Hajee Mohammad Danesh Science and Technology University

(HSTU)

Course Code: ECE-200

Course Name: Industrial Tour
Submitted By: Irfan Ahammad Navil
ID: 2102144
Level 2 Semester II
B.Sc. (Engg) in Electronics and Communication Engineering
Submitted To – Md. Abubakar Siddik
Assistant Professor, Dept. Of Electronics & Communication Engineering
Date of submission -30 -08-2023
Industrial tour
In 2024, a trip of an industrial facility is planned by the Department of Electronics and
Communication Engineering (ECE) Level 2. Our tour was guided by lecturer Mahfujur
Rahaman, Assistant Professor Md. Kamal Hossain, and associate professor Dr. Tangina Sultana.
Our teacher gave us a lot of assistance in making the special arrangements needed to make the
tour successful.

Timeline :
Date :09 October, 2024.
Place : Thakurgaon.
First Visit : BTV Sub-station , Thakurgaon.
Second Visit : Bangladesh Beter, Thakurgaon.
Start Time : 9:40 AM.
End Time : 6:30 PM.
Total Student : 52.
 RADIO STATION

Introduction :
In Industrial tour we are visited two industrial area - BTV Sub-station , Thakurgaon
Bangladesh Beter, Thakurgaon . And learn about many industrial things.
Radio Station:
A broadcasting chain is maintained by radio stations. IRD (Integrated Receiver Decode) was
utilized by the radio station to receive the signal. IRDs are electronic devices that are used to
capture radio frequency signals and transform the digital information they carry. station of radio
Send a speech signal first using a microphone. Signal from the microphone is sent to the input
console. The signal is then sent to the computer by the console. The signal is then computer-
encoded and transmitted via the transmitter on the tower.
For radio transmission, a radio station has two studios. Top studio and music studio are such.On-
air system for the music studio.
Sometimes the signal does not enter the transmitter immediately. It creates a path from
transmitter through the patch.
CIRCUIT BREAKER:
Circuit breakers are the tools used to create and interrupt electrical circuits based on
predetermined conditions. A circuit breaker serves the following purposes:

1. It must turn on quickly and sustain extended currents at full load.

2. It must automatically open to disconnect the load in the event of an overload under
predetermined circumstances.

3. It must swiftly stop the large current, which could flow in any area of the system in the event
of a short circuit.

4. The circuit breaker must be able to withstand the heat conditions and the impact of arcing at
its contact.

Radio station power supply:

The equipment used to start and stop a radio station contains a 1100-volt power source and a
large emergency generator. Two days' worth of backup power is provided by the generator. The
transmitter then makes use of the same tower that the BTV's substation utilized.
AM Signal Transmission:
Communication systems employ the modulation technique known as amplitude modulation
(AM) to convey information by modulating the amplitude of a carrier signal.
Message signal:
The signal that contains the actual information to be communicated is referred to as the
information signal, also known as the modulating signal. Typically, this signal is an audio signal
with a lower frequency.
Carrier Signal:
The information is sent using a high-frequency sinusoidal waveform known as the carrier signal.
Usually, it operates at a frequency that is significantly higher than the frequency of the
information signal.

