NLM Midterm

NURSING MANAGEMENT AND LEADERSHIP
NCM119NLM 1ST SEMESTER – DOC. LIZA CHAN – SAT 7:30-4:30 H308
3 COMMUNICATE EFFECTIVELY
EVIDENCED BASED PRACTICE
● Competency involves clear

TOPIC OVERVIEW communication with patients, families,
and the healthcare team, ensuring
A. EVIDENCED BASED PRACTICE everyone is informed about the patient's
a. National Nursing Care care plan.
Competency Standards
b. Philippine Professional Nursing
Practice Standards (PPNPS) 4 EXHIBIT CRITICAL THINKING
c. Patient Care Safety Standards
d. Standards of Nursing Practice ● Nurses must analyze situations, prioritize
tasks, and solve problems efficiently in
complex, fast-paced environments
A NATIONAL NURSING CARE
COMPETENCY STANDARDS
5 DEMONSTRATE ETHICAL AND
PROFESSIONAL BEHAVIOR
NURSING CARE COMPETENCY
● refers to the ability of a nurse to
effectively and safely perform their duties ● Competency requires following the
in delivering patient care, in accordance ethical guidelines and maintaining
with established standards, knowledge, patient confidentiality and professional
skills, and attitudes. boundaries.
● It encompasses various aspects of clinical
practice, including technical skills, critical KEY ELEMENTS OF NURSING CARE
thinking, interpersonal communication, COMPETENCY
and adherence to ethical and legal
standards. 1. Knowledge
2. Skills
A COMPETENCY IN NURSING ENSURES 3. Attitude
THAT A NURSE CAN: 4. Critical thinking
5. Communication
6. Cultural competence
1 PROVIDE SAFE AND EFFECTIVE CARE
NATIONAL NURSING CARE

● Competent nurses can safely administer COMPETENCY STANDARDS
medications, perform procedures, and
use medical equipment while preventing
harm to patients. NURSING CARE COMPETENCY
● is crucial to ensure the quality of
healthcare and the safety of patients.
2 APPLY CLINICAL KNOWLEDGE ● Nurses are evaluated on their
COMPETENCIES throughout their
careers to ensure continuous
● Nurses must understand disease
professional growth and adherence to
processes, treatment protocols, and the
standards.
healthcare system to make informed
decisions.
PAGE 1 SCHOOL OF FISH – BSN4-NIGHTINGALE

B1 WHAT IS STANDARD?
02 PROCESS STANDARDS
● A STANDARD
● In the context of nursing refers to a
specific set of expectations or ● Standards that refer to actual nursing
benchmarks that guide the quality and care procedures or those activities
delivery of nursing care. engaged in by nurses to administer care.
● It helps maintain consistency, safety, and
quality in nursing care across different
03 OUTCOME STANDARDS
healthcare settings.
● These are standards that are designed for

B2 WHAT IS COMPETENCY STANDARD
measuring the results of nursing care.
● Other means of monitoring and
● A competency standard refers to a set of measuring include, (Conflict
defined expectations, guidelines, or Management, Budgeting and Discipline.
benchmarks that outline the knowledge,
skills, and behaviors required for an
CHALLENGES IN NURSING
individual to perform effectively in a
PROFESSION
specific role or profession.
● Complexity of globalization
01 NURSING STANDARDS
● Dynamics of information technology
● Demographic changes
● are authoritative guidelines that define ● Health care reforms
the responsibilities and level of ● Increasing demands for quality nursing
performance expected of nurses in care from consumers
various aspects of patient care.
● These standards set the minimum level
B3 CORE COMPETENCIES
of care, quality, and professional conduct
that nurses must adhere to in their
practice. 1. Ethico-moral Responsibility
● They are established by nursing 2. Legal responsibility
regulatory bodies, professional 3. Communication
organizations, and healthcare institutions 4. Safe quality care
to ensure consistent and safe nursing 5. Health education
care across different settings. 6. Collaboration and teamwork
7. Record management
8. Management of resources and
02 TYPES OF STANDARDS
environment
9. Research
● Standards that focus on the structure or 10. Quality improvement
management system used by an agency
to organize and deliver nursing care,
including the number and categories of
DIMENSIONS ARE BUILT AROUND
nursing personnel who provide that care
THE CORE NEED FOR HEALTH CARE
● (e.g. A team leader is responsible for no
TO BE
more that 20 patients, with no fewer
than 3 team members to provide care)

