Institute of Technology of Cambodia Calculus I • (2023-2024)

TD3 - Limit and Continuity

1. By using definition, prove the following limit:

(a) lim (2x − 3) = −1 2x + 3

(b) lim = 2.
x→1 x→−∞ x − 1

2. Find the following limit, if it exits.

x cos ex 1−x
(a) lim (g) lim
x→+∞ x2 + 1 x→1 arccos x

(b) lim ex−sin x tan x − sin x

(h) lim
x→+∞
√
x→0 sin3 (x)
(c) lim
x tan x x − xx
3 (i) lim
x→0
(ex − 1) 2 x→1 1 + log x − x

sin 3x xy − y x
(d) lim (j) lim x
x→π sin 2x x→y x − y y


(e) lim+ xx (k) lim cosh−1 x − log x .
x→0 x→∞

sin(x cos x) (l) lim ((x + 5) arctan(x + 5) − (x +

x→∞
(f) limπ
x→ 2 cos(x sin x) 1) arctan(x + 1))

3. Suppose that lim f (x) = 1 and lim g(x) = ∞, x0 ∈ R ∪ {±∞}. Show that
x→x0 x→x0

lim g(x)(f (x) − 1) = α ∈ R ⇒ lim f (x)g(x) = eα .

x→x0 x→x0

4. Use the results in Exercise 3, to compute the folloing limit.

 2 x  x 1
x + 3x + 1 a + b x
+ c x 3x
(a) lim (d) lim , a, b, c > 0
x→+∞ x2 − x − 5 x→0 3
3
 r r  x−a 1

(b) lim (cos 2x) ( 2)

. 1 a x
x→0
x
(e) lim + , a > 0.
x→a 2 x a

1  x tan πx
2a
(c) lim e3x − 5x x (f) lim 2 − , a > 0.
x→0 x→a a

5. Suppose lim f (x) = +∞ and g(x) is bounded. Show that lim(f (x) − g(x)) = +∞.
x→c x→c

6. Suppose f is a periodic function and lim f (x) = ℓ ∈ R. Show that f is a constant.

x→+∞
 
1
7. Let f : (0, 1] −→ (0, +∞) satisfies lim f (x) + = 2. Show that lim f (x) = 1.
x→0 f (x) x→0

f (2x) − f (x) f (x)

8. Prove that if lim f (x) = 0 and lim = 0, then lim =0
x→0 x→0 x x→0 x

9. Suppose that f defined on (a, +∞) is bounded on each finite interval (a, b), a < b.
f (x)
Prove that if lim (f (x + 1) − f (x)) = ℓ, then also lim = ℓ.
x→+∞ x→+∞ x

By : Sun Bunra 1
Institute of Technology of Cambodia Calculus I • (2023-2024)

10. Let f defined on (a, +∞) be bounded below on each finite interval (a, b), a < b. Show
f (x)
that if lim (f (x + 1) − f (x)) = +∞, then also lim = +∞.
x→+∞ x→+∞ x

11. Find the value of a, b so that f (x) is continuous at x = 0.

 π


1
(cos x − sin x) sin x , − < x < 0

 2
f (x) = a , x=0

 e1/x + e2/x + e3/x π

 ,0 < x <
2/x
ae + be 3/x 2
12. Let f (x) = x3 + x sin x + 1 and g(x) = x2 + x − 1. Show that there exists x0 ∈ R such
that f (x0 ) + g (x0 ) = 100.
13. Let f : [a, b] → [a, b] be a continuous function. Show that there exists x0 ∈ [a, b] such
that f (x0 ) = x0 .
14. Let f, g : [a; b] → R such that
(g(a) − f (a))(g(b) − f (b)) ≤ 0
Show that there exists x ∈ [a; b] such that f (x) = g(x).
15. Assume that f, g : [a, b] → R are continuous and such that f (a) < g(a) and f (b) > g(b).
Prove that there exists x0 ∈ (a, b) for which f (x0 ) = g (x0 ).
16. Assume that f ∈ C([0, 2]) and f (0) = f (2). Prove that there exist x1 and x2 in [0, 2]
such that
x2 − x1 = 1 and f (x2 ) = f (x1 ) .
Give a geometric interpretation of this fact.
17. Let f ∈ C([0, 2]). Show that there are x1 and x2 in [0, 2] such that
1
x2 − x1 = 1 and f (x2 ) − f (x1 ) = (f (2) − f (0))
2
18. Let f, g : [0, 1] → R be continuous function such that f (0) = g(1) = 0 and f (1) =
g(0) = 1. Show that
∀λ ∈ R+ , ∃x ∈ [0, 1], f (x) = λg(x)

