (ry) or 2x+2y
Sol. (a) log (y) = x+ y² logr + logy =* ty'
Differentiating w.r.t x
or dy
1,1dy
2x+2y+1y+x. =0
dx dx
x y dx
dy dy (2x+y)
-=2x+ y) or
1-2y² dy_2x-1 dy_ y(2x-1)
N
TELEdRÀM dx (2y+x)
d dx x(1-2y') 24. If y =ysin x+sinxt\sin x
+..e, find
dy
(b) xty= sin(xy). Differentiating w.r.t. x, we get 1

-
dx Sol. y=sin x+sinxtysinx+.,
costzy).y
dx
>y=(sin x) +y
=
y' sinx+y
-xcos(xy)]=ycos(ay)-I
=
ycos(y) -1 Differentiating both sides, we get
d dx 1-x cos(xy) dy
dy 2,4 = coSx +

23. Ifx +y txy= 2, find

dx
Sol. +y+ xy=2, dy cosx
(2y-1)=cosx
dx
Differentiating both sides we get, dt 2y-1
DIBY 6.6
dy
20. Ify Fx cos y + y cos x, find 21. Find the of thefunction xy
=+y.
dx
sinx (l+y) cosx+ sin.x
22. Find for the functions y=x 23. If y=
cOS x
prove that
dx 1+ 1+2y+ cos.x-sin,x
sinx
l+
1+cosX....90

ethods of Differentiation 181

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DERIVATIVES
IWERSE FUNCTIONS AND THEIR
Theoren: If the inverse functions fand
g are defincd byy =/(0) and x= g0) and iffo
dy

as, if cxists and

and f() 0 then g') This result can also be written
dx dt
dy'
then dx dy dx
=| or
dy (dyldr) or dx dy dx (drldy)
= = then fr) is inverse of g(x) or gx) is inverse of
/x).
Jg)) g))
-or f'(x) =
g')=
s''g) g'f)
SOLVED EXAMPLES

25. Find
dy
of Sol. y(x)= cot VI+sinx+l-sinx
dx
y= sin 2x
VI+sinr-/-sina
(a) (b) y= cos 2x (c)y=x sin 'x
(d) y=a tan' (e)y= sec² x
x y=(log, ) sin+ cos + sin COs
dy = cot 2
Sol. (a) =2 cos 2x (b) =-2 sin 2x cos +cos
dx ds sin+ 2
-sin,2
dy
+
(c)
dx
=x. sin'r = Cot

Wi+sinx +l-sin x
If v(*) =
dy
cot
26. xe then Hence,
VI+sin x --I-sin a dx 2

find
dy
dx
at x=
5
6 @HBSHS ON,IE DIBY 6.7 M

4
2+3x then find dy GRA
24. If y= tan 1+5x +tan
3-2 dx

25. Let gl) be the inverse of the function fr) and f'()=S1+x* Then find g').

Note HIGHER ORDER DERIVATIVES

Let fx) is a function, then the derivative of Ar) w.tt. x; ie. f) is also a function and br
does not mean the derivative of a function is a function, the process of ditlerentiation can be applied 0Ne
over, till the derivative becomes a non-differentiable function.
multiplication of
and
dr d'y represents the rate of change of
It means the second order i.e. the rate of change of the rate of change
y w.r.t x i.e., "the du?
derivative of
can also say, that it is the rate of change of slope.
derivutive of the derivatíve"
Illustration: Ifthe position function ofa car that moves in a straight line is given by
be sS
2can
represented as or y' or
y
also
ds
=() =) i.e. velocity as a function of(). Similarly s d ds

or fx) (where y fu) =

()) V() u) i.., the acceleration as a function of and there by
y (dy
3, Note that and
ds
are
du
fwo different tlings. )-j known as the jerk ie rute of change of acceleration wet
dr'

Cal
182

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Rules of Higher Order Derivative

