Form 4 and 5 Physics Short Notes

12/19/21, 10:40 AM Physical Quantities
Measurement
This chapter is about physical quantities such as derived units, scalar and vector quantities, scientific notation and significant figure and
prefixes. Other than that, scientific investigation will be under this chapter too.
1.1 Physical quantities
What is physics?
A knowledge to find a rational explanation (why and how) of the nature of matter, energy and natural phenomena.
Involves the quantity being measured, formula and matter
Many theories are proved through calculations
Use of standard units
Field of Physics
Heat
Light
Electrical and electronics
Astronomy
Nuclear
Biophysics
Wave
Force and motion
Plasma physics
Physical quantities
contains magnitude and unit
can be measured
Base quantities : Derived quantities :

Physical quantities that cannot be defined in terms of A physical quantity that is derived by a combination of base quantities. Can be done
other physical quantities. by multiplication, division or both.
Example : Example :
(Other than base = derived)
length, l (m) area, l × l (m2 )

mass, m (kg ) volume, v = l × l × l (m3 )
time, t (s)
m
density, (kgm−3 )
v

temperature, T (K ) l
current, I (A) speed, (ms−1 )
t

speed
acceleration, (ms−2 )
t

Standard form
Standard form is a way of writing down very large or very small numbers easily and without using lots of zeros. We sometimes call it scientific
notation.
A × 10n , 1 ≤ A < 10
https://app.pandai.org/note/read/kssm-ph-10-01/KSSM-F4-PH-01-01 1/4
Question examples
Example 1 :
Convert 135 to standard numbers.
↶↶
1 3 5 . → 1.35 × 102
two decimal move to the left = +
Example 2 :
Convert 0.00008 to standard numbers.
↷↷↷↷↷
0.0 0 0 0 8 → 8 × 10−5
five decimal move to the right = −
Prefix
Prefixes are the preceding factor used to represent very small and very large physical quantities in SI units.
Prefix Symbol Standard form

tera T 1012
giga G 109
mega M 106
kilo k 103
hecto h 102
deka da 101
deci d 10−1
centi c 10−2
milli m 10−3
micro µ 10−6
nano n 10−9
pico p 10−12
No prefix → Prefix ( ÷ )
Example : Convert 200 m to km.
200 ÷ 103 = 0.2 km
Prefix → No prefix ( × )
Example : Convert 0.2 km to m.
0.2 × 103 = 200 m
Scalar quantity Vector quantity

Physical quantity that has only magnitude Physical quantity that has both magnitude and direction
Example: Distance, speed, time, mass, energy Example: Displacement, velocity, weight, force
1.2 Scientific Investigation
y decreases linearly with x

y increases linearly with x
y is inversely proportional to x
y is directly proportional to x
y is inversely proportional to x
© 2021 Pandai.org All Rights Reserved Made with  in Malaysia
12/19/21, 10:40 AM Linear Motion
Force and Motion I

This chapter is about linear motion, free falling, mass and inertia, momentum, forces, impulsive force and weight.
2.1 Linear Motion
Distance, d
Total length of path an object travels from one point to another.
Displacement,s
The shortest distance between two points.
Formulas for distance, speed & acceleration
d
v= , where v = speed, ms−1

t
d = distance, m
t = time, s
s
v = , where v = velocity, ms−1

t
d = displacement, m
t = time, s
v−u
a= , where a = acceleration, ms−2

t
u = initial velocity, ms− 1
v = final velocity, ms− 1
t = time, s
1
s = ut + at2 → use this formula when there is no v given
2

v = u + at → use this formula when there is no s given
v 2 = u2 + 2as → use this formula when there is no t given
1
s= (u + v)t → use this formula when there is no a given
2

TICKER TAPE
the distance between dots small the distance between dots greater
slow and constant speed high and constant speed
acceleration = 0 acceleration = 0
distance between dots increase distance between dots decrease

velocity increases velocity decreases
acceleration = +ve acceleration = -ve
2.2 Motion Graph
Velocity - time (v-t) graph

Displacement - time (s-t) graph
Gradient = acceleration
Gradient = velocity
Area under the graph = displacement @ distance
gradient=0,
gradient=0,
so velocity=0 so acceleration=0 or velocity constant
gradient constant, gradient constant,
so velocity constant so acceleration constant
gradient increasing, gradient increasing,
so velocity increasing so acceleration increasing
gradient decreasing,
gradient decreasing,
so acceleration decreasing
so velocity decreasing
2.3 Free Falling
Free Fall
Motion of an object is affected by gravitational force (no other forces - air resistance, friction)
Gravitational acceleration, g = 9.81 ms−2

In calculation, when object falls down, value of g is positive (+), when obejct is thrown up, the value of g is negative (-).
In air In vacuum Stroboscope
2.4 Inertia
Inertia
means the tendency of an object to resists changes to its state of rest or uniform motion in a straight line
Newton's first law of motion

states that every object continues in its state of rest or uniform speed in a straight line unless acted upon by an external force.
The larger the mass, the greater the inertia of an object.
Example of inertia
coin fell down into glass when the paper is the items stay at the same place when the
push quickly tablecloth is pull quickly
thrown in front when hit something with speed
the movement of people in the bus when it

accelerates or brakes the movement of the elephant slower if it
moves zig-zag
the sauce came out after we suddenly stop the

moving bottle
Applications of the concept of inertia
Knock downwards the handle of a hammer against a hard surface to tightens the loose head of hammer in its wooden handle.
Shake the branch of apple tree to get the apples fall to the ground.
Dogs and cats shake their body vigorously to dry their wet fur.
Ways of reducing the negative effects of inertia
Using seatbelts to prevent the passenger thrown forward due to inertia
Using airbag to prevent the driver from hitting the sterring wheel
Fastened the objects on the lorry so that it become part of the carrier
Strong iron structure between driver's cabin and load ensures the driver safety. (lorry with heavy load)
2.5 Momentum
Momentum : product of mass and velocity

p=m×v
The principle of conservation of momentum

The total momentum of a system is constant if there are no external forces acting on the system
Types of situations involving principle of conservation of momentum
Collision: Total momentum before collision is equal to the total momentum after the collision
Explosion: The total momentum before and after the explosion is zero
Elastic collision Inelastic collision