19. For a0 < b0 < a1 < b1 < · · · < an < bn , show that all roots P (x) = 0 are real numbers
where
Y
n Y
n
P (x) = (x + ak ) + 2 (x + bk )
k=0 k=0

20. Let x1 , x2 , . . . , xn ∈ [0, 1]. Show that

1X
n
1
∃x ∈ [0, 1], |x − xk | =
n k=1 2

21. Show that the function f (x) = 2x + 3 is uniformly continuous on R.

22. Show that the function f (x) = x2 is uniformly continuous on [0, α], α ∈ R, but it is
not uniformly continuous on R.

By : Sun Bunra 2
Institute of Technology of Cambodia Calculus I • (2023-2024)

Solution of TD3
1. By using definition, prove the following limit:
(a) lim (2x − 3) = −1, Let c = 1 and f (x) = 2x − 3, L = −1
x→1

□ If : x ̸= 1 : |x − 1| < δ
It’s true that f (x) is is within distance ε of L = −1, so |f (x) + 1| < ε
|(2x − 3) + 1| = |2x − 2| < ε
2|x − 1| < ε
ε
|x − 1| <
2
ε ε
Thus, we can take δ = . If 0 < |x − 1| < δ = , then
2 2
ε
|(2x − 3) + 1| = |2x − 2| = 2|x − 1| < 2 = ε,
2
Therefore, which proves that lim (2x − 3) = −1.
x→1
2x + 3
(b) lim = 2.
x→−∞ x − 1

2. Find the following limit, if it exits.

x cos ex
(a) lim = Does not exist
x→+∞ x2 + 1

(b) lim ex−sin x by use Squeeze Theorem So, lim ex−sin x = ∞

x→+∞ x→+∞
√ √
x tan x x tan x tan x
√ 3
√
x tan x x 2 x x x
(c) lim 3 = lim   32 = x→0
lim   32 = lim x → 0  x 3 = 1
x→0
x→0
(e − 1)
x 2 e −1
x
e −1
x
e −1 2
x x x
sin 3x
(d) lim , Let t = x − π where x → π, t → 0
x→π sin 2x

sin 3x sin (3 (t + π)) sin (3 t + 3π)

lim = lim = lim
x→π sin 2x t→0 sin (2 (t + π)) t → 0 sin ( 2 t + 2π)

sin (3 t + 3π ) ( 2 t + 2π ) ( 3 t + 3π )
= lim · ·
t→ 0 (3 t + 3π ) sin ( 2 t + 2π ) ( 2 t + 2π )
( 3 t + 3π ) 3
= lim =
t → 0 ( 2 t + 2π ) 2
 x    lim (x ln (x))
(e) x
lim+ x = lim + e ln (x ) = lim + e x ln (x) x → 0+ = e0 = 1
x→0 x→ 0 x→ 0
sin(x cos x)
(f) limπ
x→ 2 cos(x sin x)
π 
sin(x cos x) sin(x cos x) x cos x − x sin x
lim π  = lim · π 2
 · π 
x→π/2
sin − x sin x x→ π (x cos x) sin − x sin x − x sin x
2
2 2 2
x cos x
= 1 × 1 lim  π 
x→π/2
− x sin x
2
By : Sun Bunra 3
Institute of Technology of Cambodia Calculus I • (2023-2024)