● Safe
B6 REVISITING PROJECT
● Effective
● Patient-centered
● Timely ● Created in 2009 by PRBON
● Efficient
● Equitable
B4 WHAT CAN NURSE LEADERS DO TO

FACILITATE QUALITY IMPROVEMENT
AND PROMOTE PATIENT SAFETY?
● 2009 Revisiting Project Process

○ Work setting scenario analysis
○ Benchmarking with nursing core
competencies of other countries
○ Validation studies of roles and
responsibilioties
○ Integrative review of outputs from
validation strategies,
presentations of validation
analysis
B5 NATIONAL NURSING CARE ○ Core competency consensual
COMPETENCY STANDARDS validation
● Board of Nursing Resolution no. 112 Series PRBON

Of 2005, adopted and promulgated the
Core Competency Standards of Nursing
Practice in the Philippines. ● Article Ill, section 9 (c) of Republic Act No.
● Utilized effectively in: 9173 Philippine Nursing Act of 2002
○ Nursing education ● Is empowered to monitor and enforce
○ Nurse licensure examination quality standards of nursing practice in
○ Nursing service the Philippines.
● They exercise the powers necessary to
ensure the maintenance of efficient,
ethical and technical, moral and
professional standards in the practice of
nursing taking into account the health
needs of the nation.

NNCCS NURSE’S ROLE
● Beginning nurse’s role on client care

● Beginning nurse’s role on management
and leadership
● Beginning nurse’s role on research
7 NNCCS 10 KEY PHASES
1. Phase I
a. Work setting scenario analysis
2. Phase II
a. Validation studies of roles and
responsibilities/Benchmarking
3. Phase III
a. Integrative review of outputs from For The Beginning Nurses’ Role on
the validation strategies Client Care, there are 5
4. Phase IV responsibilities:
a. Consensual Validation of Core
1. Practices in accordance with legal
5. Phase V
practices and the code ethics in making
a. Conduct of Public hearing
personal and professional judgment.
6. Phase VI
2. Utilizes the nursing process in the
a. Promulgation of the Revised and
interdisciplinary care of clients that
Modified Core Competency
empowers the clients and promotes safe
Standards
quality care.
7. Phase VII
3. Maintains complete, accurate and up to
a. Printing of the Revised and
date recording and reporting system.
Modified core competency
4. Establishes collaborative relationship
Standards (2012 NNCCS)
with colleagues and other members of
8. Phase VIII
the team to enhance nursing and other
a. Training in the implementation of
health care services.
the 2012 National Nursing Core
5. Promotes professional and personal
growth and development.
9. Phase IX
a. Implementation of the 2012
National Nursing Core
Competency Standards BEGINNING NURSE’S ROLE ON
10. Phase X MANAGEMENT AND LEADERSHIP
a. Evaluation of the effectiveness of
the 2012 National Nursing Core
1. Demonstrates management and
leadership skills to provide safe and
quality care.
2. Demonstrates accountability for safe
nursing practice.
3. Demonstrates management and
leadership skills to deliver health

programs and services effectively to

specific client groups in the community
PHILIPPINE PROFESSIONAL NURSING
settings.
PRACTICE STANDARDS (PPNPS)
4. Manages a community/village based
health facility/component of a health
program or a nursing service. ● PPNPS are authoritative statements of
5. Demonstrates ability to lead and the duties that all registered nurses,
supervise nursing support staff. regardless of role, population or specialty
6. Utilizes appropriate mechanism for are expected to perform competency.
networking, linkage building and (ANA 2010).
referrals. ● ANA further states that the standards
can change as the dynamics of
professional nursing evolve and the
specific clinical circumstances or
BEGINNING NURSE’S ROLE ON
conditions might affect the application
RESEARCH
of the standards at any given time.
1. Engages in nursing or health related

research with or under the supervision of
PHILIPPINE NURSING ACT OF 2002 RA
an experienced researcher.
9173
2. Evaluates research study/report utilizing
guidelines in the conduct of a written
research critique. ● The primary purpose of the standards is
3. Applies the research process in to promote, guide, and direct
improving client care in partnership with professional nursing practice.
a quality improvement/quality ● Standards will be useful to the following:
assurance/nursing audit team. ○ Nursing Education Leaders
○ Employers
○ Professional Nurse
○ Public
PHILIPPINE PROFESSIONAL NURSING
○ PRBON
PRACTICE STANDARDS
● Article Ill, Sec 4 (H) RA 7164 Phil Nursing