Momentum and total energy conserved, but kinetic energy is not
Momentum, total energy and kinetic energy are all conserved.
conserved.
m1 u1 + m2 u2 = m1 v1 + m2 v2
m1 u1 + m2 u2 = (m1 + m2 )v

Explosion
Total momentum before and after explosion is zero.
m1 v1 = −m2 v2

Example:
rifle firing a bullet

rocket launching
2.6 Effect of a Force
Force can change the shape and the original state of motion (direction @ speed) of an object.
Force formula
F = ma, where m = mass and a = acceleration
Forces in equilibrium Forces not in equilibrium

Velocity constant @ stationary Velocity is not constant
−2
Acceleration = 0 ms Acceleration = 0 ms−2

Resultant force = 0 N Resultant force =0N
2.7 Impulse And Impulsive Force
−1
Impulse = change in momentum (kgms )
F t = mv − mu
Impulsive force = rate of change of momentum (N)

mv − mu
F =
Newton's Third Law of Motion

For every action there is a reaction of equal magnitude but opposite direction
Time vs impulsive force

mv − mu
F =
t

1
F ∝
t
When t ↑, F ↓
2.8 Weight
Weight
Strength of the gravitational field, g
force per unit mass due to gravity
−1
g of Earth = 9.81 Nkg
Weight: Gravitational force acting on an object

W = mg,
where W = weight, N
m = mass, kg
g = gravitational acceleration, ms−2
12/19/21, 10:41 AM Law of Universal Gravitation
Gravitation
This chapter is about Newton's Universal Law of Gravitation, Kepler's Law, and man made satellite.
3.1 Newton's Universal Law of Gravitation
Newton's Universal Law of Gravitation

Gravitational force is directly proportional to the product of masses of two bodies and inversely proportional to the square of the distance
between the centers of two bodies.
Gravitational force between two bodies, F

Gm1 m2
F =

r2

m1 = mass of first body

m2 = mass of second body

r = distance between the centre of first and second body
G = gravitational constant (6.67 × 10−11 N m2 kg −2 )
The larger the mass of the body, the larger the gravitational force
The further the distance the bodies. the smaller the gravitational force
Relating g and G
GM
g=
r2

On surface of a planet, gravitational force is equal to weight.
Relating g and r
When r < R, g is directly proportional to r
g∝r
R = Earth's radius
When r ≥ R, g is inversely proportional to r2

GM
g= 2
r

1
g∝ 2
r

Formulas to calculate the gravitational acceleration
Below the surface
GM
g=
(R − h)2

On the surface
GM
g=
R2

At a height
GM
g=
(R + h)2

Centripetal force, F
2
mv
F = , where m = mass, v = linear speed, r = radius of circle

Centripetal force in the motions of Satellites and Planets
In the absence of force, object move in the same direction.

0 N force → object move in the same direction
In an orbit, object is always changing its direction
There is force acting on the object in direction towards the center of the circle (orbit) → centripetal force
Centripetal acceleration, a
v2
a= , where v = linear speed, r = radius of orbit
r
Mass of earth, M
4π 2 r3
M= , where r = radius of orbit, G = 6.67 × 10−11 Nm2 kg−2 , T = period of revolution
GT 2

3.2 Kepler's Laws
Kepler's First Law

All planets move in elliptical orbits with the Sun at one focus.
Kepler's Second Law

A line that connects a planet to the Sun sweeps out equal areas in equal times.
Kepler's Third Law

The square of the orbital period of any planet is directly proportional to the cube of the radius of its orbit.
3.3 Man-made Satellites
If the linear speed of satellite, v is less than required speed, staellite will fall to a lower orbit
Satellite will revolve towards Earth until it enters atmosphere
High speed movement against air resistance will produce heat, satellite burns
Geostationary satellite Non-geostationary satellite

Orbits the Earth
GM
v=
r

4π 2 r3
T =
GM
Direction of motion doesn't have to be the same as the direction of
Direction of motion same as the direction of Earth rotation
Earth rotation
T = 24 hours T can be longer or shorter than 24 hours
Above the same geographical location Above different geographical location
Function: communication satellite Function: Earth imaging, GPS, weather forecast
Example: MEASAT Example: TiungSAT, RazakSAT, Pipit, ISS
Escape velocity
The minimum velocity needed by an object on the surface of the Earth to overcome gravitational force and escape to outer space.
−1
Earth's escape velocity: 11 200 ms / 40 300 kmh−1
Escape velocity formula

2GM
v=
r

Benefits and implications of Escape Velocity
1. Earth is able to maintain a layer of atmosphere around it