π
Let x = , h → 0. Then
2+h
π  π  π 
+ h cos +h − + h sin h
lim 2  2 π  = lim π 2
h→0 π π
− + h sin +h h→0
(1 − cos h) − h cos h
2 2 2 2
π   sin h 
− +h
2 h
= lim
h→0 (1 − cos h)
− cos h
π h
− +0 1 π
= 2 =
0−1 2
1−x
(g) lim
x→1 arccos x
1−x 1 − x arccos x
lim = lim ·
x→1 arccos x x →1 arccos x arccos x
1−x
= lim · arccos x
x→1 (arccos x)2

= 2 · arccos (1) = 0
tan x − sin x
(h) lim
x→0 sin3 (x)
sin x
tan x − sin x − sin x
lim = lim cos x
x→ 0 x→ 0
sin3 (x) sin3 x
sin x − sin x cos x sin x(1 − cos x)
= lim = lim
x→0 3
sin x cos x x→0 sin x · sin2 x cos x
(1 − cos x) (1 − cos x)
= lim = lim
2
x→0 sin x cos x x→0 (1 − cos2 x) · cos x

(1 − cos x) 1
= lim = lim
x→0 (1 − cos x)(1 + cos x) cos x x→0 cos x(1 + cos x)
1 1
= =
1(1 + 1) 2
x − xx
(i) lim
x→1 1 + log x − x

xy − y x
(j) lim x , Let x = y + t, t → 0
x→y x − y y

(y + t)y − y y+t t tlny

lim , y = e = 1 + t ln y
t→ 0 (y + t) − y y
y
 y  y
y t 1 + yt − y y y t 1 + yt − y t
lim t→ 0  y+t =  y+t
y t
y y 1+ y t
−y y y t 1 + yt −1
 
1 + y yt − (1 + t ln y) t + t ln y t (1 − ln y)
= = =
(1 + t ln y) (1 + t) − 1 t ln y + t t (1 + ln y)

By : Sun Bunra 4
Institute of Technology of Cambodia Calculus I • (2023-2024)

(k) lim cosh−1 x − log x .
x→∞

  √  
−1
lim cosh x − ln x = lim ln x + x2 − 1 − ln x
x→∞ x→ ∞
 √ 
x + x2 − 1
= lim ln
x→∞ x
 √ 
x2 − 1
= lim ln 1 +
x→ ∞ x
 q 
x 1 − x12
= lim ln 1 +  = ln 2
x→ ∞ x

(l) lim ((x + 5) arctan(x + 5) − (x + 1) arctan(x + 1))

x→∞

lim (x + 1) [arctan(x + 5) − (x + 1)] + 4 arctan(x + 5)

x→∞
 
4
= lim (x + 1) arctan + 4 arctan(x + 5)
x→∞ 1 + (x + 1)(x + 5)
 
 4 4 
= lim  (x + 1) arctan  × 2 + 4 arctan(x + 5)
x→∞  4 x + 6x + 6 
x2 + 6x + 6
π
=0+4× = 2π
2
 g(x)[f (x) − 1]
 1 
 
3. We have [f (x)] g(x) = [1 + (f (x) − 1)] f (x) − 1)

 


  lim g(x)[f (x) − 1]

 1 
 x→x0
lim [f (x)] g(x) = lim [1 + (f (x) − 1)] (f (x) − 1)
x→x0  
x→x0
 

Let z = f (x) − 1, x → x0 , z → 0
1 1
lim (1 + (f(x) − 1)) (f (x) − 1) = lim (1 + z) z = e
x→x0 z→0

And lim g(x)[f (x) − 1] = α ∈ R

x→x0

Therefore, lim [f (x)]g(x) = eα

x→x0

By : Sun Bunra 5
Institute of Technology of Cambodia Calculus I • (2023-2024)

4. Use the results in Exercise 3, to compute the folloing limit.

 x
x2 + 3x + 1 x2 + 3 x + 1 4x + 6
(a) lim , We have =1+ 2
x→+∞ x2 − x − 5 x −x−5
2 x −x−5

 x  x
x2 + 3x + 1 4x + 6
lim = lim 1+ 2
x→+∞ x2 − x − 5 x→+∞ x −x−5
  x (4x + 6)
x − x − 5 x − x − 5
2 2