NATIONAL POLICY ON PATIENT
Act of 1991
SAFETY
● Provides power to PRBON which
includes the power to promulgate or
adopt measures as may be necessary for ● Administrative Order 2008-0023
the improvement of the nursing practice ● Objectives:
and for the advancement of the ○ To establish a comprehensive
profession. patient safety program in all levels
● September 1994 of the health care delivery system
○ PRBON had a meeting with PNA through effective governance.
nursing leaders, ANSAP and ○ To develop the critical capacity of
Other National nursing the health care workers in the
organizations and groups. health facilities for the
● September 1998: implementation of standards,
○ PRBON Resolution No. 82 was guidelines, systems, training
issued - which adopted and programs, relative to patient
promulgated the Standards. safety.

○ To sustain and continuously medication, or treatment to prevent

improve mechanisms that mix-ups or errors.
nurtures a culture of safety
through appropriate strategies. 4. MEDICATION SAFETY
● Guidelines for proper prescribing,

dispensing, and administration of
PATIENT CARE SAFETY STANDARDS medications, including dosage accuracy
and checking for drug interactions or
allergies.
● Patient Safety Program
○ The implementation of the 5. COMMUNICATION
Patient Safety Program for all
facilities shall be anchored on ● Encouraging clear, accurate, and timely
both DOH licensing and PHIC communication between healthcare
accreditation standards. providers, patients, and families to avoid
● are a set of guidelines, protocols, and misunderstandings and ensure
practices that ensure the well-being and coordinated care.
safety of patients during the delivery of
healthcare services. 6. FALL PREVENTION
● These standards aim to minimize risks,
prevent harm, and ensure that patients ● Measures to identify patients at risk of
receive safe, high-quality care across falling and implementing strategies such
different healthcare settings. as non-slip footwear, bed alarms, and
adequate supervision to prevent falls.
7. SAFE USE OF EQUIPMENT

KEY ASPECTS OF PATIENT CARE
SAFETY STANDARDS: ● Ensuring that medical equipment is
regularly maintained, calibrated, and
used appropriately to avoid accidents or
1. ERROR PREVENTION harm to patients.
● Implementing systems and protocols to 8. PATIENT CONSENT
prevent medical errors, such as wrong
medication administration, incorrect ● Obtaining informed consent from
procedures, or misdiagnosis. patients before any procedure, ensuring
they understand the risks, benefits, and
alternatives.
2. INFECTION CONTROL
9. STAFF COMPETENCY
● Standards that focus on preventing
healthcare-associated infections (HAls) ● Ensuring that healthcare professionals
through hand hygiene, sterilization, are properly trained, certified, and
proper use of personal protective competent in their roles to deliver safe
equipment (PPE), and isolation and effective care.
procedures.
10. EMERGENCY PREPAREDNESS
3. PATIENT IDENTIFICATION ● Having protocols in place for handling
emergencies, such as cardiac arrests or
natural disasters, to ensure patient safety
● Ensuring that patients are correctly
in critical situations.
identified before any procedure,

STANDARDS OF NURSING PRACTICE

WHY ARE PATIENT CARE SAFETY
STANDARDS IMPORTANT?
● The Joint Commission
○ Was formerly the joint
1. PREVENT HARM commission on accreditation of
healthcare organizations (JCAHO)
● The primary goal is to protect patients and previous to that the joint
from avoidable harm or injury. commission on accreditation of
hospitals (JCAH).
2. IMPROVE QUALITY OF CARE
● Joint Commission International (JCI)
● Following these standards ensures that ○ Established in 1998 as a division of
care is consistent, high-quality, and Joint Commission Resources, inc.
aligned with best practices. (JCR), a not-for-profit, private
affiliate of the Joint Commission.
3. REDUCE HEALTHCARE COSTS
● By preventing errors and complications,

these standards reduce the need for THE JOINT COMMISSION
additional treatments or extended
hospital stays. ● Non-profit Organization in the healthcare
industry
4. COMPLIANCE AND ACCOUNTABILITY ● Founded in 1951
● Headquarters in Illinois, USA
● Hospitals and healthcare providers are
● Mission Worldwide
often required to follow safety standards
○ Helping to improve the quality of
to meet regulatory and accreditation
patient care; assisting
requirements.
international health care
organizations, public health
agencies, health ministries, and
THE KEY AREAS IN PATIENT SAFETY others in evaluating, improving,
INCLUDE BUT NOT LIMITED TO: and demonstrating the quality of
patient care; and enhancing
patient safety in more than 60
countries.
● The purpose of The Joint Commission's
National Patient Safety Goals (NPSGs) is
to promote specific improvements in
patient safety.
● The NPSGs highlight problematic areas
in health care and describe evidence and
expert-based solutions to these
problems.
INTERNATIONAL PATIENT SAFETY

