AP HUMAN GEOGRAPHY STUDY GUIDE

UNIT 6: CITIES AND URBAN LAND-USE PATTERN AND PROCESSES

CHAPTER 15 URBAN SETTLEMENTS A type of community located on the outskirts

15.1 of a large city.
● Urbanization ● Boomburb
The process by which people live and are A suburb that has grown rapidly into a
employed in a city. large and sprawling City with more than
● Urban area 100,000 residents.
Defined as a city and its surrounding ● Exurb
suburbs I typically fast growing Community outside
● Metropolitan area of or on the edge of a metropolitan City and
Includes a City and surrounding areas that suburbs.
are influenced economically and culturally ● How do transportation and communication
by the city. networks play a role in settlement patterns
● Suburbs and the growth of cities? Transportation
Between the urban core and the rural areas Systems make it possible for manufacturing
as a buffer between zones they are facilities as well as retail and office
residential but also have public services. environments to communicate
● Be able to distinguish between site and advancements such as telephones computers
situation Wi-Fi and the internet make it possible for
Site- topography, transportation, and cities to grow larger because they can
natural resources. (Exact location) communicate over a larger area.
Situation- trade routes, railroads. (Relates ● What push factors contribute to the growth
to surrounding features) of cities? What pull factors contribute to the
● What percentage of the world’s population growth of cities? Push factors include
lives in urban areas? By 2050 what is it poverty and unemployment and pull factors
expected to be? By 2050, 68% of the world's are new technology greater opportunities
population will be Urban currently 55% of better facilities and increased wealth.
the world's population lives in urban areas. ● What is the difference between a basic
15.2 industry and a secondary industry?
● Diversified businesses Basic industries focus on converting and
Own or operate in several unrelated extracting raw materials while secondary
business segments. Industries perform the function of
● Tax incentives converting and processing raw materials
A government measure that is intended to into usable Goods
encourage individuals and businesses to ● What is the Rust Belt and what is a well-
spend money or to save money by reducing known city in the Rust Belt?
the amount of tax that they have to pay. It is the geographic region from New York
● Suburbanization through the Midwest which was once
The growth of cities outside of an urban dominated by Manufacturing. An example of
area.It is a population shift from Central a city is Detroit, Chicago, or Philadelphia.
urban areas into suburbs resulting in the ● What different purposes do cities serve?
formation of suburban sprawl. A few examples are a capital city, consumer
● Urban Sprawl cities, as well as Iron and Steel, port and
Urban areas expand in an unplanned and wool Manufacturing
uncontrolled way covering large expanses ● What can governments do to draw people
of land in housing and Commercial into their city? Policing Public Safety
development and Roads. judicial Services livability factors such as
● Edge City housing Transportation environment health
and Civic life such as economic
AP HUMAN GEOGRAPHY STUDY GUIDE
UNIT 6: CITIES AND URBAN LAND-USE PATTERN AND PROCESSES

opportunities education and affordable 15.4

housing. ● Megacity
Metropolitan area with a population higher
● What led to the growth of U.S. suburbs in than 10 million.
the 1950s? ● Metacity
Improved Rail and Road Transport. More than 20 million people in a
● What are the criticisms associated with metropolitan area.
suburbanization? ● World/Global Cities
Environmental issues, pollution, Restrictive Provide many functions surrounding the
ideals. region, communication, banking, Finance
● How does infilling help reduce urban leads Global markets for commodities,
sprawl? Investment, foreign exchange, Trade, and
It revitalizes and redevelops decaying areas professional associations, as well as NGOs,
to help lure people back instead of media headquarters, fashion, design,
continuing to grow outward. entertainment, and cultural Industries,
15.3 international airports, headquarters for
● Urban hierarchy major multinational companies.
A ranking of settlements according to their ● World city symbols
size and economic function. ○ NYC–Times Square, Statue of
● Models Liberty
○ Gravity Model ○ Paris--Eiffel Tower, Arc de
Relationship between cities of Triumph
○ Tokyo–Shibuya Crossing
○ London–Buckingham Palace, Big,
various sizes. Ben
○ Rank-Size Rule ○ Singapore–Merlion Park
Describes how the population size ● What is the largest city in the world?
of countries within a country may Second largest?
be distributed. 1. 1,000,000 Tokyo, Japan is the largest city in the world
2. 500,000 4. 250.000 etc And the second largest is Delhi, India.
○ Primate-City Rule ● In what region of the world is the largest
A city that far exceeds and growth in cities happening today?
population size and influences the In Asia and Africa.
country's next largest city (A ● What makes a city a world city? Review the
country will have fewer or no other world city hierarchy chart.
large size cities) A world City is defined by its Global
○ Central Place Theory Control Function and population size of
Explains the hierarchical patterns over 10 million as well as culture
in the number, size, and location of infrastructure and quality of life.
cities and other settlements. ● What are the five top-tier cities today?
■ Threshold New York, London, Los Angeles, Tokyo,
The number of people Paris.
needed to support a ● Explain how hierarchical diffusion is
certain good/service connected to world cities.
■ Range Because world cities contain the most
The distance that someone economic and cultural power in the world
is willing to travel for a hierarchical diffusion is diffusion that
good or service centers on Power.
AP HUMAN GEOGRAPHY STUDY GUIDE
UNIT 6: CITIES AND URBAN LAND-USE PATTERN AND PROCESSES

CHAPTER 16: THE URBAN LANDSCAPE urban areas.