 4x + 6 
= lim 
4x + 6 
1+ 2
x→+∞  x −x−5 

 
6 2
x 4+
x (4x + 6) 4x2 + 6x x
Let A = lim 2 = lim 2 = lim   =4
x→+∞ x − x + 5 x→+∞ x − x + 5 x→+∞ 2 1 5
x 1− + 2
x x
 2 x
x + 3x + 1
Therefore, lim = e4
x→+∞ x −x−5
2

 3
 3
3 lim ln (cos 2x) x 2
lim ln (cos 2x) 1
(b) lim (cos 2x)( x2 ) = ex→0 = ex→0 x2 = e−6 = 6
x→0 e
1 1



lim ln e 3x
− 5x 1
(c) lim e3x − 5x x = ex→0 x = e−2 = 2
x→0 e
 x 1
a + bx + cx 3x
(d) lim , a, b, c > 0
x→0 3

 
 1 ax + b x + c x 2
ax + b x + c x 3x lim −1 ·
lim = ex→0 3 x
x→0 3
 
2 ax + b x + c x − 3
lim
= e 3 x→0 x
 x 
2 a − 1 b x − 1 cx − 1
lim + +
= e 3 x→0 x x x
 
2 ax − 1 bx − 1 cx − 1
lim + lim + lim
= e 3 x→0 x x→0 x x→0 x
2/3
= 3(2/3) ln(abc) = eln(abc) = (abc)2/3

 r r  x−a
1
1 a x
(e) lim + , a > 0.
x→a 2 x a

By : Sun Bunra 6
Institute of Technology of Cambodia Calculus I • (2023-2024)

 x tan πx
2a
(f) lim 2 − , a > 0.
x→a a
 πx
x tan πx
2a
h  a itan 2a
lim 2 − = lim 1 + 1 −
a  x
a
x→a x→a
πx
lim 1 − · tan
= ex→a x 2a
 
x−a πx
lim · tan
= ex→a x 2a
lim f (x)
= ex→a

Let h = x − a, h → 0
   
h π h π πh
lim · tan (a + h) lim · tan +
e h→0 a + h 2a =e h→0 a + h 2 2a
  
h πh −h π 1
lim − cot lim · · π
h→0 (a + h) tan(πh/2a) 2a
= eh→0 a + h 2a =e 2a

−2a πh/2a −2a

lim ·
= eh→0 π(a + h) tan(πh/2a) = e π(a) = e−2/π

5. Suppose lim f (x) = +∞ and g(x) is bounded. Show that lim(f (x) − g(x)) = +∞ We
x→c x→c
have g(x) is bounded ∈ (m, M ) and suppose that

lim(f (x) − g(x)) = +∞

x→c

We have g(x) ∈ (m, M )

m < g(x) < M

m g(x) M
< <
f (x) f (x) f (x)
m g(x) M
lim < lim < lim
x→c f (x) x→c f (x) x→c f (x)

g(x)
0 < lim <0
x→c f (x)

 
g(x) g(x)
For : lim =0 ⇒ lim(f (x) − g(x)) ⇒ lim f (x) 1 − = +∞
x→c f (x) x→c x→c f (x)
Therefore, lim(f (x) − g(x)) = +∞
x→c

By : Sun Bunra 7
Institute of Technology of Cambodia Calculus I • (2023-2024)

6. Show that f is a constant if is a periodic funstion and lim f (x) = l ∈ R

x→+∞

We have lim f (x) = l is true if and on if f is bounded and continuous

x→+∞

f (x) = f (x + p)
lim f (x) = lim f (x + p)
x→+∞ x→+∞

l = lim f (x)
x→+∞

Therefore, lim f (x) = l

x→+∞

 
1
7. Let f : (0, 1)− > (0, +∞) satisf ies lim f (x) + = 2. Show that lim f (x) = 1
x→0 f (x) x→0