Ifk is a constant then" (k(f) =kCr)
dx?
d
2
dy? )tg)= dy' dr?
-(s())
3 d(uv)=u d'v d'u
where u, v are function of 'x'
dx dr? dx dx dx?
d'
(uv) d'v du d'v d'u dv vx„d'u where u, are functions of x

d'+3x dyt
4. =u +3x dx
V
dx d

,
S.
Ify -fu) and u= gr): then "
dy( du dy du
dx du dx du d

SOLVED EXAMPILES
27. Find the second derivative ofy = ax' + by + cx+ d. f()f"(1) =8
...(iüi)

Sol. y= ax+ br?t cx +

d. 43y +2bx +c Putting x -l in (), we get, f(1)f"(1) =f()f(1)
de
f)=(f()'>f). (f(V))' =8>f()=2
sa(2)+ 28(1) +0 d'y f()=4 f() +f)=6
de
=6ax+2b
dx dx
Ifflx) - (cos x + i sin x) (cos 3x+ i sin 3x)..cos
2 la-b
28.

x+isin (2n – 1)x thenf"") is equal to

(2n- 1) 30. Ify = tan
(Va+b lanI then show
d'y

S =Ie-a+b
b
= COs (x +3x +...+ (2n- 1)x) sinx
Sol. We have, fx) +isin (x t
3x+... + (2n - 1)x)= cos n'x+i sin n'x d' (a+b cos)
f)= -n(sin n'x) + n°(i cos nx) B 2 Ja-b
cos
q Sol. y-A tan tanwhere A
f)=-n n'x-ni sin ny=-nfr)
29. The function f: R
R satisfies fr),f"(«) =f().f() 2 Ja-b
for all real x. Given that ) l =I andf"(1) = 8, compute AB = AB = 2
the value off'(1) +f" (1). Jla-b) (a+b) Va+b a+b
Eol.
fix),f"(c) =f).f) ...) ABsen? l
dy
D 2xf'(*') f")
+
f)f") =f")f()+2f")f) 22 (a+b)
...(i) dx 1+B° tan a+0 (a+b) cos+(a-b)sin
2 2
Putting =l in equation (ii), we get
x 2

21) f"(1) +f1)f")=f") +A1) +f") dy d'y bsin x

...(1)
x 8 dx a+bcosx dy? (a+bcosr)
2f(1)f(1) + 1

=3/"(1)1)
DIBY 6.8

20. Given the parametric equations x=f) .y =g(). Then dy equals

d?
d's
21.
Ify cos x
+x cos y= 1, theny"(0) is 28. Ifs =l+ te, then di is.

29.
If f and e are two functions having derivative of order three. for all x satisfying f*) gr) = C (constant) and

=0. TheA is equal to

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Logarithmic Differentiation s
If u andv are functions of independent variable
x then to fferentiate the fncto
first we take the log and then differentiate

SOLVED EXAMPLES
logy =
loglr)= sin x logr
31. Ifr.=l.find dx
Differentiating w.r.tx. we get

pl. Taking log on both sides: I9= cosx log r + sin

ylogr + xlogv = log
1

Differentiating both sides, we get.

33. Differentiate y
=rtanx- (sin x

or v.-+l+log x +1.log y+x

y dr
=0 Sol. Let z =, v=(sinsr*r
dx By taking logarithmic, we may show that

ranss iogr

x
dy (+xlog y) y (sin x)-sin slog sin
(x+ylog x) x
-
dx
,
32. Find the derivative ofy = Now
Given =x sin x taking log on both sides,
y
Sol.
DIBY 6.9

30. Find the derivative of x sin x.e.

dy in cach of the following cases.

32. Find
dx
Ify= (cos*r (n RAM
SUCCESSIVE DIFFERENTLATION OF EXPLICIT FUNCTIOS
(LEIBNIZ FORMULA)
If the derivatives of the (n - l th order of a function =i) S alaty tiat
derivative of the nth order is detemined by the equality. y")= [y]
In particular, y(x) = V)l. ") = O, and so on In an
n
differentiable times, then for their linear combination c estns)w*cve,
following formula:
(c,u t cy=
cc," and for their product uv the leibaiz formala (on
n(n-1)
e
(uv) = tnueh
= u, =v and C,= n(n-)..(n-+l)
where
123..k
Here are the basic formulas:
(1) (ry) n(m- 1)..<m -n t l (2) (n'ua >0) Ia pertiulat, (e
(3) (In xy= (-l)*: (a-)! (4) (sin
xinrt)
=
(5) (cos r costr* n2)