16.1
● CBD
Central business district
● Models of Urban Structure ○ Other Models
○ North American Models ■ Latin American City
■ Burgess Concentric Zone Model The traditional
A city grows outward CBD with modern
from its CBD in rings. Business Center with
religious and government
buildings.

■ Hoyt Sector Model ■ African City Model

Illustrates that As Cities Layouts and walking
develop wedge-shaped streets for CBD by
sectors and divisions colonial power
come from the CBD Traditional CBD has
generally along Transit curbside Commerce third
routes. CBD zone for open-air

markets.
■ Southeast Asian Model
Cities that grow around
■ Harris and Ulman ports and lack a CBD.
Multiple-Nuclei Model
Cities don't grow in Rings
or Sectors but are formed
by the progressive
integration of multiple ● Townships
focal points of a region Geographic areas that are smaller than
countries and controlled by local
governments.
● Shantytowns
Urban settlements of impoverished and
improvised dwellings constructed from
cheap or waste materials.
■ Galactic City Model ● Squatter settlements
Explain cities that have a A collection of buildings aim to provide
traditional downtown and housing and shelter for poor people in a
loose conditions of other city.
● Favelas
AP HUMAN GEOGRAPHY STUDY GUIDE
UNIT 6: CITIES AND URBAN LAND-USE PATTERN AND PROCESSES

Located within or on the outskirts of a Collects quantifiable data

country's large city, especially Rio de ● US Census scales
Janeiro and Sao Paulo. ○ Blocks
16.2 The smallest geographic area for
●
Zoning which the bureau collects census
The process of dividing a city or urban area data.
into zones within which only certain land ○ Tracts
uses are permitted. ○ Counties
● High-density areas ○ States
Areas with a high population in a small ○ Divisions
area. ○ Regions
● Moderate density areas ○ Country
Areas with moderate population for the size ● Primary Data
area. First-hand perspective
● Low-density areas ● Secondary Data
Not very many people in a big area. Second-hand information not from the
● How do cultural values shape city density person who experienced it.
(Think about differences between U.S. and ● Identify at least 8 different types of infrastructure
European cities) examples
Depending on what cultural value for Bridges, roads, housing, Waste Management,
railroads, dams, airports, and Health
example in the US people value their own
infrastructure.
land they want a yard and space which is
● Why is infrastructure important?
why suburbs are very common but in It allows for population increases as well as for
European cities there is a lot of vertical the city to expand and provide what is needed.
integration where they want to be close to ● How does infrastructure connect to core, semi-
the city center and don't value their own periphery, and periphery countries?
area as much. Core countries have the ability to pay for the
● How does physical geography shape city infrastructure needed in cities as well as neural
density? areas while semi-periphery and periphery
countries do not have the money and do not have
For example Japan with mountains physical
adequate infrastructure.
geography determines how much a city can
● How can cities improve their delivery of
expand and how it can depend on infrastructure? By updating design standards for
environmental factors. new infrastructure and retrofitting existing
● What are the advantages of people living in assets.
high-density cities?
Goods and services as well as ● Know the difference between qualitative and
transportation and communication networks quantitative data?
can be centered and more people can have
● Why is qualitative and quantitative data
the same things given by the government.
important to city governments?
16.3–Urban Infrastructure
It can help provide insights into how service
● Infrastructure
quality can be improved in which factors
Services and institutions that maintain the
may be causing service failures.
health, safety, economic, and social aspects
of a country.
CHAPTER 17: Designing for Urban Life
● Qualitative Data 17.1
Research based on perspectives. (groups, ● Livability
surveys, observations)
● Quantitative Data
AP HUMAN GEOGRAPHY STUDY GUIDE
UNIT 6: CITIES AND URBAN LAND-USE PATTERN AND PROCESSES

