1.
Data Structures
Data Structures organize and manage data efficiently.
Key Types: Arrays, Linked Lists, Stacks, Queues, Trees, Graphs.
Arrays: Collection of items stored at contiguous memory locations.
Linked Lists: Elements connected by pointers, allows dynamic memory allocation.
Trees and Graphs: Represent hierarchical and networked data relationships.
2. Algorithms
Algorithms are step-by-step procedures to solve problems.
Sorting Algorithms: Bubble Sort, Merge Sort, Quick Sort, etc.
Search Algorithms: Linear Search, Binary Search.
Complexity: Analyzing algorithm efficiency using Big-O Notation.
Greedy, Divide and Conquer, and Dynamic Programming techniques.
3. Databases
Databases store and manage large volumes of data.
SQL: Structured Query Language for managing relational databases.
NoSQL: Non-relational databases for flexible, schema-free data.
ACID Properties: Ensure reliable transactions in databases.
Normalization: Organizing data to reduce redundancy and improve integrity.
4. Operating Systems
Operating Systems manage hardware and software resources.
Processes and Threads: Units of program execution, with multitasking.
Memory Management: Allocation, paging, and virtual memory concepts.
File Systems: Managing data storage and retrieval on drives.
OS Examples: Windows, Linux, MacOS, and mobile systems like Android and iOS.
5. Computer Networks
Networks allow data exchange between computers.
OSI Model: Seven-layer model describing network communication.
TCP/IP Model: Protocol suite for internet-based communication.
Common Protocols: HTTP, FTP, SMTP, DNS.
Network Security: Firewalls, encryption, and VPNs for secure data transmission.