184

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SOLVED EXAMPLES
Eind the derivatives
of the nth order of
the following
functions:
(a) y= ln x;
Whence y'= (-) be-ad-c(cr+ d)*,
(6) y=ei; C

(c) y= sinr;
(e) y= In( +x-2)
(d) y=sin 5x cos 2x; y= (-)N-2) De-ad (cr+dy
c
bc
Sol. (c)
y'==;y"=(-)x*:y" =12*;
y49=1:2:3x.y=(-1y'(n-1)!x*= (-1y"(n-1)!
(b) yAm) =
e -c"(cr+d) (o+!)

(c) y'= cosx = sin(x + n/2); C

y"= cos(r /2)= sin(x 2T/2)

+ n!c
bc-ad).
+
=(-1) (cr+dy
In general, if we assume that
for a givenn=k
then it will turn out that 36.
V-' find y,
Sol. Transform the given expression

Whence, by virtue of mathematical induction we

include that for any natural n
therefore y
=-l
37. Using the Leibniz formula, find the derivatives of the
(a) y= sinszcos2x 7x + sin 3x] indicated orders for the following funtions: y = rsin x;
Isin
2 find y25)
Sol. y25)= (sin = (sin
Therefore r)25 x)+25(sin x)(+y
oN TE LEGRA M

25.24 (sin
+
2
x)(r',
2x+1 since the subsequent summands equal zero.
(e) y= Therefore
x+x-2
To simplify the computations let us transform tthe
obtained function:
=(-600)cos x
+ 50xsin x.
2x+1 (*+2)+ (x-1)
38. Computer the recurrence relation of the nth derivative
+x-2 (r-2)(*+ 2) of
3.x+2
--1) (¢+2)-!.
+
the function y= at the point x=0.
x-1
x+2 r-2x+5
Whence y" =-1(*- 1y²- 1(¢ + 2); Sol. By hypothesis we have y(r)(–2x + 5) = 3r + 2. Let
+ 1-2(r + 2)'; us differentiate this identityn times using
y"= 12(- 1² formula; then (for n22) we obtain
the leibniz

yon =
(-1yn-1) ![x-1)" + (* + 2)"] y() (-2r + 5) + ny-(r)(2r- 2)
1
+ (0-1)y()2=0
Putting x =0, we have
35, y= ax+b ind y 5y(0)-2nyn-0)+n(n- 1)ytN0) =0.
ca+d
2
S0l. Transform the given expression in the following way: Whence y(0) =n" (0)-:n(n-1)
5
ax
+b_4
c
be- ad
c(cx+d)
abe- (cr + d)" We have obtained a recurrence relation
the nth derivative at the pointr=0
for determining
Cx+d C C
(n2 2).

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DIBY 6.10
33. Find the derivatives of the second order of the following functions:

(a) y=vI+: (b) = arc sin I

(c) =e"
e
Show that this fnction satisfies the cquationy-4'
s. Given the function y= ce+cr+t
3. Usng the Leibniz formula give the derivatives of the indicated orders for the following uneuos.
(c)re(3r-4) findy: ()y (| -r) findyn,
(a)y=rsin x; find ) (b)y =e"sin x: find": derivatives of the 100th order of the functr
Ustng theexpansion into a lincar combination of simpler functions and the
0. 1
= - = 1+r
(a) ()
x-3r+2 VI-x
37. Show that the function y xccos(In x) + c,sin(In x)] (C,, c,. n constants) satisties the cquaton
ry"+(1-2n)xy' + (1 +n)y=0
38. Prove that if fr) has a derivative of the nth order, then (far + b)jo= af(ar + b).

DIFFERENTIATION OF INVERSE, IMPLICIT AND

PARAMETRICALLY REPRESENTED FUNCTIONS
1. The derivative of Ifa adifferentiable function y=f). a <r<hh
an inverse function:
v' 0 then there exist also
a single valued continuous inverse function x=gv) and

2. Differetiation of a determinant h(r) =|P Q R

a B Y

o
H)=|P R+P R+ P Q R

3. The derivative of a function represented parametrically: If the system of equaties

x=O(), y=v(), a <I<B, where o() and y() are differentiable functions and o)2
defines y as a single valued continuous function ofx, then there exists a derivativey

v()
The derivatives of higher orders are computed successively: y=
and so on.