The concerns that are related to the long- To provide more than one use or purpose
term well-being of individuals and within a shared building or Development
communities. Area.
● Mixed Use Development (MUD) ● How does Mixed Use Zoning differ from
One way to limit sprawl and Design livable Traditional Zoning?
Urban spaces. Mixed Use Zoning Permits multiple
● Vertical Mixed-Use Development land uses in the same space
Building up while using mixed use structure while traditional zoning
development. (store bottom floor, retail over zones are based on land type or
and then residential) economic function
● Walkability
Safe convenient and efficient to walk in ● What are Smart Growth Policies trying to
urban environment takes into account bikes achieve?
and cars. To protect our health and natural
● Transportation-oriented development environment and to make communities more
Creation of dense walkable is pedestrian attractive economically stronger socially
oriented mixed use communities centered diverse and resilient to climate change.
around a transit station. ● How is Curitiba, Brazil an example of New
● Smart Growth Policies Urbanism? In order to expand Green Space
○ Zoning and avoid sprawl they made a master plan
Permits multiple land uses in the which preserved areas for parks.
same space structure while ● Why do many US cities want to promote
traditional zoning zones based on mixed-income neighborhoods?
land type or economic function They want to make one building have
○ New Urbanism multiple purposes.
Associated with smart growth it ● What is the purpose of a greenbelt?
focuses on limiting Urban To prevent urban sprawl.
expansion while preserving in
nature and usable farmland 17.2
○ Slow growth cities ● Deed Restrictions (covenants)
Smart growth policies to decrease They mandate owners and tenants to avoid
the rate by which cities grow or take specific actions intended to preserve
outward. the value and enjoyment of the adjoining
● Diverse Housing Options land.
Mix of housing types and neighborhoods / ● Redlining
communities. Mixed income economic A lending Institution such as a bank refuses
stability and jobs. to offer Home Loans on the basis of a
● Greenbelts neighborhood's racial or ethnic makeup.
A ring of Parkland, agricultural land, or ● Fair Housing Act of 1968
other open space maintained around an Made redlining illegal
urban area to prevent sprawl. ● Blockbusting
● What can a city do to increase its livability? Real estate agents who would stir up
Implement zero waste practices composting concern that African-American families
and Sustainable Building Materials. would soon move into a neighborhood they
● What is the purpose behind Mixed-Use would convince white Property Owners to
Development? sell at a lower price.
● Great Migration The internal migration that
moved 6 million African Americans between
AP HUMAN GEOGRAPHY STUDY GUIDE
UNIT 6: CITIES AND URBAN LAND-USE PATTERN AND PROCESSES

1960 and 1970 from rural areas of the not have the same available outcomes in life
South to areas in the north. as white people did. this caused African-
● Zones of abandonment American families to have less money than
Areas that have been largely deserted due to white families.
lack of jobs, declines in land values, and ● Identify and explain three challenges of
following demand. rapid urbanization
Pollution, congestion, and higher crime
● Filtering rates.
The process of neighborhood change in ● How does gentrification have both positive
which housing Vacated by more affluent and negative effects on a city? Positive
groups passes down the income scale to effects include increased property values,
lower income groups. tax revenue, higher-income residents,
tourism, and infrastructure improvements.
● Inclusionary Zoning Laws while negative effects include displacement
Affordable housing by offering incentives of lower-income people, increased
for developers to set aside a minimum homelessness, less low-income housing, and
percentage of new housing construction to it pushes prices so high in the middle class
be allocated for low-income people. can't stay either.
● Eminent Domain
A government's right to take privately 17.3
owned property for public use or interest ● Brownfields
● Disamenties Abandoned and polluted industrial sites in
The very poorest part of cities central cities and suburbs.
● Gentrification ● Regional planning
Intention to improve and rebuild Planning is a regional scale that seems to
downtown/innercity neighborhoods. develop housing, transportation, Urban
● Food Deserts infrastructure, and economic activities.
More than 10 miles from a grocery store or ● City footprint
supermarket. The cities release of pollution and
● Urban Farming environmental damages on the environment.
De cultivation processing and distribution ● Ecological footprint
of agricultural products in urban and The impact on the environment expressed as
Suburban areas the amount of land required to sustain its
● Identify and explain five challenges facing use of Natural Resources.
urban areas today. ● Fossil fuels
Pollution, old infrastructure, housing, Non-renewable resources
economic inequity, and crime. ● Aging infrastructure
● Explain how deed restrictions, redlining, Old infrastructure that is starting to fall
and blockbusting led to residential apart.
segregation in the U.S. and to African ● Identify and explain three challenges to
American families, on average, having less creating sustainable urban places.
wealth than White families Sanitation, air/water quality, suburban
sprawl.
It caused them to have a harder time finding
● How do the type of government and the
housing and available services. white
wealth of a country play a role in
people didn't want to live in these areas and
sustainability? Low interest rate financing
black people could only afford/allowed to.
reduce risks for investors buying time to
this led to segregation. with less available
scale up Technologies and programs and
Services goods and transportation, they did
AP HUMAN GEOGRAPHY STUDY GUIDE
UNIT 6: CITIES AND URBAN LAND-USE PATTERN AND PROCESSES

Achieve longer term Financial sustainability

governments that are wealthier can deploy
tax incentives as well as bonds or subsidies.
the type of government can influence this as
well depending on what is a priority
● Why is regional planning more effective
than local planning when it comes to
sustainability?
Because the funding as well as an overview
of the area with more funding they are able
to implement more sustainable programs
then a local government is able to do.