Molecules in atmosphere has velocity (500 ms−1 ) lower than Earth's escape velocity
unable to escape to outer space
2. Planets and jets won't escape to outer space
both have speeds lower than Earth's escape velocity
3. Rockets need to be launched into outer space
uses a lot of fuels to produce large thrust
produce high velocity that is larger than Earth's escape velocity
12/19/21, 10:41 AM Thermal Equilibrium
Heat
This chapter is about thermal equilibrium, specific heat capacity, specific latent heat and gas laws.
4.1 Thermal Equilibrium
When two objects come into contact, heat will be transferred

Net heat moves from hotter objects to cooler objects
The temperature of the cold object increases, the temperature of hot objects is reduced
When the temperature of the objects is the same, heat transfer is equal and net heat transfer is zero
Object has reached thermal equilibrium
Conditions for thermal equilibrium

Same temperature
Same rate of heat flow
Net heat flow zero
Mercury thermometer
The benefits of using mercury:
High boiling point

Low melting point
Good heat conductor
Expands and contracts uniformly
Opaque (easily visible)
Cohesive forces high (non-stick to wall)
How to increase the sensitivity of a mercury thermometer
Reduce the thickness of the glass bulb

Heat transfer between the mercury and environment faster
Reduce the thickness of the glass bulb
Absorbs heat from the environment with higher rates
Use small diameter capillary tubes
Mercury rise higher when the diameter of the tube decreases
Reduce the thickness of the glass tube
Heat transfer between the mercury and environment faster
Thermometer calibration
1. To calibrate a thermometer means to put the correct mark of reading at the correct place so that other temperature can be deduced
from these marks.
2. To do this, two extreme points are chosen to mark its scale and these points must be able to be reproduced accurately.
3. Usually, we take the steam point of pure water as 100 0 C and the ice point of water as 0 0 C.
Calculation for non-calibrated thermometer

lθ − l0
θ= × 100 0 C,

l100 − l0

where θ = temperature, l0 = length when temperature is 0 0 C, l100 = length when temperature 100 0 C

4.2 Understanding Specific Heat Capacity
Heat capacity, C
The quantity of heat energy required to raise the temperature by 1 0 C.
Specific heat capacity, c

The heat energy required to raise the temperature of 1 kg by 1 0 C or 1 K
Formula
Q = mcΔθ,
where Q = energy, m = mass, c = specific heat capacity, Δθ = change in temperature
c ↑ Δθ ↓
c ↑ : heat up slower, cool down slower

c ↓ : heat up faster, cool down faster
Mass vs heat content: mass ↑ heat content ↑
Applications of specific heat capacity
1. Water as cooling agent in car engine

water has high specific heat capacity
able to absorb more heat without raising its temperature
2. Kitchenware
Handle: Higher specific heat capacity, heat up slower
Base: Lower specific heat capacity, heat up faster
3. Sea breeze
During the day, land heat up faster than sea water (cland < csea )
Warm air rises, lower pressure on land

Cooler air flows from sea to land
4. Land breeze
During the night, land cool down faster than sea water (cland < csea )

Warm air rises, lower pressure on sea

Cooler air flows from land to sea
4.3 Understanding Specific Latent Heat
Specific latent heat, l (SLH)
The heat energy required to change phase of 1kg object at a constant temperature
SLH of fusion
The heat energy required to change 1kg of solid to liquid at a constant temperature
SLH of vaporization
The heat energy required to change 1kg of liquid to gas at consant temperature
Formula
Q = ml,
where Q = energy, m = mass, l = specific latent heat
HEATING
1. Temperature increase:
Energy absorbed used to increase the average kinetic energy of molecules.
2. Temperature constant:
Energy absorbed is used ot overcome the forces of attraction between molecules. Average kinetic energy of molecules does not
change.
COOLING
1. Temperature decrease:
Energy released decreses the average kinetic energy of molecules.
2. Temperature constant:
Latent heat released to the surrounding, forces of attraction between molecules become stronger. Average kinetic energy of
molecules does not change.
Electrical energy
Q = P t, where Q = energy, P = power, t = time
Conservation of energy
P t = mcΔθ
P t = ml
4.4 Gas Laws
*note: temperature must be in K for calculation
Boyle's
The pressure of a fixed mass of gas is inversely proportional to its volume at constant temperature.
P1 V1 = P2 V2

Pressure
The pressure of a fixed mass of a gas is directly proportional to its absolute temperature (in K) at constant volume.
P1 P2
=

T1 T2

Charles
The volume of a constant mass of gas is directly proportional to its absolute temperatur (in K) at constant pressure
V1 V2
=

T1 T2

12/19/21, 10:41 AM Fundamentals of Waves
Wave
In this chapter you will learn about fundamentals of waves, damping and resonance, reflection, refraction and diffraction of waves, wave
interference and electromagnetic waves.
5.1 Fundamentals of Waves
Transverse Wave
Medium particles vibrate in a direction perpendicular to the direction of wave propagation.
Example: Water wave, electromagnetic wave and lightwave.
Source: physicsclassroom
Longitudinal Wave
Medium particles vibrate in a direction parallel to the direction of wave propagation
Example: Sound wave
Source: physicsclassroom
5.2 Damping dan Resonance
Damping
The decrease of the amplitude of an oscillating system.
An oscillating system experiences damping when its energy is losing to the surrounding as heat energy.
Source: onlinetuition.com.my
Resonance
A system that vibrates with maximum amplitude.
It occurs when a system vibrates at a frequency equal to its original frequency.
5.3 Reflection of waves
The angle of incidence = the angle of reflection

After being reflected:
Same: λ, f , v
Change: Direction
Source: www.gcse.com
5.4 Refraction of Waves
Waves change the speed of their movement as they travel from medium to medium of varying density.
(1) Water waves propagate from deep to shallow areas
Source: slideshare
Deep area Shallow area