In particular, for the second derivative the following formula is true:

SOLVED EXAMPLES,

39. For the function (b) y=|te,

(a) y= 2r+3rtx; find xy (b) y =x-e; find x"
We havey' =6r + 15r+ 1, hence,
Sol. la) hence,

((+e')

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un
For each of the following functions represented Sol. (a) First find x
=e;y,= 3P,
narametrically find the derivative of the first order
of y - 3/
with respect to x: whence y = -=-3e?
(a) x= a(t- sin/) y=a(l- cos );
Then find the sccond derivative
(b) y= 2ln cot t,
y= tan + cott +21) +
21+2]
Sol. (a) Find the derivatives of x and y with respcct to the „m)1_3e"[2(
parameter t: x't a(1 cos ); y'()= asint.
31 + 1)
a sin t =-6e"(P+
Whence dy_ =ooth 24r)
dx a(l-cost) 43. Find the derivative y', of the following implicit functions:

dx -2 cosec't 4 (a) x+y +y²=0;

(b)
dt cott sin 2t (b) In x te=c;
+
(c) x'+y'- 4r– 10y 4 =0;
dy
= 4 cos 21
sec' -coscc't
dt sin 21
Sol. (a) Differentiate with respect to x, considering y as a
dy 4cot 21 sin 2t
function ofx; we get: 3r² + 2xy + x'y' + 2yy' = 0.
dx 4 sin 21
Solving this equation with to y' find
41. The functions are defined parametrically.

(a)
x=acos' t,
(6)
x=e cost, y'= 3r+2
+2y
ly=bsin' ; =e sin t.
44. Find y" if.
Find for them the second derivative ofy with respcct to x.
Sol. (a) First find y', (a) art tan y
-y tx=0; (b) e-e=y-x;
y'= 3b sin't cos t; x=3acos²t sin t;
(c) x+y =e.
Sol. (a) Diferentiate with respect to x, consider y as a
3bsin² 1 cost

Then
3a cos t sint
we
tant| t+(2k +),
shall find y" using the formula
DTE
N
function ofx and determine y':

y'+l= 0, whence ==y'+1.

y'

1+y
b Differentiate once again with respect to x: y=-2yy'
where (y), acos t
Substituting the value ofy thus found, we finally get
Whence y= a cos t(-3a cos t sin t) 2(1+ y')

cos t sint 45. Find the value ofy" at the point x=1 ifr- 2y + Sx+
3a'
y-5=0 and yl, =1.
(b) *= dcos t- e'sin = e(cos t- sin ); Sol. Differentiating with respect to x, we find that
y= esin t-ecos (= d(cos t sin ); +

3r-4xy -4x'yy" +S+y' = 0.

cost + sin Putting x=l and y = 1, obtain the value ofy at x =1,
COSt- sin t 3-4-4y' +5 +y'=0; 4/3 y =

cost + sint Differentiate once again with respect to x:

6x –y²- 8ryy' - &ryy - 4rty? - 4'yy" +y" = 0.
2
cOst-sin t t)
e
(cost -sint) e(cost-sin
Putting x =1;y=I and y' = 4/3,
42. Find y find the value y' at x = 1:
(4) x=e;y = #; 64 64 y" =-8
x= sec t; y = tan
6-4--3y"=0, 27
(b)

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SACHIN SIR SPECIAL (S)