Modulating signal :
In the AM method, the carrier signal's amplitude is modulated to match the information signal's
amplitude changes. The carrier amplitude increases when the information signal amplitude is
high, and it decreases when the information signal amplitude is low.
Transmission:
The AM modulated signal is then broadcast via antennas over the air. The carrier frequency and
two sidebands on either side of the carrier, which represent the positive and negative frequency
variations brought on by the modulation process, make up the frequency spectrum that the
modulated signal .
Fm Signal Transmission:
By changing the frequency of a carrier signal in accordance with changes in the amplitude of the
information signal, frequency modulation, also known as FM, is a modulation technique used in
communication systems to transfer information. Radio broadcasting and other communication
applications frequently use FM transmission.
Message Signal :
The signal that carries the actual information to be communicated is known as the information
signal, sometimes known as the modulating signal. In FM, modifications in the information
signal's amplitude result in adjustments in the carrier signal's frequency.
Carrier Signal :
The carrier signal in FM is likewise a high-frequency sinusoidal waveform. The frequency of the
information signal is selected to be significantly lower than that of the carrier.
Modulation:
In contrast to AM, which modifies the carrier signal's amplitude, FM modifies the carrier signal's
frequency. When the information signal's amplitude rises, the carrier frequency rises as well, and
when its amplitude falls, the carrier frequency falls. The FM modulated signal is the end product
of FM modulation. Based on changes in the amplitude of the information stream, the carrier
frequency of this signal oscillates above and below its core frequency.
Bandpass filter :
A bandpass filter is an electrical circuit or device that attenuates frequencies outside of a specific
frequency range while allowing frequencies within that range to pass through. It is frequently
utilized in many different applications, including audio equipment, communication systems,
signal processing, and more. A bandpass filter's operation requires the selective transmission of a
certain frequency range.
A bandpass filter only allows high frequency signals to pass. The bandpass filter filters the signal
after it has been broadcast.
Dummy Load:
Sometimes they send the signal to the dummy load first, then disseminate it. It has a 10 kilowatt
output and is used for testing. When a device produces 10 kw of output after receiving signals as
input, the signal can be considered completely prepared for transmission via a feeder cable.
The feeding cable is connected to a dehydrator. if the feeder cable has any wind or moisture. The
feeder cable is made moisture-free by the de-hydrator, which also cleans them.
Radio Antenna :
A radio station converts the radio frequency it produces into electromagnetic waves using an
antenna in order to send its broadcast over great distances. It is possible to transmit and receive
electromagnetic radio waves using a radio antenna, which is a specialized equipment that enables
information to be transmitted over the airways. In many communication systems, such as radio
broadcasting, wireless communication, and television transmission, antennas are essential.
Antenna size = λ/4
The approximate length of antenna is 76 meter. The antenna coverage range is 50 kilometer and
radiates 999 KHz radio frequency. When transmitting, an electrical signal containing
information, such as audio or data, is applied to the antenna. This signal is typically generated by
a transmitter. The radiated electromagnetic waves travel through space as radio waves. Their
frequency is determined by the frequency of the electrical signal applied to the antenna.
BTV
BTV sub-station:-
We arrived at Bangladesh Television, Thakurgaon, commonly known as BTV sub- station, at
11:25 a.m. after a one and a half hour bus ride.
Our initial stop was at the BTV substation. The authorities of the BTV were very helpful. We
were shown to the machinery by one of their technical engineers.
First, he says this about BTV: "Bangladesh Television, often abbreviated BTV, is the country of
Bangladesh's state-owned television network. In its early years, the network served as the East
Pakistan division of PTV. It is the oldest Bengali- language television network in the world, and
is the sister of the radio broadcaster Bangladesh Betar, which, along with BTV, are both owned
and run by the government.
The only television network in the nation is Bangladesh Television, which on a terrestrial TV.
The majority of its funding comes from television licensing fees. Although it has created a
number of award-winning programs, it has frequently been criticized for serving as the
government's mouthpiece and their lack of high-quality content. Bangladesh Television's
corporate office and administrative building are both situated in Rampura, Dhaka.
A Parabolic dish antenna was then visible in front of the BTV building. Our instructor briefly
discussed the parabolic dish antenna as a receiver.
Parabolic Dish Antenna :-
A directional antenna commonly used for sending and receiving radio signals, such as those for
communication, satellite communication, radar, and radio astronomy, is a parabolic dish antenna,
also known as a parabolic antenna or dish. Its unique characteristic is its parabolic form, which
enables it to concentrate incoming or outgoing electromagnetic waves into a single point, or
focal point.
A parabolic dish antenna's basic design comprises of several essential elements:
Parabolic Reflector:
The parabolic reflector is the antenna's most noticeable component. It is a concave, curving
surface with a parabola-like shape. Incoming parallel electromagnetic waves are intended to be
focused into a single focal point by this shape. To achieve effective
reflection, the reflective surface is often constructed of metal, such as aluminum, and is highly
polished.