Frequency, f Unchanged Unchanged
Velocity, v
High Low
Wavelength, λ Long Short
(2) Water waves flow from shallow to deep areas
Source: slideshare
Shallow area Deep area

Frequency, f Unchanged Unchanged
Velocity, v
Low High
Wavelength, λ
Short Long
5.5 Diffraction of Waves
Diffraction of Waves
Waves spread when passing through an opening or around an obstacle
Same: λ, f , v
A decreases
5.6 Interference of Waves
Interference of waves
The superposition effect produced by two coherent waves that meet when the waves propagate in the same medium.
Constructive interference
Superposition of two waves of equal phase to produce waves with maximum amplitude.
Peak meets peak yield higher peak (amplitude 2a).
Source: physicsnote.com
Trough meets trough results in higher wave trough (amplitude -2a).
Destructive interference
Superposition of two different phases of waves (antiphase) produces a wave with zero amplitude.
Peak and trough produce a wave with zero amplitude.
5.7 Electromagnetic Waves
Source: infoastronomy.org
12/19/21, 10:41 AM Refraction of Light
Light and Optics

This chapter is about refraction of light, total internal reflection, image formation by lenses, thin lens formula, optical instruments and image
formation by spherical mirrors.
6.1 Refraction of light
Refraction of light
The bending of a light ray at the boundary of two medium as the light ray propagates from a medium to another with difference optical
density.
The speed and direction of light changes when in different medium
Light that moves from less dense to denser medium will refracted towards normal.
Otherwise, the light that moves from denser to less dense medium will refracted away from normal.
Formula for refraction index, n

sin i0
n= ,
sin r0

(Snell's law), where i0 = incidence angle, r0 = refracted angle
D
n= , where D = real depth, d = apparent depth

d
c
n= ,
v
where c = velocity of light in air (3 × 108 ms−1 ), v = velocity of light in a medium
1
n= ,
sin c0

where c0 = critical angle
6.2 Total Internal Reflection
Total Internal Reflection

Reflection of light rays at the border of two medium when the angle of incidence in an optically denser medium is greater than the critical
angle.
The critical angle, c

The maximum angle of incidence before the total internal reflection can occur
(r 0 = 900 )
Conditions for total internal reflection:
i>c
light moves from denser → less dense medium
Examples of total internal reflection:
Mirage
Prism periscope
Prism binocular
Fiber optics
6.3 Image Formation by Lenses
Characteristics of image
Enlarged
Diminished
Same size
Inverted
Upright
Virtual
Real
Lenses
1. There are 2 types of lenses, namely the
Convex lens
Concave lens
2. Light rays passing through a convex or converging lens are bent towards the principal axis, whereas rays passing through a concave or
diverging lens are bent away from the principal axis.
Linear magnification, m
Ratio of image height to object height (no unit)
hi
m= , where hi = image height, ho = object height

ho
v
m= , where v = image distance, u = object distance
u
6.4 Thin Lens Formula
Lens equation relating f ,u,v

1 1 1
= + , where f = focal length, u = object distance, v = image distance

f u v
+ −
f convex lens (converging) concave lens (diverging)
v real image virtual image (same side with object)
6.5 Optical Instruments
Microscope Telescope
Similarities
Two convex lenses

First image (the object of the eyepiece: reals, inverted
Final image: virtual, inverted, magnified
Differences
Lens type: 2 high-powered lens Lens type: 1 high(eyepiece), 1 low-powered lens
Focal length: f0 < fe

Focal length: f0 > fe
First image: enlarged First image: diminished
Position of final image: close to the eye Position of final image: infinity
Distance between the lens: D > f0 + fe

Distance between the lens: D = f0 + fe
f0
Magnification: M = m0 × me Magnification: M =

fe
Applications of Small Lenses in Optical Instrument Technology
small lenses are used in smartphone cameras and CCTV

uses small size convex lens
produce real, inverted and diminished image at the sensor
to produce image with such characteristics (R, I, D) the distance between sensor and centre of lens has to be at least the length of focal
length of lens
6.6 Image Formation by Spherical Mirrors
Field of vision
Plane mirror - narrow

Concave mirror - very narrow
Convex mirror - wide
Concave mirror Convex mirror
C - Centre of curvature
r - Radius of curvature
F - Focal point
f - Focal length
u - Object distance
v - Image distance
Applications of Concave Mirrors in Daily Life:
Cosmetic mirror
Dental mirror
Reflector in car headlight
Applications of Convex Mirrors in Daily Life:
Blind spot mirror

Security mirror in buildings
Vehicle rear mirror
12/19/21, 10:41 AM Net Force
Force and Motion II

This chapter is about resultant force, resolution of forces, forces in equilibrium and elasticity.
1.1 Resultant force
Resultant force
A single force that represents the effect of combination of two or more forces by magnitude and direction.
Addition of forces (resultant force)
Parallel forces
Non-parallel forces
12/19/21, 10:41 AM Net Force
Triangle method (start at different points)
12/19/21, 10:41 AM Net Force
Parallelogram method ( start at the same points)
Perpendicular forces (Phytagorean Theorem)
a) Stationary @ constant velocity