1. Iff.g and h are differentiable functions ofx and and
3. If Vi-
+/- =ar-)
D= (f' (xh) prove that then.
(xg)

f h
(e) f(ar)= (0)
D'= f g' =
(c) flr.) (d)

h
Sol. D= (f) (rg)' (xh)' Sol. (6)
(r°fy (*gy' (r*hy

- f
dr_V-y 'lavl-+)
D= xf'+f xg'+g xh'+h
xf+4f+2f x'g+4xg'+2g r'h+4xh'+ 21
(1-a)-(1-y) = or
Also, a(r'-')
D=|S g'
y-oi--Vi-)
@CBSEIHMayi-y- =
al-a +r
D'=0+0+| f g'
rs rgy r'K"Y| ON TELEGR Hence, fromequation(i), dx
2. y=f) and x = g) are inverse functions of each other
then express g") in terms of derivative offr). 3a'x+a'
2
t 3a
(a) go)=) (6) go)= Find the value off (V3a) when a =0.5

() g"o)=) (d) None of these

Sol. (41
f)= 4/( +
a'). sVãa)=32a' -4
+b° +e°l
dy 5. If y= -cos whe
Sol. (a)
dx
=f() and
dy
=g0) 'o) =-) Ja-b-e
of
Again diferentiating w.r.t. to y 0= a+ bcosr t csinr, then K The value
is dx
cos-
Sol. [1]
a-4
Be
where A = va'-b'-c,

Which can also be remembered as

d'y dy 1
Bla-(at-)B
d
dy B'²
a-4
B

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7. Let y =
f) be a renl valued diNerentiable function V xE
BO A B R, such and ('&))++3¢f()
- that-
f(x)
Vi))' VxeR, then which of
the following statements
dy -A is(are) TRUE?
d ..) (a) if-l) =0, then /() (r+ )et +

(b) if-)=1, then fr) (+ l) )

absin x+ c cOS X
...ii) (c) fc)-fc) 1
lor somec€R
dx
dy_ dy d0 A(c cos x-bsin x)
dx do dx (d)
f'c)-f) e
for some C€R
C

[from (i) and (i)]] Sol. (b,c)

A(-c cos x + b sinx) 1

as
f) =) or f '()- r) + 0

WB'e-a'e -4 +
2a4'0 0
A-c coS x +bsinx) d +e
6+)e -a'e -(a-b -e')+ 2ao(a' -b' -c') |0 ef))=-eef)=x'e+e"
+ +
x)= (r 1) ce'
A(-c cosx+bsin x)
+
8. Letf() =(1+x), >0
|-{a' +b' -e) (0 +a'-b -c') 2a0(a' -b' -c)0
A(-c cos x+bsin x)
Vne N-).
-
WB'e-a'e 4
+2aa'e
J() =n, N}.
S
=1,, lim und {m,|je
A(-ccos x+ bsin x) -0
+a
-c)(e° -bi -e)+2a0(a' --c')0 Let n(S) denote number of clements in set S. Value of I,
is
A(-cos x+bsin x)
Va'-b'-c J(b +c)-(0-a)'| Sol.
cos x+c sin' x+ 2bcsin xcos x

x
: (B° +e
)-(0-a) =b' sin'
x
+e' cos'
-2bo sin x cOs x = (c cos x-bsin x)*
.
dy_JA(-c cos +b sin x)]
x

x) e
dy
dx
1

lim
= exp lin lts)"-e
|A(-ccos x+bsin Y-0* 0

dx
6. If n e N and f(x) = ("C + 1)("Cx + 2)("C,x + 3) p

+n+ 1) and f(0) =(7), then n is =

(C+4).(Cx
to
2
CXp| lim
equal
"C "C, In(l+x)-N
+
= CXp lim

f(0) 1 2 n+1

f0)
= (2-1
(n+1)F2"-1) = Cxp lim

»n(2-i)=7! n-$

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Comprehension (Q. to 10): Let a polynomial f satisfies the

9 (10-2p) =0>p=5. 8h- bp -3 p=|
..
{A))) +(1-p)fx) = 3 Vxe R, where p e R + 1

.
relation
If lcading coefficient of
fx) is 2, then the value of d
fr)- 2r

at x=p is
U)=f(U(*)r(o)
dx
f)
10. fr)
=
ar+ 4, a<0
fUx)) a(ar + 4) + 4 ax + 4a
= +
(a) 2 (6) 4 (c) 9
(d) 17 4

10. Ifleading coefficient of fx) is negative and f(0) = 4, then

) a(a'x + 4a + 4) + 4
f(4) is cqual to + +
a'x 4a² 4a + 4
(a) 8 (b) 16 (c) 0 (d) 64 Now, a'x+ 4a +
+ 4)
4a +4+(1-p\ax 3*;
Sol. 9. (b) 10. (c)
Let degree of n .. n =n a'+(1-p)a =0=1-p(a 0)

fx) be + +
Hence,
4a' 4a 4 4(| -p)=3
+t

n=1.:: fx) must be lincar.

