➢ Short Circuit Test ➢ Open Circuit Test ➢ Applications of Open& Short Circuit Test ➢ Conclusion ➢ PURPOSE OF Open circuit test:-
The open circuit test is performed on a transformer to
determine the losses in a transformer such as core loss (iron loss), no-load current (I0), and no-load equivalent circuit parameters (R0 and X0).
➢ PURPOSE OF SHORT CIRCUIT TEST:-
The short circuit test is a test performed on a
transformer to find the copper losses, equivalent resistance, leakage reactance, and voltage regulation at full load condition
❖These tests are performed to evaluate the
performance characteristics and parameters of a transformer, which mainly determine the voltage regulation of the transformer, the transformer’s efficiency, and the equivalent circuit of the transformer. ❖ OPEN CIRCUIT TEST :- This test is performed to measure the iron losses. The no-load current components Iw, and Im are measured from the open circuit test. From these, Ro (core loss resistance) and Xo (magnetizing reactance) parameters of equivalent circuit can be calculated. One of the windings of a transformer is open- circuited. The rated voltage at rated frequency is applied to the other winding. Generally the HV side is kept open-circuited and the rated voltage is fed to the LV winding.
The rated voltage is supplied through an auto-transformer
(also called variac). The readings of the wattmeter, voltmeter and ammeter are noted. Let Wo, V₁ and I be their readings. Since the secondary is open circuited a very small current called the no load current (Io) flows in the primary. As I is very small so the ohmic loss which is proportional to the square of the current can be neglected. So, Iron losses , Pi = Wo- (V12/rp )- (Io2r1) Where, rp = resistance of potential circuit of wattmeter & r1 = resistance of transformer winding connected to supply . The terms [V12/rp] & [Io2r1] are negligible ,so— ➢Iron loss= Pi=Wo=V1 Io 𝐜𝐨𝐬∅ The no-load power factor= cos∅o
So, IC=Io cos∅o & Im=Iosin∅o Where, IC & Im be core loss
Ro=(V1/IC) & Xo=(V1/Im) component& the magnetising component of the no load current
Fig- Equivalent circuit when open circuit is done
➢Reason of open circuit test is done on LV side of transformer:-
The open circuit test is done on LV side of the transformer due
to instruments (ammeter and voltmeter) constraints. i.e., If we place the voltmeter at the high voltage (HV) side, it has to measure high voltage. The voltmeter with high ranges is not readily available. Also, a source of rated voltage is required. The source of such voltage is also not easily available. On the other hand, if we place the voltmeter at the low voltage (LV) side, it has to measure low voltage. The instruments (such as ammeter, and voltmeter) with lower ranges are readily available. The ammeter can measure no-load current more accurately at the LV side as compared to the HV side. As we know that, the no-load current is only 2 to 5 % of the full load current. If we place the ammeter at the HV side, it has to measure the referred value of the no-load current. This referred value is even smaller than the value on the LV side. So we have to use a more accurate ammeter on the HV side. Such an accurate ammeter is not readily available. ➢ SHORT CIRCUIT TEST ON TRANSFORMER:- This test is carried out to determine the equivalent resistance and the leakage reactance of the transformer.
The LV winding is short-circuited. A low voltage is
applied to HT side using an auto-transformer. This voltage is adjusted in such a way that the full-load current flows through the HT and LT windings. Since low voltage is applied the iron loss which is proportional to the square of the applied voltage is negligibly small as compared to the copper loss. Therefore, the wattmeter reading gives the copper loss. Let the various readings be Wsc, Vsc and Isc. Then Equivalent resistance, Req = (WSC / I2SC ) Equivalent impidence, ZOH = ( Vsc/Isc) XOH = (ZOH)2 –(Req)2 where, Req is the equivalent resistance, XOH is the equivalent leakage reactance and ZOH is the equivalent impedance referred to the HV winding. ➢
Fig-Equivalent circuit when short circuit is performed
These parameters refer to the winding on which
measurements are made, i.e. HV side. From these, the various parameters as referred to other winding i.e. LV winding can be calculated. ➢ Reason of short circuit test is done on HV side of transformer:- If testing is done on the high voltage (HV) side of the transformer ; the rated current in the windings can be achieved at a low voltage. Another reason is that the rated current on the HV side is lower than the LV side. Hence the instruments (ammeter, and voltmeter) with lower range are readily available. If short circuit test is performed on the LV side of the transformer, then the instruments (ammeter, and voltmeter) capable of handling high voltages and currents are not readily available. In order to achieve rated current, a source of rated voltage is needed. A source of such rated voltage (high value) is not readily available. A primary voltage of 2 to 12% of the rated voltage is sufficient to circulate rated currents in HV and LV windings. As we know that at rated voltage, the exciting current is 2 to 6% of full load current. In the case of short circuit test, a primary voltage of 2 to 12% of the rated voltage is applied. Hence, the exciting current may be 0.04% to 0.72% of its full load current. This is a very low value. Therefore, we can ignore the exciting current and shunt branch. ❖ APPLICATONS OF OPEN & SHORT CIRCUIT TEST:- 1. Determination of Equivalent Circuit Parameters: • Open Circuit Test: The test helps in determining the magnetizing current and core losses. These parameters include the magnetizing reactance, core loss resistance, and exciting current. • Short Circuit Test: The test provides information about the transformer's impedance, equivalent resistance and reactance. These parameters are necessary for modeling the transformer under different operating conditions.
2. Efficiency Calculation: Core losses obtained from the
open circuit test and copper losses derived from the short circuit test are used to estimate the total losses in the transformer, facilitating efficiency calculations under various load conditions. 3. Voltage Regulation: The results of the short circuit test help in determining the transformer's impedance, which is crucial for assessing its voltage regulation capabilities. Voltage regulation is a critical factor in maintaining a stable voltage supply in power systems.
4. Design Verification: Engineers use the test results to
verify that the transformer design meets specified performance criteria. ❖ CONCLUSION:- The Short Circuit Test and Open Circuit Test are indispensable in understanding the behaviour and performance of transformers under different operating conditions. The insights gained from these tests contribute to the design, manufacturing, and maintenance of transformers, ensuring their reliability and efficiency in power systems. Engineers and operators can use the test results to make informed decisions about transformer operation, maintenance, and replacement strategies, ultimately enhancing the overall performance and longevity of power distribution systems.