R = mg cos α
12/19/21, 10:41 AM Net Force
F g = mg sin α
b) Acceleration
mg sin α − F g = ma
1.2 Resolution of forces
1. Resolution of forces
2. Inclined plane
12/19/21, 10:41 AM Net Force
1.3 Forces in equilibrium
Forces in equilibrium
An object is said to be in equilibrium of forces when the forces acting on it produce a zero resultant force.
Cosine rule
a2 = b2 + c2 − 2bc cos A
b2 = a2 + c2 − 2ab cos B
c2 = a2 + b2 − 2ab cos C
Sine rule
a b c
= =
sin A sin B sin C

1.3 Elasticity
Elasticity
The ability of an object to return to its original shape after the force applied on it has been removed
Hooke's law
Extension of spring is directly proportional to the force applied to the spring provided that the elastic limit of the spring has not been
exceeded.
12/19/21, 10:41 AM Net Force
Gradient of graph = spring constant
Elastic limit
The maximum force that can be applied on the spring before spring stops being elastic.
F = kx, where F = force, k = spring constant, x = extension of spring
Factors affecting the elasticity of the spring
1. Type of material
steel > copper
2. Length of the spring
12/19/21, 10:41 AM Net Force
3. Diameter of the spring
12/19/21, 10:41 AM Net Force
4. Thickness of the spring
5. Spring arrangement (parallel > series)

12/19/21, 10:41 AM Net Force
W
Force on each spring =
2 x

Extension of each spring =

2

12/19/21, 10:41 AM Net Force
12/19/21, 10:41 AM Net Force
Force on each spring = W

Extension of each spring = x
12/19/21, 10:42 AM Pressure in Liquid
Pressure
This chapter is about pressure in liquids, atmospheric pressure, gas pressure, Pascal's principle, Archimedes' principles and Bernoulli's principle.
2.1 Liquid Pressure
Liquid Pressure
P = hρg , where P = pressure, h = depth of the liquid, ρ = density, g = gravitational acceleration
Characteristics of pressure in liquid
1. Increases with depth
2. Does not depend on the shape of the container
3. Acting in all directions (Pascal)
4. Same level (height), same pressure
2.2 Atmospheric Pressure
Atmospheric pressure
Pressure due to the weight of the layer of air acting on the surface of the Earth.
Instruments to measure atmospheric pressure
Fortin barometer
Mercury barometer
Aneroid barometer
Applications of atmospheric pressure
1. Drinking straw
When straw is sucked, the air velocity in straw is high
The air pressure in the straw is lower than atmospheric pressure
Air is pushed up into a straw by atmospheric pressure
2. Rubber sucker
When the rubber is pressed, the air is removed
There is low pressure inside rubber sucker (partial vacuum)
Atmospheric pressure is higher than pressure inside rubber
Rubber sucker sticks on surface
3. Siphon
Atmospheric pressure is higher than the pressure in the siphone
The atmospheric pressure acting on liquid push the liquid down to a lower container
4. Syringes
When the piston is pulled, the pressure in the syringe decreases
The pressure in the syringe is lower than atmospheric pressure
The atmospheric pressure at the surface force water into the syringe.
5. Vacuum cleaner
Vacuum fan removes air from space inside dust bag
The pressure in the dust bag is lower than atmospheric pressure
Outside air is sucked into the dust bag together with dusts
2.3 Gas Pressure
Explaining pressure using the kinetic theory of gases.
Gas molecules move freely and randomly

Gas molecules hit wall of container and change direction (elastic collision) resulting in a change in momentum
Change of momentum per time produce force
Force per unit area produce pressure
Factors incluencing the gas pressure
1. Gas density
ρ ↑ P ↑
ρ ↓ P ↓
2. Temperature
T ↑ P ↑
T ↓ P ↓
Instruments to measure gas pressure
Bourdon gauge
Manometer
Another formula for pressure

F
P = , where P = pressure, F = force , A = area.

A
1
P ∝ → P is inversely proportional to A
A

A↑ P ↓
2.4 Pascal's Principle
Pascal's principle
The pressure exerted on an enclosed fluid will be transmitted equally throughout the liquid
F1 F2
= , where F = force exerted on the piston, A = area of the piston

A1 A2
Application of Pascal's principle

Hydraulic jack
Hydraulic brake
2.5 Archimedes' principle
Archimedes' principle
An object when partially or completely submerged in a fluid is acted on by a buoyant force equal to the weight of fluid displaced.
Volume of water displaced = Volume of submerged objects

Weight of water displaced = Buoyant force
Buoyant force, F
F = ρvg , where F = buoyant force, ρ = density of the liquid, v = volume of liquid displaced, g = gravitational acceleration
Archimedes' principle application
1. Submarine
Dives (move downwards)
Ballast tank is filled with water
Weight greater than buoyant force (W > F)
Submarine dives downwards
Rises (move upwards)
Water is removed from tank
Weight less than buoyant force (W
Submarine moves upwards
Constant depth @ floats
W=F
2. Hot air balloon

Downwards
Temperature decrease, volume of balloon decrease
Volume of air displaced decrease
Buoyant force decreases
W>F
Upwards
Temperature increase, volume increase
Volume of air displaced increase
Buoyant force increases
W
Constant depth
W=F
3. Plimsoll line
In cooler or denser water, ship floats more.
In warmer or less dense water, ship sinks more.
Goal: to ensure the ship is loaded within safety limit
4. Hydrometer
In low-density liquid
hydrometer sinks deeper
give low readings
In high-density liquid
hydrometer floats higher
give high readings
2.6 Bernoulli's Principle
Bernoulli's principle
In a steady flow of a fluid, fluid pressure decreases as fluid velocity increases and vice versa.
Application of Bernoulli's principle
1. Insecticide sprayers
The piston is pushed in, high air velocity on nozzle
The air pressure in the nozzle is lower than atmospheric pressure
Atmospheric pressure acts on the surface of the insecticide
Insecticide moves up through the tube
2. Bunsen burner
Gas flowing at high velocity, resulting in a lower pressure inside than atmospheric pressure
Air from outside is drawn in, mixed with gas
Gas and air mixture enables the burning of gas
3. Plane wing (aerofoil)