GOALS (IPSGS)
● Joint Commission International (JCI)

○ The goals were adapted from the

IDENTIFY PATIENTS CORRECTLY
JCAHO's National Patient Safety
Goals.
○ Compliance with IPSG has been ● The Goal is two fold:
monitored in JCI-accredited ○ First, to reliably identify the
hospitals since January 2006. individual as a person for whom
the service is intended.
○ Second, to match the service or
treatment to that individual.
JCI ACCREDITED HOSPITALS IN THE
● Identifiers:
PHILIPPINES:
○ Patient's Medical Record
○ Patient's Identification Band
○ Electronic Medical Record
1. The Medical City ○ Patient's Registration Card
2. St. Luke's Medical Center
3. Makati Medical Center
Questions
● How do you Identify your patients
correctly?
● How do you make sure it is the right
Patient?
● What will you do in case the patient
doesn't have ID with him?
● What are the common IPSG 1
Violations nurses do in the Philippine
Practice Setting Hospital or
Community?
IMPROVE EFFECTIVE
COMMUNICATION
● Verbal Orders are reserved for Urgent/

Emergent situation ONLY.
● Read back procedure for the receipt of
Laboratory or Radiology Results.
● Develop and implement process for
Handover communication

○ Correct procedure side or site

IMPROVE THE SAFETY OF HIGH-ALERT
○ Necessary imaging, equipment,
MEDICATIONS
implants or special requirements
are present
● High- Alert Medications - are ● It is also applicable for invasive and other
medications that bear a heightened risk procedures performed outside the OR.
of causing significant patient harm when ■
they are used in error.
● LASA/ Look-Alike and Sound- Alike
REDUCED RISK OF HEALTH CARE
Medication - are medications whose
ASSOCIATED INFECTIONS
names or packages, sound or look similar
to other drug names or packages.
○ Independent Double Checking ● Implement evidence-based Hand
○ Rights of Medication Hygiene guidelines to reduce the risk of
Administration HAls.
○ HAMS stored in High Alert Bins ● Follow WHO Guidelines of Hand Hygiene
with standardized Medication in Health care 2009
Label. ● Alcohol Based Hand Rub
● Controlled Substances and Narcotics, ● Hand Washing with Soap and Water
Concentrated Electrolytes
○ Kept in locked Cupboard
5 MOMENTS FOR HAND HYGIENE
■ High Alert Label
1. Before touching a patient

ENSURE CORRECT SITE, CORRECT
PROCEDURE, CORRECT PATIENT ● WHEN? Clean your hands before
SURGERY touching a patient.
● WHY? To protect the patient against
● Wrong site, wrong procedure, wrong harmful germs carried on your hand
patient surgery errors are the result of
2. Before clean/aseptic procedures
ineffective or inadequate
communication between members of ● WHEN? Clean your hands immediately
the surgical team, lack of patient before performing a clean/aseptic
involvement in site marking, and lack of procedure.
procedures for verifying the operative ● WHY? To protect the patient against
site. harmful germs, including the patient’s
● The essential Process found in the own, from entering his/her body.
Universal
Protocol are: 3. After body fluid exposure risk
○ Marking the surgical site
○ A pre-operative verification ● WHEN? Clean your hands immediately
process after a procedure involving exposure risk
○ Time-out that is held immediately to body fluids (and after gloves removal).
before the start of a procedure. ● WHY? To protect yourself and the
● TIME-OUT – is the full verification that is environment from harmful patient
performed immediately prior to the germs.
induction of anesthesia or the start of an
invasive procedure when the entire care 4. After touching a patient
team actively and verbally confirms:
○ Patient’s Identity
○ Procedure to be performed

