1 1. a. i. (Indicator) bulb / lamp labelled [1] cells / battery / power source labelled EEE ii. ArrowS in clockwise direction 2. Electrolyte: liquid that conducts electricity Electrolvysis: breakdown of ionic substance when molten or in solution [1] by passage of electricity Insulator: non-conductor [1] 3. Awith 3; B with1; Cwith 4; Dwith 2 (2 marks if 4 correct, 1mark if 2or 3 correct) 4. a. Good electrical conductor [1] low density / lightweight b. (Fairly good) electrical conductor [1] strong [1] 5. Four substances having delocalised electrons (1 mark for each two) e.g.graphite /metal (only 1allowed) / aromatic hydrocarbons, e.g. benzene, phenol, graphene / nanotubes Some substances containing delocalised electrons are molecules [1] So electrons cannot flow from one molecule to another. [1) Unit 8.2 1. Abattery / cell(s) / power supply [1) Banode [1) Ccathode [1) Delectrolyte [1) Arrows onexternal circuit from + electrode to power pack and power pack to - electrode (clockwise). [1) 2 Reactive elements such as sodium are more likely to form ions than less reactive elements such as silver, If a metal is more reactive than hydrogen, its ions stay in solution during electrolysis and hydrogen arising from hydrogen ions inwater bubbles off. (1 mark for each correct word) 3. (1mark for each 'cell' correct)
Electrolyte Cathode (H|Anode (+) Observations at the
product product anode
Concentrated hydrogen chlorine bubbles of gas, green
Concentrated hydrogen chlorine bubbles of gas,green
HCl(aq) when collected
Dilute AgNO,(aq) silver Oxygen colourless bubbles
4. a. Hydrogen formed at the cathode [1]because sodium is too
high in the reactivity series to be discharged [1) Bromine formed at the anode [1]because halogens are discharged more readily than hydrogen and the concentration is high [1] b. Hydrogen formed at the cathode [1]because sodium is too high in the reactivity series to be discharged [1) Mixture of chlorine and oxygen formed at the cathode [1] Neither concentrated, when largely chlorine would be discharged, nor dilute, when largely oxygen would be discharged [1] Unit 8.3 1. a. b. dilute sulfuric molten zinc bromide a. + acid
e H+ (Zn2+ 2e H+ (OH Br
Br (Zn2+) 4fOH
C. concentrated hydrochloric d. aqueous copper(l)
sulfate acid +
H+ CI (Cu2) e OH OH e e 2e (OHT H+ H+ Cu2+
Zinc ions moving to cathode and bromide ions to anode [1]
Bromide ions donating electrons to anode and zinc jons taking electrons from cathode [1) b. Hydrogen ions moving to cathode and hydroxide and sulfate ions to anode [1] Hydroxide ions donating electrons to anode and hydrogen ions takingelectrons from cathode [1) C. Hydrogen ions moving to cathode and chloride and hydroxide ions to anode [1] Chloride ions donating electrons toanode and hydrogen ions taking electrons from cathode [1] d. Hydrogen ions and copper ions moving to cathode and hydroxide and sulfate ions to anode [1] Hydroxide ions donating electrons to anode and copper ions taking electrons from cathode [1] 2. a. i. positive [1] gain [1) i. negative [1]lose [1] iii. cathode, anode [1) b. i. Zn? + 2e’Zn ii. 2CkCl, +2e (1 mark for 2and ClL, 1-mark for balance with electrons) iii. 24* +2e’ H, (1 mark for 2 and H,, 1 mark for balance with electrons) iv. AB* + 3e AI [1) 3. a. 40H ’ 0, + 2H,0+ 4e (1mark for correct formulae including electrons, 1 mark for balance) b. 202-’0, +4e (1mark for corect formulae including electrons,1 mark for balance) Unit 8.4 1. a. i. Aqueous sodium chloride [1] ii. 2NaCl(ag) + 2H,00) ’ 2NaOH(aq) + Cl,(g) + H,(g) (1 mark for NaCland CI,, 1mark for correct state symbols) b. i. Achlorine [1]D hydrogen EEEEEEE ii. R i. Chlorine discharged more readily thanxygen [1] from hydroxide ions in water [1) iv. Sodium is higher in the reactivity series than hydrogen [1] So hydrogen is discharged preferentially / discharged instead [1] V. (Aqueous) sodium hydroxide [1] vi. lons present in solution in brine are chloride, hydroxide, hydrogen, and sodium (1] Hydrogen and chloride ions are consumed at the electrodes [1]| Leaving sodium and hydroxide ions in solution [1] 2. Anode: 2Cl(aq) ’C,(g) + 2e (1mark for formulae including electron, 1 mark for balance) Cathode:2H* +2e’ H, (1mark for formulae including electron, 1mark for balance) Unit 8.5 1. mass of the anode: no change [1]|anode: decreases [1] electrodes cathode: increases cathode: large slightly [1]| increase [1] appearance anode: none / bubbles anode: gets thinner [1] given off cathode: gets thicker cathode: goes pink l with lighter colour brown [1] pink deposit [1] electrolyte gets a lighter blue / remains same depth of fades [1] colour [1) 2. a. A=rod, C =jug, E= solution in which the anode and cathode dip [1] (3 correct= 2marks, 1 or 2 correct = 1 mark) b gains mass (slightly) [1] becomes silvery [1] silver ion ispositive [1] So silver deposited on negative electrode [1] 3. a. 40H ’ 0, + 2H,0 + 4er (1 mark forcorrect formulae including electrons, 1mark for balance) b. Niz+ 2e’ Ni (2 marks if completelycorrect, but if not, 1mark for Niz+) Unit 9.1 b. exothermic [1) c. endothermic [1) 1. a.endothermic 1] e. exothermic d. exothermic [1]