Air moves at higher velocity over the wing, resulting in lower pressure
Air moves slower under the wings, resulting in a higher pressure
Pressure below wing is higher than the pressure at the top
Resultant force acting upwards (lift)
4. Car spoiler ( inverted aerofoil)

Air moves at lower velocity over the wing, resulting in higher pressure
Air moves faster under the wings, resulting in a lower pressure
Pressure below wing is lower than the pressure at the top
Resultant force acting downwards
12/19/21, 10:42 AM Current and Potential Difference
Electric
This chapter is about current and potential difference, resistance, electromotive force (e.m.f) and internal resistance and also electrical energy
and power.
3.1 Current and Potential Difference
Electric field
The region around a charged particle where any electric charge in the region will experience an electric force
The patterns of observed electric fields for positive charge and negative charge are as follows:
(a)
The direction of the electric force line avoids the positive charge.
(b)
The direction of the electric force line to negative charge.
Electric field strength, E

Electric force acting on a unit positive charge placed at the point.
F
E= , where E = electric field strength, F = electric force, Q = quantity of electric charge

V
E= , where E = electric field strength, V = potential difference, d = distance between plates

Electric current, I
Rate of flow of charge in a conductor
Q
I= , I = current, Q = total charge, t = time

Potential difference
Work done in moving one coulomb of charge from one point to another.
W E
V = or V =
, where V= potential difference, W = work done, E = energy transferred, Q = amount of charges flowing

Q Q
3.2 Resistance
Ohm's law
Potential difference flowing through a conductor is directly proportional to the electric current when the temperature and other physical
properties are kept constant.
V =I ×R
If Ohm's law is obeyed, the graph against it or otherwise is a straight line as follows:
Ohmic conductor
Conductor which obeys Ohm's Law (Resistance constant)
Example: Constantan wire
Non-ohmic conductor
Conductor which does not obeys Ohm's Law (Resistance constant)
Example: Filament bulb
Resistance of wire
ρl
R=
Factors that affect the resistance of a wire
Length of wire, l
l increase, R increase
cross sectional area of wire, A
A increase, R decrease
resistivity of the wire, ρ
ρ increase, R increase
Resistivity of a conductor, ρ
a measure of a conductor's ability to oppose the flow of electric current
unit is ohm-meter
depends on the temperature and the nature of the conductor material
3.3 Electromotive Force (e.m.f) and Internal Resistance
Electromotive force, ε
Energy transferred or work done by an electrical source to move one coulomb of charge in a complete circuit.
E
ε= , where, ε = electromotive force, E = energy transferred / work done, Q = the amount of charge flowing
Q

Internal resistance, r
Resistance caused by electrolyte in the dry cell.
ε>V
Ir = ε − V
Formula relating E, V, I, R and r

ε = V + Ir
ε = I(R + r)
3.4 Electrical Energy and Power
Relationship betweenE , V , I and t

E =V It
Relationship betweenP , V and I
P =V I
Relationship betweenP , V , I and R
P = I2 R
V2
P =
R

Energy consumed for electrical devices, E

E=Pt
Cost of consumption
Total cost = E × Cost per kWh
12/19/21, 10:42 AM Magnetic Effect of a Current-Carrying Conductor
Electromagnetism
This chapter is about the force on a current-carrying conductor in a magnetic field, electromagnetic induction and transformer.
4.1 Force on a Current-carrying Conductor in a Magnetic Field
Catapult field
Resultant magnetic field produced by the interaction between the magnetic field from a current-carrying conductor and the magnetic field
from a permanent magnet
In simple terms:
(Current + Magnetic field) + Magnetic field = Force + Catapult field
The direction of the force acting on the conductor carrying-current in the magnetic field can be determined using Fleming's left-hand rule.
4.2 Electromagnetic Induction
Electromagnetic induction
The production of induced electric current without the use of any source of electricity by making relative motion between conductors or
magnets.
This causes a magnetic flux change in the conductor.
Electromagnetic induction also causes kinetic energy changes to electrical energy.
It is produced in a straight wire or solenoid.
The induced current production is summarized as follows:
1. Voltage is generated when a straight wire is moved across a magnetic field on a permanent magnet or a permanent magnet is moved
in a solenoid.
2. If the voltage is generated, then the induced current will also be generated.
3. The existence of induced currents can be proven by the movement of the needle deflection on the galvanometer.
In simple terms:
Force + Magnetic field = Induced current
The direction of the induced current flow can be determined by Fleming's right-hand rule.
The laws that are used in the concept of electromagnetic induction are Faraday's law and Lenz's law.
Faraday's Law
The magnitude of the electromotive force (e.m.f) is directly proportional to the rate of change in the magnetic flux.
The more and faster the magnetic field is “cut off,” the more current is generated.
Lenz's Law
The resulting induction current is always flowing in the direction that opposes the change in magnetic flux that produces it.
When the north pole of the magnet approaches the solenoid, the solenoid will reject the magnet.
To reject the north pole, the magnetic field on the solenoid becomes the north pole.
When the north pole of the magnet is away from the solenoid, the solenoid will turn to the south pole to retract the magnet.
As the poles change, the direction of the current also changes.
4.3 Transformer
Transformer
A tool that can increase or decrease the capacity of the alternating current supply.
There are two types of transformers which are step-up transformer and step-down transformer.
1. Step-up transformer
Increase the potential difference or voltage.
Vs > Vp , Ns > Np , Is < Ip

2. Step-down transformer
Lower the potential difference or voltage.
Vs < Vp , Ns < Np , Is > Ip

Transformer formula
Vs Ns
= , where V = voltage and N = number of turns

Vp Np

Ideal transformer
A tool used to efficiently convert the input power to the output power without any heat loss to the environment.
It has 100% efficiency.
Formula
Output power = Input power
Ps = Pp
Vs Is = Vp Ip ,

Output power
Efficiency = × 100%
Input power

Vs Is
= × 100%.

