Additional: 8.

The fully matured follicle will now

Mentrual Cycle be known as the Graafian follicle
● A continuous cycle that occurs in the life that is still inside the ovary.
of the woman in her reproductive years. 9. This matured follicles are now
● Begins with Menarche (first menstrual capable of secreting hormone
cycle) and ends with menopause. which is now the estrogen
● The cycle begins and ends with the answering the significant decline
menstrual phase. of estrogen earlier.
● Menstrual phase is the only phase that 10. This estrogen will be in the blood
is obvious (because blood goes out of and travel to its target organ
the vagina) which is the uterus
● Cycle occurs at a 28 days interval, 11. Estrogen will make the uterine
equivalent to 1 month, that’s why this lining specifically in the
cycle is also called as the monthly endometrium thick (specifically
period. the stratum functionale and
● Under the stimulation of the HPE axis. basale cells in the uterus). This
● Process are as follows: phase is known as the
1. There is a decline in levels of proliferative phase. This
estrogen that happens during the thickening is an initial
menstrual/shedding phase. preparation for implantation.
2. The significant declining level of 12. The increasing levels of estrogen
estrogen in blood will signal the in the blood will be sensed by the
hypothalamus. hypothalamus, halting the
3. The hypothalamus will respond release of gonadotropin
by releasing one of the releasing hormones or GnRH, this
gonadotropin-releasing will further influence the
hormones or 1st GnRH (or the inhibition of FSH secretion in the
Follicle stimulating hormone- pituitary gland. The result is,
releasing hormone) to either there will be no FSH to mature
stimulate the release of LH or follicles in the ovary, this will lead
FSH in the pituitary gland to stop estrogen production.
4. Since it is the level of estrogen 13. The Graafian follicle will now lack
that is depleting, the one that will estrogen for support, this will
be stimulated in the pituitary promt the release of egg in the
gland will be the FSH Graafian follicle.
5. FSH will stimulate follicles in the 14. At this point of the cycle,
ovary, these are egg cells (also progesterone is at its lowest
called as oocytes or primordial point, this will sensed by the
follicles which present in the hypothalamus
woman's ovary as early as fetus) 15. The hypothalamus will now
that are inside the ovaries. release the 2nd GnRH (the
6. FSH matures these follicles luteinizing hormone-releasing
- Fraternal twins: originates hormone). This will target the
from 2 different egg and 2 pituitary gland and stimulates it
different sperms however to release LH
grew together. They dont 16. LH will target ovary. LH will
have the same genetic break the Graafian follicle to
makeup. release the egg cell.
- Identical Twin: originates 17. The egg cell will now start to
from 1 egg and 1 sperm move going to the fimbria which
but during the process of is the entrance of the fallopian
cell division or zygotes tube. This process is the ovulation
phase, a complete phase and in this phase the
separation of cells estrogen is starting to decline.
happens. Their genetic Therefore LH is the one that
make up is exactly the supports ovulation.
same. 18. The body of the Graafian follicle
7. Under normal circumstances, that broke will now become the
only one follicle will mature corpus luteum.
19. Corpus luteum will secrete hypothalamus is the estrogen,
progesterone to answer the then the cycle begins again.
decline in progesterone levels
earlier. Hormonal contraceptives works by
20. Progesterone will target the maintaining the normal level of
uterus to make it watery and estrogen/progesterone in blood so that the
very conducive for implantation. HPE will not be triggered or feedback
21. The egg is now waiting in the mechanism will not be triggered. Hence. The
fallopian tube, if it will be woman will not end up ovulating.
fertilized by the sperm and
implantation happens then the
cycle will STOP.
- When a zygote implants to
the uterus, it will now be
termed as the embryo.
- Placental will start to
function after 1 month.
- The one that will maintain
the uterus for the mean
time is the corpus luteum
that is still in the ovary
22. If pregnancy will not happen, the
egg will now degenerate, this will
also prompt the corpus luteum to
degenerate, stoping the release
of progesterone (which is the one
that maintains the “suitable for
implantation lining” of the
uterus).
23. The decreasing amount of
progesterone (and estrogen) will
influence the thickened and
conducive for implantation lining
of the uterus to start to
degenerate, because the
hormone that maintains them is
not anymore enough in terms of
amount. This is the
menstrual/shedding phase. As
these lining start to shed, they
can have the tendency to rupture
tha blood vessels especiallly the
capillaries that supplies them
with blood. This will now cause
the bleeding.
- 60-80 ml of blood is loss
during cycle
- Shedded endometrial
tissue may be soaked with
blood as a result of the
rupture, and also be
eliminated during the
menstrual phase.
24. Estrogen being the first to be
stopped is now at its lowest
compared to progesterone who
was stopped in later time. That’s
why the first to be sensed by the