Feed Antenna:
The feed antenna, a tiny antenna component at the center of the parabolic reflector, is in charge
of sending and receiving signals. It is positioned carefully to make sure that the reflector will
properly direct the electromagnetic waves onto it. The feed antenna might be of several types,
such a horn or a dipole.
Support Structure:
A mounting support holds the parabolic reflector in place and ensures that it is correctly
positioned. This framework may consist of an arrangement of arms, struts, and a mount that
enables the dish to be adjusted or oriented in a specific direction for the best signal reception.
Feed System:
This system includes the components responsible for connecting the feed antenna to the receiver
or transmitter. It might involve waveguides, coaxial cables, and other transmission line elements
to ensure a proper connection and minimal signal loss.
Functioning: When electromagnetic waves, such as radio or microwaves, hit the parabolic
reflector, they are reflected off the curved surface and focused onto the feed antenna placed at
the focal point. This focusing effect enhances the antenna's gain, making it highly directional. As
a result, the dish antenna is able to transmit or receive signals with greater power and
sensitivity in a specific direction, compared to omnidirectional antennas.
The parabolic dish antenna's configuration enables it to have high gain, narrow beamwidth, and
low side lobes, making it ideal for long-distance communication, point-to-point links, and precise
radar applications. The dish's ability to concentrate signals allows for improved signal strength.
In summary, a parabolic dish antenna's key features include its parabolic reflector, feed antenna,
support structure, and feed system. This configuration gives it the ability to focus and direct
electromagnetic waves for effective long-range communication, radar, and other applications.
BTV Control Room: BTV has four channels . 1 .
BTV .
2 . BTV world.
3 .BTV Chittagong.
4 . Sangsad TV

These four channels receive signal from satellite. The Bangabandhu satellite has 40 transponders.
In which 14 transponders are used for C band and C band is usually used for large disk.

On the other hand, next of the 26 bands are for Q band. But in Q band there can be occurred
some small delay.
When receiver receive the signal from the disk antenna. It send them to the patch panel . In patch
panel the signal gets decode and further process the signal. In a patch panel there is 2
transmission channel such as AM and FM . The signal process in a way that those signals can be
transmitted either AM or FM.

Then the signal will be send into transmitter. In transmitter a carrier signal is added to the
original signal . Then there are 4 amplifiers for amplified the signal. Then encoded the
signal .The signal is ready to be sent in transmission antenna . The transmission frequency range
is 209 MHz to 216 MHz

Transmitter: A television transmitter is a device used to broadcast television signals over the
airwaves to be received by television sets and antennas. It converts video and audio signals into
electromagnetic waves that can travel through the air to be picked up by antennas on television
receivers. Here's a brief overview of how television transmitters work:
 1. Signal Encoding: Television content, including video and audio, is encoded into
electronic signals. These signals represent the visual and auditory information of the
television program.

2. Modulation: The encoded signals are then modulated onto a carrier frequency.
Modulation is the process of varying the properties of a carrier wave (usually a radio
frequency) in accordance with the input signal. Common modulation techniques include
amplitude modulation (AM) and frequency modulation (FM).

3. Amplification: The modulated carrier signal is amplified to increase its power. This
amplification is necessary to ensure that the signal can cover a wide area and overcome
obstacles like buildings and terrain.

4. Antenna Transmission: The amplified signal is then fed into an antenna. The antenna
radiates the electromagnetic waves carrying the television signal into the surrounding
space. These waves propagate outward in all directions.

5. Reception: Television sets or antennas in the coverage area of the transmitter receive
these electromagnetic waves. The television receiver demodulates the received signal,
extracting the original video and audio signals.

6. Decoding and Display:The demodulated video and audio signals are decoded and
processed by the television set. The video signals are displayed on the screen, while the
audio signals are played through the speakers.Television transmitters play a crucial role
in broadcasting television content to homes and other locations. They are an integral part
of the infrastructure that enables the distribution of television programs to a wide
audience.It's worth noting that with the advent of digital television (DTV), many
countries have transitioned from analog to digital broadcasting. Digital TV transmitters
encode signals using digital modulation techniques and offer several benefits, including
higher picture and sound quality, more efficient use of spectrum, and additional features
like electronic program guides and interactive content.

Dummy Load:
Sometimes they send the signal to the dummy load first, then disseminate it. It has a 10 kilowatt
output and is used for testing. When a device produces 10 kw of output
after receiving signals as input, the signal can be considered completely prepared for
transmission via a feeder cable.
The feeding cable is connected to a dehydrator. if the feeder cable has any wind or moisture. The
feeder cable is made moisture-free by the de-hydrator, which also cleans them.

Conclusion:
We had the opportunity to use a communication system in real life. We gained knowledge of
how various broadcast system components, such as the transmitter, antenna, and modulator,
operate. We discovered what a fantastic terrestrial channel BTV is. In the music station, live
music was being recorded.
We made the decision to visit Kantajew Temple after the instructional tours.So on our way
home, we stopped at Temple. We stayed there for almost 50 minutes before leaving to go back to
our institution. We were greatly assisted by our esteemed supervisors in successfully completing
the industrial tour.