Vp Ip
12/19/21, 10:42 AM Electronic
Electronic
This chapter is about electrons, semiconductor diode and transistor.
5.1 Electrons
Thermionic emmision
The release of electrons from the heated metal surface.
The factor that influences thermionic emission:
1. The temperature of the cathode

As the temperature of the cathode increases, the rate of thermionic emission increases.
2. The surface area of the cathode
As the surface area of the cathode increases, the rate of thermionic emission increases.
3. The potential difference between anode and cathode
As the potential difference between the anode and the cathode increases, the electron velocity increases, causing the electron
beam to accelerate.
4. The type of cathode
Made of tungsten.
5. Cathode plating
Barium oxide, strontium oxide
(lower the temperature for the beam)
The characteristics of cathode rays:
1. Move-in a straight line at high velocity.

2. Has momentum and kinetic energy.
3. Kinetic energy → light energy when an electron hits a fluorescent screen.
4. Produces X-rays when exposed to heavy metals.
5. Charged –ve.
6. Can be deflected by magnetic field (Fleming left hand).
5.2 Semiconductor Diode
Semiconductor
A group of materials that conduct electricity better than an insulator but less efficient than metal conductors.
Elements commonly used as semiconductors include silicon, germanium and selenium.
Doping process
Process of adding small amounts of foreign atoms such as antimony and boron atoms.
Types of semiconductors
1. n-type semiconductor
Silicone (4 valence electrons) is doped with pentavalent atoms such as antimony, phosphorus or arsenic to increase the number of
free electrons.
This silicone has electrons as the majority charge carrier.
2. p-type semiconductor
Silicone is doped with trivalent atoms such as boron, indium and gallium which have more positive holes.
This silicone has a positive hole as the majority charge carrier.
Semiconductor diode
It is obtained when the p-type and n-type semiconductors are combined.
It acts as a tool that allows the current to flow in one direction only.
The diode works in two ways:
1. Forward-biased
The depletion layer shrinks, R decreases
The junction voltage decreases
The supplied V is higher than the junction voltage
Current flows
2. Reverse-biased
The depletion layer thickens, R increases
The junction voltage increases
The supplied V is lower than the junction voltage
Current does not flow
5.3 Transistor
Transistor
A three-terminal semiconductor device used to regulate current or to amplify an input signal into a greater output signal.
Transistors are also used to switch electronic signals.
Two types of transistors:
1. PNP-type transistor
The arrow on the emitter (E) is drawn inward the base (B).
2. NPN-type transistor
The arrow on the emitter (E) is drawn out of the base (B).
Formula
IE + IB + IC

12/19/21, 10:42 AM Radioactive Decay
Nuclear Physics
This chapter is about radioactive decay and nuclear energy.
6.1 Radioactive Decay
Radioactivity
A spontaneous process where an unstable nucleus changes into a more stable nucleus by emitting radiations.
Radioactive radiation
The release of high-energy particles.
The characteristics of the radioactive radiation:
1. Ionizing power
α highest, γ lowest
2. Penetrating power
α lowest, γ highest
3. Can be stopped by
4. In electric field
5. In magnetic field
Decay of nuclei
The process by which unstable nuclei emit radioactive rays to be more stable nuclei.
Spontaneous: the decay rate is not controlled, happens by itself, not affected by the chemical composition or physical factors (temperature,
pressure, light, electric and magnetic fields)
Alpha decay
4
A
ZX →A−4
Z−2 Y +2 He

where,
A−4
Z−2 Y is the new element and,

4
2 He is the alpha particle.

Beta decay
A
ZX → A
Z+1 R +0−1 β
where,
Z+1 R is the new element and,

A

0
−1 β is the beta particle.

Gamma decay
ZX →A
Z X+T
A

When a radioisotope emits a gamma-ray, it does not change the value of the nucleon number (A) or the value of the proton number (Z ).
No new element will be created when a nucleus emits a gamma-ray.
Half-life
The time taken by a radioactive sample to decay by half of its original mass.
The concept of half-life can be described as follows:
The half-life value can be determined from the graph of the activity against time or the graph of the number of atoms, N radioactive against
time:
6.2 Nuclear energy
Nuclear fusion
Two or more small and light nuclei combine to produce a heavier nucleus. (produce energy).
- Difficult to achieve
- Nucleus repel each other (+ ve)
- Need to have a very high temperature to make the kinetic energy to overcome the repulsion
Nuclear fission
A heavy nucleus split into two or more of smaller nuclei with almost the same mass when bombarded by neutrons (produce energy).
Chain reaction: Neutrons from nuclear fission continuously splitting nuclei causing further fission.
Formula
E = mc2
12/19/21, 10:42 AM Menjelaskan latar belakang pencetusan idea teori kuantum
Quantum Physics
This chapter is about quantum theory of light, photoelectric effect and Einstein's photoelectric effect.
7.1 Quantum Theory of Light
Electromagnetic spectrum
All objects emits electromagnetic radiation.