● WHEN? Clean your hands after touching ○ NCPS

the patient at the end of the encounter
or when the encounter is interrupted.
A ETHICO-MORAL ASPECTS OF
● WHY? To protect yourself and the
NURSING
environment from harmful patient
germs.
5. After touching patient surroundings CODE OF ETHICS FOR NURSES IN THE

PHILIPPINES
● WHEN? Clean your hands after touching
any object or furniture in the patient
● Code of Ethics for Nurses in the
surroundings when a specific zone is
Philippines
temporarily and exclusively dedicated to
○ serves as a guide for professional
a patient even if the patient has not been
conduct and behavior.
touched.
○ It outlines the moral and ethical
● WHY? To protect yourself and the
responsibilities of nurses,
environment from harmful patient
emphasizing their role in
germs.
providing safe and compassionate
care
REDUCE RISK OF PATIENT HARM ● PRINCIPLES
RESULTING FROM FALL 1. Respect for Life and Human Rights
2. Commitment to Service
3. Integrity in Professional Practice
● JCI Requirements:
4. Competence and Professional
○ The Hospital must implement a
Development
process for assessing all in
5. Collaboration with the Healthcare Team
patients and those outpatients
6. Responsibility to the Profession
whose condition, diagnosis,
7. Advocacy for Patients' Rights
situation (such as arriving by
8. Confidentiality
ambulance, patient transfers from
9. Ethical Decision-Making
wheelchairs or location such as PT
10. Nationalism and Promotion of Public
dept. ) identifies them as High
Welfare
Risk for Falls.
○ The Hospital must implement a
process for the Initial and ongoing
assessment, reassessment, and ICN CODE OF ETHICS FOR NURSES
intervention of inpatients and
outpatients identified as at risk for
● The ICN (International Council of Nurses)
falls based on documented
Code of Ethics for Nurses
criteria.
○ is a global framework that
○ Measures are implemented to
outlines the ethical standards for
reduce fall risks for those
nurses worldwide.
identified Patients, Situations, and
○ It provides guidance on how
Locations assessed to be at risk.
nurses should act in various
● Nursing Staff Responsibilities on Fall
situations while maintaining the
Prevention:
highest standards of care and
○ Assess
professionalism.
○ Identify risk
○ Environmental check
○ Footwear
○ Education

Appointment by the PRESIDENT

THE ICN CODE
of the Phil.
● BON: Qualifications:
● FOUR FUNDAMENTAL 1. PNA member in good standing
RESPONSIBILITIES 2. RN with master's degree
1. promoting health 3. Natural born citizen and resident
2. preventing illness 4. No conviction of any offense
3. restoring health (moral turpitude)
4. alleviating suffering 5. With At least 10 years continuous
practice of the profession prior to
● KEY ELEMENTS appointment
1. Nurses and People 6. Last 5 years shall be in the Phil.
2. Nurses and Practice ● Term of Office
3. Nurses and the Profession ○ Chairperson and the members of
4. Nurses and Co-Workers the Board serve for a term of
5. Nurses and Society three (3) years and may be
reappointed for one more term,
after which no further
reappointments are allowed.
ICN CODE OF ETHICS ● BON shall represent 3 areas of Nursing
(Sec. 4)
● emphasizes the role of nurses as key ○ Community Health Nursing
players in shaping healthcare systems, ○ Nursing Education
ensuring patient rights, and maintaining ○ Nursing Service
a high standard of professionalism
globally.
● It also underscores the importance of BON: POWERS, DUTIES, FUNCTIONS
ethical decision-making and
collaboration across healthcare systems.
○ ● Conduct Licensure examination for
nurses
● Conduct hearings & investigations (may
B LEGAL ASPECTS issue subpoena)
● Issue, suspend, revoke certificates of
registration
PHILIPPINE NURSING LAW RA 9173 ● Monitor & enforce quality standards of
nursing practice in the Phil.
● Philippine Nursing Law RA 9173 ● Promulgate CODE OF ETHICS
● Ensure quality education
● Prescribe, adopt, issue regulations for the
improvement of the profession.
BOARD OF NURSING
● Composition: Removal/suspension (BON)

○ Chairperson
○ 6 members
● Appointment: 1. Incompetence/ continuous neglect of
○ PNA nominates 3 per vacancy —> duty
PRC recommends two —> 2. Commission tolerance of irregularities in
the board exam