Let
fx) = 2r+ b ff)) = 2(2r + b) + b=4x + 3b
4
f)) + (1-p)x)=3
re
R
x=16- 4y =f')
..2(4x + 3b) + b +(1-p)(2x+ (B)) = 3 f'(4) =0

@CBSEIANS
ON TELEGRA M

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JEE MAIN

SINGLE CORRECT
9. If y = sin then which of the following is false?
Let y=r- &r + 7
and x =
f)), IF
=2 andx=3 at
dx at dt 2
(=0, then (=0 is given by (a) for -1<x<l
dt dx 1+x
(6) 19 2
(a) 1
(C) (d) None of (5)
dy -2 for x<-1
2 19
1+x
these dx
2. lfy =fr) is an odd differentiable function defined on
dy
(-o, o) such thatf"(3)=-2, then f(-3) cquals (c) for -1 <x<l
dx 1+x
(a) 4 (b) 2 (c) -2 (d) 0
3. Iffr) =|sin, then f (r/4) is equal to (d dy. -2 for x > 1

5
dx 1+x?
2V2
(a)

10. The value of is equal to

d'y dx
sec
d? dy
4. The derivative of
(c) -
(a)-1 (6) (d) 0
(a) 4 (b) 1/4
(c) 1
(d) None of these 11. Let f be a polynomial function such that f(3x) =f'(r).
x + y, then ONf"a), for all xe R. Then
5. If y=sin
dx (a) A2)-f (2)+f"2)=10 (b) f"(2)-f2) =4
sin x sin x COS X (c) f"2)-f(2)=0 (d) f(2) +f(2) = 28
(a) (b) (c (d
2y-1 1-2y 1-2y 2y-1 sin x
12. If function f(x)= is discontinuous at k points in
1

6. If y = tan! then dy sin

dx
1 1
then the value of k is
1-2x 1-2x 1

20122000T
2V1-x²
(a) 10 (6) 11 (c) 12 (d) 9

7. If y= sin 2x then
1- dx 13. If y = (sin x)(in then
1
4 4
(a) (b)
+x (c) (d)
1+x²
(a)
y' cotx (6)
y' cotx
x
and y 1-ylnsinx l+ylnsin
If y =
1
8. sin'(xv1-*+ri-)
dr 2/x(l-x) ycot.x ycotx
+ P(x), then find P(x). (c) (d
1-yn sinx 1+yln sin.x
(a) 0 (b)
14. Ifx= sin' (34–4t) and y = cos
-), hen is
equal to d:
(c) sin'r (d)
(a) 1/2 (b) 2/5 (c) 3/2 (c) /3

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15. The first derivative
of the function a+hcosxh>a then dy
19. If y= cos
x
de
b+acos
with respect to x at x 1
is

(a) x
h+acos
(b) 0 (c) (d)
4
16. lfy- cos
cos(x-f), where (b)
h+asinx
|1 if x>0
fx) =-1.if x<0. then dy (c)
a+hcosx
0. if x=0
(a) -1 1 (d)
Vb -a
(b)
(c) 0 a+bsinx
(d) Indeterminate
NUMERICAL TYPE
17. If fx) = cot then f'(1) is equal to
20. Let fx+y) =fr) +fv)- 2ry - I
for all x and y F
exists and f(0) = - sin a, then the value offf(OH
(a) -1 (b) 1

1
f(50)f(30)
(c) In 2 (d) -In 2 21. f(r)=x+ -then
50
2r+
18. Let y,(*)=x 2r+...
tj (1+x* (1+x²
and
1