Let l = lim f (x)

x→0
   
1 1
We have : lim f (x) + = lim f (x) + lim =2
x→0 f (x) x→0 x→0 f (x)
1
⇒ lim f (x) + =2
x→0 limx→0 f (x)
1
⇒ l+ =2
l
⇒ l2 − 2l + 1 = 0
⇒ (l − 1)2 = 0 ⇒ l=1

Therefore, lim f (x) = 1

x→0

f (2x) − f (x) f (x)

8. Prove that lim f (x) = 0 and lim = 0, then lim =0
x→0 x→0 x x→0 x

f (2x) − f (x) f (2x) f (x)

Let : lim = lim f (x) ⇔ 2 lim − lim = lim f (x)
x→0 x x→0 x→0 2x x→0 x x→0

f (x) f (2x)
We can assumme = because of f is a function of x and we can change it
x 2x
to 2x and it will still be the same.
f (x) f (x)
⇔ 2 lim − lim =0
x→0 x x→0 x

f (x)
⇔ lim =0 (true)
x→0 x

f (x) f (2x) − f (x)

Therefore, lim = 0, if lim f (x) = 0 and lim =0
x→0 x x→0 x→0 x

By : Sun Bunra 8
Institute of Technology of Cambodia Calculus I • (2023-2024)

9. Suppose that f defined on (a, +∞) is bounded on each finite inteval (a, b), a < b.
f (x)
Prove that if lim (f (x + 1) − f (x)) = l then also lim =l
x→+∞ x→+∞ x

By the definition of Stolz - cesaro theorem:

|f (x + 1) − f (x) − l| < ϵ
l − ϵ < f (x + 1) − f (x) < l + ϵ
X
n−1 X
n−1 X
n−1
(l − ϵ) < (f (x + 1) − f (x)) < (l + ϵ)
x=N +1 x=N +1 x=N +1

(l − ϵ)(n + N ) < f (n) − f (N + 1) < (l + ϵ)(n + N )

lim (l − ϵ)(n + N ) < lim (f (n) − f (N + 1)) < lim (l + ϵ)(n + N )
n→∞ n→∞ n→∞
 
(l − ϵ)(n + N ) f (n) − f (N + 1) (l + ϵ)(n + N )
lim < lim < lim
n→∞ n n→∞ n n→∞ n
f (n)
l − ϵ < lim <l+ϵ
n→∞ n

f (n)
lim −l <ϵ
n→∞ n

f (n)
Therefore, lim =l
n→∞ n

10. Let f defined on (a, +∞) be bounded on each finite inteval (a, b), a < b. Show that if
f (x)
lim (f (x + 1) − f (x)) then also lim = +∞
x→∞ x→+∞ x

By the definition of Stolz - cesaro theorem:

f (x + 1) − f (x) > ε
X
n−1 X
n−1
(f (x + 1) − f (x)) > ε
x=N +1 x=N +1

f (n) − f (N + 1) > ε(n + N )

f (n) − f (N + 1) ε(n + N )
>
n n
f (n) − f (N + 1) ε(n + N )
lim > lim
n→+∞ n n→+∞ n
f (n)
lim >ε
n→+∞ n

f (n)
So, lim = +∞
n→+∞ n
f (n)
Therefore, lim = +∞, if lim (f (x + 1) − f (x))
n→+∞ n x→∞

By : Sun Bunra 9
Institute of Technology of Cambodia Calculus I • (2023-2024)

11. Find the value of a, b so that f (x) is continuous at x = 0.

Continuity at x = 0

lim f (x) = lim (0 − h) = lim (cos h + sin h)− sin(x)