Cold objects → waves with low frequency (Eg: radio waves, microwave)
Hot objects → waves with higher frequency (Eg: visible light and ultraviolet radiation)
Black body
An idealised body that is able to absorb all electromagnetic radiation that falls on it.
Thermal radiation
Electromagnetic radiation which includes visible radiation and radiation that cannot be seen by the human eye such as infrared radiation.
Classical Theory
1. The particle nature of light (Isaac Newton)

Unsuccessful in explaining the phenomenon of light refraction due to failure in comparing the speed of light in glass and air
2. Double-slit experiment (Thomas Young)

Unable to explain the radiation spectrum produced by black bodies
3. Dalton atomic model

Unable to explain the light spectrum produced by atoms
4. Discovery of electrons
Unable to explain the line spectrum of light produced by atoms
Quantum theory
1. Max Planck
Introduced the concept of quantum (discrete energy) in 1900
2. Albert Einstein
Einstein's quantum theory of light was susccessful in explaining the characteristics of the photoelectric effect that could not be
explained by classical theory
3. Niels Bohr
Explained the production of line spectrum by hydrogen atoms
4. Louis De Broglie
Introduced the hypothesis on the wave nature of particles in 1924
Electromagnetic spectrum may be a:
1. Continuous spectrum
2. Line spectrum
Continuous spectrum
The dispersion of white light by a prism consisting of seven visible colours.
Line spectrum
Produced by an excited atom is a series of colored lines with unique wavelengths and frequencies.
Photon energy, E
E = hf ,
−34
where h = Planck constant (6.63 × 10 Js
f = frequency of light waves
Wavelength, λ
h
λ= ,
mv
where m = mass of particle,
v = velocity of particle
7.2 Photoelectric effect
Photoelectric effect
The phenomenon when a metal surface is illuminated by a beam of light at a certain frequency, electrons can be emitted from the metal.
Threshold frequency, f0
The minimum frequency required to produce photoelectric effect on a metal.
7.3 Einstein's Photoelectric Theory
Einstein's Photoelectric Equation

1 2
mvmaks = hf − W
2

At the threshold frequency f0 , kinetic energy = 0, then

1 2
mvmaks = h(f − f0 )
2

Work function
The minimum energy required for a photoelectron to be emitted from a metal surface.
hc
W = hf0 =
Threshold frequency
The minimum frequency for a light photon to produce photoelectric effect.
Caesium Lithium
Work function of caesium, W = 2.14 eV Work function of lithium, W= 2.14 eV
Threshold frequency,f0 = 6.03 × 1014 Hz
Threshold frequency, f0 = 5.16 × 1014 Hz
Maximum wavelength to produce photoelectric current, λ = 579 nm Maximum wavelength to produce photoelectric current, λ = 496 nm
Photoelectric Effect Applications
1. Solar panel
2. Light detectors at the automatic doors
3. Image sensor in high resolution cameras

Form 4 and 5 Physics Short Notes

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Form 4 and 5 Physics Short Notes

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Form 4 and 5 Physics Short Notes

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

12/19/21, 10:40 AM Physical Quantities

1.1 Physical quantities

Base quantities : Derived quantities :

length, l (m) area, l × l (m2 )

Convert 135 to standard numbers.

two decimal move to the left = +

Convert 0.00008 to standard numbers.

five decimal move to the right = −

Prefix Symbol Standard form

Example : Convert 200 m to km.

200 ÷ 103 = 0.2 km

Example : Convert 0.2 km to m.

0.2 × 103 = 200 m

Scalar quantity Vector quantity

1.2 Scientific Investigation

y decreases linearly with x

© 2021 Pandai.org All Rights Reserved Made with  in Malaysia

Force and Motion I

2.1 Linear Motion

Formulas for distance, speed & acceleration

v = u + at → use this formula when there is no s given

v 2 = u2 + 2as → use this formula when there is no t given

distance between dots increase distance between dots decrease

2.2 Motion Graph

Velocity - time (v-t) graph

so velocity=0 so acceleration=0 or velocity constant

gradient constant, gradient constant,

so velocity constant so acceleration constant

gradient increasing, gradient increasing,

so velocity increasing so acceleration increasing

2.3 Free Falling

Gravitational acceleration, g = 9.81 ms−2

In air In vacuum Stroboscope

Newton's first law of motion

The larger the mass, the greater the inertia of an object.

the movement of people in the bus when it

the sauce came out after we suddenly stop the

Applications of the concept of inertia

Ways of reducing the negative effects of inertia

Using seatbelts to prevent the passenger thrown forward due to inertia

Momentum : product of mass and velocity

The principle of conservation of momentum

Types of situations involving principle of conservation of momentum

Elastic collision Inelastic collision

rifle firing a bullet

2.6 Effect of a Force

Forces in equilibrium Forces not in equilibrium

Resultant force = 0 N Resultant force =0N ​

2.7 Impulse And Impulsive Force

Impulsive force = rate of change of momentum (N)

Newton's Third Law of Motion

Time vs impulsive force

Weight: Gravitational force acting on an object

g = gravitational acceleration, ms−2

© 2021 Pandai.org All Rights Reserved Made with  in Malaysia

3.1 Newton's Universal Law of Gravitation

Newton's Universal Law of Gravitation

Gravitational force between two bodies, F

m1 = mass of first body

Resultant force = 0 N Resultant force =0N