22. If x +y' =t- and x* +y* =t+ then ry

v(x)=lim y, (x) then incorrect statement is

S 23. yF
2x 3x
when x* 0,ne N
(x-2Xr=3)(r-4) (r-3)(r-4) -4
0 when x=0,ne N
dy4 b
TELE Ir
y
C
then a +b+cis
dt 2-x 3-x 4-x
(b) yx)=limy
X=0 24. Let f(n) =1-4sin be a function and I, =l
3-2*
(c) x) is discontinuous atx= 0
() vr) is continuous atx=0
then value
of ,

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JEE ADVANCED

MULTIPLE CORRECT TYPE QUESTIONS 8. The cquation of normal to the conic at (1, 1) is
,
The functions u esin x; P=e cos x satisfy the cquation (a) 5x-8y =0 -3 (b) 8y =0 -5x-3
dv d'u (d) &r- 5y +3 = 0
(a) r du
="+y (6) =2v
(c) 8x-5y -3 =0
d dx dx

MATRIX MATCH PROBLEMS

du
(c =-2u (d +dv -=2 9. Match the Columns:
dr' dx dx
Column-I Column-II
2. If x² + y' =e where =
sin then
dy A
If f')= and y = p. -2
dx 3r'+6 f), then
is equal to dy_
at x = 1,
dx
x+y a differentiable function such that q.
(a (b) (c) (d) B Iffbe -1
X+y X-y y+x 2x+y + x, y e R, then fe) +
Sry) =x) fv):
sin(x+x) -cos (x+x*)
|cos (x+*) S1/e) =
3. If f() =|sin (x–*) cos(r-x') sin(x -*), then C
If f be a twice differentiable function 0

sin 2x sin 2x such that f"() =) andf'(*) g), -

=0
If h() = ) + (g)} and h(5) =9,
(a) A-2)=0 (b) f(-1/2) then h(10) =
(c) f(-1) =-2 (d) f" (0)=4 D. y= tan (cot x) + cot(tan x), S

4.
Iff is twice differentiable such that f() =f) and TL

<x<I, then
dy
f()=gx). Ifh(r) isa twice differentiable function such that 2 dx
W()=)P+(g(r)}. Ifh(0)=2, h(l)=4, thenthe equation (a) A-(); B-(); C-{p); D-()
y= h(x) represents OlN
(a) A curve of degree 2 (6) A-); B-(p): C-(s); D-(q)
(b) A curve passing through the origin (c) A-(s); B-(r); C-(s); D-(p)
(c) A straight line with slope 2 (d) A-(s); B-(): C-{q); D-(p)
(d) A straight line with y intercept equal to 2 10. Match the columns:
dy
5. Ifx.y = (xtyyta then is Column-I Column-II
dx
p
A. Iffis differentiable
at
x= 1, then p. 6
(a) Independent of
(b) Independent of q
.fo)-f)-6then thevalue of
(c) Dependent on bothp and g (d) x-1
2f(1) is
COMPREHENSION BASED PROBLEMS B. If f) is a differentiable function such g.
+
Comprehension (Q.6 to 8): Consider the implicit equation
thatf'(2) =6,f'(1) =3 then the value of

ry+y- 2x +y -6=0 +2)-f(2)

lim (+3h
f(2h-2h 1S
6. The value of at (1, 1) is +1)-f)
dx
C. Iff'(a) =5, then the value of 3
5 8 8
lim: f(a+34)-f(a+h)
5
(a (b) (c)
8 5 h0 2
7. The value of 4y at (1, 1) is D. Letf bea differentiable function such that 4

lim (2+h)
111
)-J6)_ 36 then the value
111 256 256 h
(a) (b) (c) (d) is
256 256 111 off"(8)

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(a) A-(s): B-{q): C-(p): D-()