1

x→0− h→0 h→0

(   !)
1 1
= exp lim (cos h + sin h − 1) × − × −
h→0 sin (x) 2 sin 2 cos n h2
h
  
2 h h h
= exp lim −2 sin + 2 sin cos
h→0 2 2 2
( !)
sin h2 − cos h2
= exp lim = e−1
h→0 cos h2


e1/h + e2/h + e3/h e3/h e−2/h + e−1/h + 1
For : lim f (x) = lim f (0 + h) = lim = lim
x→0+ h→0 h→0 ae2/h + be3/h h→0 (e3/h {ae−1/h + b)}
1
For continuity at x = 0 : e−1 = a = b−1 ⇒ a = , b = e
e
1
Therefore, a = , b = e
e

12. Let f (x) = x3 + x sin x + 1 and g(x) = x2 + x − 1. Show that there exists x0 ∈ [a, b]
that
f (x0 ) + g (x0 ) = 100
We have : h(x) = f (x) + g(x) − 100
= x3 + x sin x + 1 + x2 + x − 1 − 100
= x3 + x sin x + x2 + x − 100
By IVT assume that it’s in a invetal x0 ∈ [0, 5]

h(0) = −100 < 0
⇔
h(5) = 52 + 52 + 5 − 100 + 5 sin(5) > 0

⇔ h(0) · h(5) < 0

⇔ h (x0 ) = 0
⇔ f (x0 ) + g (x0 ) = 100

Therefore, f (x0 ) + g (x0 ) = 100

13. Let f : [a, b] → [a, b] be a continuous function. Show that there exists x0 ∈ [a, b] such
that f (x0 ) = x0

h(a) = f (a) − a
Let : h(x) = f (x) − x ⇒
h(b) = f (b) − b
by the definition of IVT: a ≤ f (x) ≤ b
( (
f (x) ≥ a f (x) − a ≤ 0
⇔
f (x) ≤ b f (x) − b ≥ 0

By : Sun Bunra 10
Institute of Technology of Cambodia Calculus I • (2023-2024)

h(a) ≤ 0
And , So h(a) · h(b) < 0
h(b) ≥ 0

⇔ h (x0 ) = 0
⇔ f (x0 ) − x0 = 0
⇔ f (x0 ) = x0

Therefore, f (x0 ) = x0

14. Let f, g; [a, b] → R such that

(g(a) − f (a))(g(b) − f (b)) ≤ 0

Show that there exists x ∈ [a, b] such that f (x) = g(x)

Let : h(x) = g(x) − f (x)

h(a) = g(a) − f (a)
⇔
h(b) = g(b) − f (b)
⇔ h(a) · h(b) ≤ 0
⇔ (g(a) − f (a))(g(b) − f (b)) ≤ 0

By the definition of IVT :

⇔ h(x) = 0
⇔ g(x) = f (x)

Therefore, f (x) = g(x) when (g(a) − f (a))(g(b) − f (b)) ≤ 0

15. Assume that f, g : [a, b] → R are continuous such that f (a) < g(a) and f (b) > g(b).
Prove that there exists x0 ∈ (a, b) for which f (x0 ) = g (x0 )
Let : h(x) = f (x) − g(x)
( (
h(a) = f (a) − g(a) f (a) < g(a)
⇔ but
h(b) = f (b) − g(b) f (b) > g(b)
(
f (a) − g(a) < 0
⇔
f (b) − g(b) > 0
(
h(a) < 0
⇔
h(b) > 0

By the definition of IVT : h(a) × h(b) < 0 and h (x0 ) = 0

⇔ f (x0 ) − g (x0 ) = 0
⇔ f (x0 ) = g (x0 )

Therefore, f (x0 ) = g (x0 ) when f (a) < g(a) and f (b) > g(b)

By : Sun Bunra 11
Institute of Technology of Cambodia Calculus I • (2023-2024)

16. Assume that f ∈ C([0, 2]) and f (0) = f (2). Prove that there exist x1 and x2 in [0, 2]
such that
x2 − x1 = 1 and f (x2 ) = f (x1 )
Give the geometric intepretetion of the fact from :

x2 − x1 = 1 ⇒ x2 = x1 + 1 ⇒ f (x1 + 1) = f (x1 )

Let : h(x) = f (x + 1) − f (x)

( (
h(0) = f (1) − f (0) h(0) = f (1) − f (2) > 0
⇔
h(1) = f (2) − f (1) h(1) = −(f (2) − f (1)) < 0

By the definition IVT : h(0).h(1) < 0 and h (x1 ) = 0

⇔ f (x1 + 1) − f (x1 ) = 0
⇔ f (x2 ) = f (x1 )

Therefore, f (x2 ) = f (x1 ) when f (0) = f (2) and f ∈ C([0, 2])

17. Let f ∈ C([0, 2]). Show that there are x1 and x2 in [0, 2] such that

1
x2 − x1 = 1 and f (x2 ) − f (x1 ) = (f (2) − f (0))
2

1
Let : h(x) = f (x + 1) − f (x) − (f (2) − f (0))
2


 h(0) = f (1) − f (0) − 1 (f (2) − f (0))
⇔ 2
 1
 h(1) = f (2) − f (1) − (f (2) − f (0))
 2

 h(0) = f (1) − f (0) − 1 f (2)
1
⇔ 2 2
 1 1
 h(1) = −f (1) + f (0) + f (2)
2 2

 1 1
 h(0) = f (1) − f (0) − f (2) > 0
⇔  2 2 
 1 1
 h(1) = − f (1) − f (0) − f (2) < 0
2 2

By the definition of IVT: h(0) · h(1) < 0 and h (x1 ) = 0

1
⇔ f (x1 + 1) − f (x1 ) − (f (2) − f (0)) = 0
2
1
⇔ f (x1 + 1) − f (x1 ) = (f (2) − f (0))
2
1
⇔ f (x2 ) − f (x1 ) = (f (2) − f (0))
2

1
Therefore, f (x2 ) − f (x1 ) = (f (2) − f (0)) when x ∈ [0, 2] and x2 − x1 = 1
2

By : Sun Bunra 12
Institute of Technology of Cambodia Calculus I • (2023-2024)

18. Let f, g : [0, 1] → R be continuous such that f (0) = g(1) = 0 and f (1) = g(0) = 1.
Show that

∀λ ∈ R+ , ∃x ∈ [0, 1], f (x) = λg(x)

Let : h(x) = f (x) − λg(x)

(
h(0) = f (0) − λg(0) = −λ
h(1) = f (1) − λg(1) = 1

By the definition of IVT: h(0) · h(1) < 0

We have

h(x) = 0
f (x) − λg(x) = 0
f (x) = λg(x)

Therefore, f (x) = λg(x) such that f (0) = g(1) = 0 and f (1) = g(0) = 1

19. For a0 < b0 < a1 < b1 < · · · < an < bn , show that all roots P (x) = 0 are real numbers
where

Y
n Y
n
P (x) = (x + ak ) + 2 (x + bk )
k=0 k=0

Let : x = −ai

Y
n Y
n
P (−ai ) = (−ai + ak ) + 2 (−ai + bk )
k=0 k=0
Y
n
=2 (−ai + bk )
k=0
Y
i−1 Y
n
=2 (−ai + bk ) (−ai + bk )
k=0 k=i
Y
i−1 Y
n
=2 (−1) (ai − bk ) (−ai + bk )
k=0 k=i
Y
i−1 Y
n
= 2(−1) i
(ai − bk ) (−ai + bk )
k=0 k=i
sgn (P (−ai )) = (−1)i

By : Sun Bunra 13
Institute of Technology of Cambodia Calculus I • (2023-2024)

Let : x = −bi
Y
n Y
n
P (−bi ) = (−bi + ak ) + 2 (−bi + bk )
k=0 k=0
Yn Y
n
= (−bi + ak ) + 0 = (−bi + ak )
k=0 k=0
Yi Y
n
= (−bi + ak ) (−bi + ak )
k=0 k=i+1

Y
i Y
n
= (−1) (ai − bk ) (−ai + bk )
k=0 k=i+1

Y
i Y
n
= (−1)i+1 (ai − bk ) (−ai + bk )
k=0 k=i+1
i+1
sgn P (−bi )) = (−1)
By the definition of IVT for x ∈ [−bi , −ai ] : P (−ai ) × P (−bi ) < 0
Therefore, P (x) = 0 are real numbers where