(b) A-(r): B-(p): C-(s): D-(q) 1+ tan
sin x 3sin x +-n
(c) A-(s): B-{r): C-(q): D-(r) D f(x) =
4cos' x 8cos x 32
(d) A-(s): B-(q): C-(q): D-(p) 1- tan
11. Match the Columns:
Column-I Column-I E. ()= In cos arctan e'-e t. f)t
A.
(sin" x cos nx)
n
sin"xsin(n+1)x 2
B 4 n sin"- xcos (n+1)x f() = In
Vi+x-/I-x +2 arctan 1-x
(sin" xsin nx) u.f'0):1
J+x+-x V1+x
C.
(cos' xsin nx) I. -ncosxsin(n+1)x
D
(cos" x cos
nx)
S +n cosx cos (n +1x G.
Vr-x+1 2/3
arctan -2x+1 -+arctan
=
2024
(a) A-(s):B-(q); C-(p); D-(r)
(6) A-{q); B-(p); C-{s); D-(r)
(c) A-(s): B-(r); C-(q); D-{r)
(a) A-(p); B-(q); C-(r); D-(s): E-(p); F-(t): G-{u)
(d) A-(s); B-(p); C-(q); D-p)
(b) A-(p); B-(q); C-(s); D-(r); E-(t) ; F-(p): G-{0)
12. Match the Columns:
(c) A-(s); B-(q); C-(r); D-(p) : E-(t);
Column-I F-(r); G-u)
Column-II (d) A-(q); B-(s); C-(p);
D-(); -(t); F{s):G-{u)
A f)=3-)Vi-2x-*+2are sin:X+1 p. S0) =0 NUMERICAL TYPE PROBLEMS
13.
Letf) be a function which is differentiable everyw
B fs) = it 2(3-x)* 4 r3)=0 any number of
times and f(2r-l)= 2f(x) treR
(x+1)°
f2024 (0) is
equal to (f" (x) is nh derivative
off()
C.
S)=+xe) r.f0)=0.6 14.,R,At-5
y=Sfind 602s/4 then findf° (0).

194

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 BY @CBSEIANS AND DURGESH

CRITICAL THINKINGQUESTIONS (CTQ'S)

, -|-
Jfr-) defincd parametrically by x 21 1| and
-2+||. then (a) if f-1) = 0, then fr) =(r+I)e
(a) f) is continuous for all x
(b) fx) is continuous for allxe R-{2)
(6) if
f-) - 1, then fr) =
(x+1)+e-)
(c) ) is differentiable for all x

(d) A) differcntiable for all x e R-(2} (c) -1 for some c E R

C

=
2. Given f)
(d)
f(e)-fc).
-=e for some ce R
lim(f()-2n)x 2-2(1-) for x * +1
and g()=n then
7. Letf(x) =(1 +x)'",r>0 and Yne N-I).
-1, forx=t1
(a) Domain of g(x) is x e (-0, -1]U[l, o) -=I,,
Let lim Sx) =m, and S= (m, je N.
(b) g(*) is continuous for all x in its domain
(c) g(r) is discontinuous at some points in its domain Let n(S), denote number of elements in set S, then the
(d) gx) is not differentiable at some points in its domain. value of n(S) is
8. Let f(x) be a function which is differentiable everywhere
(2n +1)x-x-(n' +n): nx<n+ any number of times andf(2r- 1)-2r'f(*) Vxe R then
3. Let f(x)= f024 (0) is equal to ("() is n derivative off().)
|n+1-x n+sr<n+1
2 2 sin x
where n belongs to integer then the No. of values of x 9. Ify tan then
where fx) is non diferentiable in (-5, 5).
va'-1 Va'-1 a+ya-1 + cosx

-1 a®-a +b² +e²| is(aM

4. If y= =cos where,NTde J,

cos x + c sin x
The value of K
2
0= at b then
dx a
(b)

5. If ne N and fr) = ("Cx + 1) ("C* + 2) ("C*+ 3) 1

(c) (d) a
2a
(Cat4)... cCxtn+1) and f (0)
=(7), then n 10. Ifx,,x,X, Xy ...x, be n zero's of the polynomial P(*) =
...
where x,+x, Vi
.
=
is equal to x*t artB, andj 1,2,3, (n- 1).

6. Lety=f) be a real valued differentiable function reR. The value of Q0) = (*-) ,) (3; -)
(,-x), is
+ =
Such that
J9-1 and (()³+ 3rf) f)
fx) xe
f()
R, then which of the following statements
(a) "Ca (b)
"C2
is/are TRUE?
(c) "C-3 (a) "Cy

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