Y
n Y
n
P (x) = (x + ak ) + 2 (x + bk )
k=0 k=0

20. Let x1 , x2 , . . . , xn ∈ [0, 1]. Show that

1X
n
1
∃x ∈ [0, 1], |x − xk | =
n k=0 2

1X
n
1
Let : f (x) = |x − xk | − and f is continuous on x ∈ [0, 1]
n k=0 2
 

 1 X n
1 
 1 Xn
1

 |−xk | − 
 |−xk | −
 f (0) = n 2  f (0) = n 2
k=0
⇔ k=0
1X 1X 1X
n n n

 1 
 1

 |1 − xk | − 
 − |−xk | −
 f (1) = n 2  f (1) =
n k=0
1
n k=0 2
k=0
 
 X  1X
n n

 1 1 
f (0) =
1
|xk | − > 0

 f (0) = n |xk | − 

2 n k=0 2
k=0
⇔ !
1X X
n

 1 
 1
n
1
 
 f (1) = 1 − n
 |xk | −
2 f (1) = − n
 |xk | −
2
<0
k=0 k=0

By the definition of IVT on an inteval [0, 1] : f (0) × f (1) < 0

So, f (x) = 0
1X
n
1
|x − xk | − = 0
n k=0 2
1X
n
1
|x − xk | =
n k=0 2

By : Sun Bunra 14
Institute of Technology of Cambodia Calculus I • (2023-2024)

1X
n
1
Therefore, |x − xk | =
n k=0 2

21.

22. Show that the function f (x) = x2 is uniformly continuous on [0, α], α ∈ R, but it is
not uniformly continuous on R.
Let : ∀ε > 0, ∃δ > 0 such that ∀(x, y) ∈ (0, α), α ∈ R and |x − y| < δ (1)

|f (x) − f (y)| < ε

x2 − y 2 < ε
|x − y||x + y| < ε
|x − y| × 2α < ε
δ × 2α < ε
ε
δ<
2α

ε
Let : ∀ε > 0, choose δ = and ∀(x, y) ∈ (0, α) with |x − y| < δ
2α

|f (x) − f (y)| = x2 − y 2
= |x − y||x + y|
< δ × 2α
ε
< × 2α
2α
<ε

Therefore, f (x) = x2 is uniformly continuous on [0, α], α ∈ R

For f (x) = x2 is not uniformly continuous on R
Let : ∀ε > 0, ∃δ > 0 such that ∀(x, y) ∈ R and |x − y| < δ (1)

|f (x) − f (y)| ≥ ε
x2 − y 2 ≥ ε
|x − y||x + y| ≥ ε
|x − y|(x + y) ≥ ε

Let : a = |x − y| ⇒ a < δ, WLOG: Assume that y > x

Notice that if we know x and a we can find y

|x − y| = a
y − x = a, (y > x)
y =a+x

By : Sun Bunra 15
Institute of Technology of Cambodia Calculus I • (2023-2024)

And |f (x) − f (y)| = |x − y|(x + y) = a(a + 2x) ≥ ε

ε
a + 2x ≥
a
ε − a2
x≥ ≥0
2a
ε − a2
≥0
2a
ε − a2 ≥ 0
√
a≥ ε
√
Let : δ > 0 and a > 0 such that a < min{δ, ε}
ε − a2 ε − a2 a2 + ε
Let : x = ≥0 : y =a+ = ≥0
2a 2a 2a
We have |x − y| = a ⇒ |x − (x + a)| < a < δ ⇒ a<δ

|f (x) − f (y)| = a(2x + a)

   
ε − a2
=a 2 +a
2a
ε 
=a −a+a
a
≥ε
Therefore, f (x) = x2 is uniformly continuous on [0, α], α ∈ R, but it is not uniformly
continuous on R

By : Sun Bunra 16