3. Unprofessional, immoral & dishonorable

NURSING EDUCATION (art. V)
conduct
● The Nursing Education Program shall

provide sound general & professional
QUALIFICATIONS OF FACULTY
foundation for the practice of nursing.
○
1. Holder of master's degree in nursing/
education/ allied health sciences
NURSING EXPERIENCES
2. At least one year clinical practice
3. RN
4. Member with Good standing in the ● Learning experiences Settings:
accredited professional organization 1. CLASSROOM
2. HOSPITAL
3. HOME
4. COMMUNITY
SCOPE OF NURSING PRACTICE
5. OTHER HEALTH AGENCIES
Learning experiences shall not be less
1. Provides nursing care: different stages of than six (6) units or its equivalent.
life (from conception to old age)
2. Practitioner- Promotion of health &
(ART IV): EXAMINATION AND
Prevention of illnesses
REGISTRATION
3. Performs nursing services - IFC
4. Collaborate with other health care
providers ● In accordance with RA 8981 (PRC
Modernization Act of 2000)
● Given TWICE a year
IT SHALL BE THE DUTY OF THE NURSE
● Schedule: NOT EARLIER THAN ONE
TO: (SEC 28)
MONTH BUT NOT LATER THAN TWO
MONTHS AFTER THE CLOSING OF THE
1. Do utilize NURSING PROCESS SEMESTER
2. Undertake nursing training & research
3. Teach, guide, supervise nursing students
PRC
4. Interrelationship/ linkages with
community resources & health care
team 1. Coordinates: venue, date and facilities for
5. Educate IFC examination purposes.
6. Strict observance of the CODE OF 2. Approve results of examinations and the
ETHICS release of results.
3. Preserve integrity of licensure
examinations.
INACTIVE NURSES
4. Appoint supervisors and room watchers.
5. Publish list of successful examinees.
● Nurses who have not actively practiced 6.
the profession for FIVE (5) consecutive
years can return to practice after:
QUALIFICATIONS (ADMISSION TO
○ ONE MONTH: Didactic Training
LICENSURE EXAMINATION)
○ THREE MONTHS: Practicum
1. Citizen of the Philippines

2. Person of good moral character 5. Falsely poses/advertises as a registered

3. BSN holder (school: complies with the licensed nurse
standards of nursing education) 6. Falsely Appending BSN/RN to his/her
4. name
7. Assisting in illegal practice
LIST OF DOCUMENTS
PHILIPPINE HEALTHCARE LAWS
1. Transcript of Records
2. Special order number Republic Act :
3. Date of graduation
4. Seal of the school ● RA 349: Legalizes the use of human
5. Scanned picture organs for surgical, medical, and
6. Certificate of Live birth scientific purposes
7. Marriage contract (for married) ● RA 1089: Civil Service Eligibility
8. 4 pcs passport size colored picture ● RA 1082: Rural Health Unit Act
9. Current Community Certificate ● RA 1136: Act recognizing the Division of
10. RLE record (Chief Nurse & Dean) Tuberculosis in the DOH
● RA 1891: Act strengthening Health and
Dental services in the rural areas
RATINGS
● RA 2382: Philippine Medical Act which
● General average: 75%
regulates the practice of medicine in the
● No grade below 60% in any subject
Philippines
● RA 6111: Medicare Act
SUSPENSION/REVOCATION CERTIFICATE ● RA 6365: Established a National Policy on
OF REGISTRATION/LICENSE Population and created the Commission
on Population
● RA 6425: Dangerous Drug Act of 1992
1. Gross incompetence/serious ignorance ● RA 6675: Generics Act of 1988
2. Unprofessional/unethical conduct ● RA 7164: Philippine Nursing Act of 1991
3. Malpractice/negligence ● RA 7170: Law that govern organ donation
4. Fraudulent Misrepresentation ● RA 7305: The Magna Carta of Public
5. Illegal practice Health Worker
6. Conviction of any criminal offense ● RA 7392: Philippine Midwifery Act of 1992
involving moral turpitude ● RA 7600: Rooming In and Breastfeeding
Act of 1992
● RA 7610: Special protection of children
against abuse, exploitation and
PROHIBITIONS IN THE PRACTICE OF
discrimination act
NURSING
● RA 7624: Drug Education Law
● RA 7719: National Blood Service Act of
1. Without certificate of registration/ 1994
professional license ● RA 7875: National Health Insurance Act of
2. Use of other's identification card 1995
(misdemeanor) ● RA 7883: Barangay Health workers
3. Use of invalid/revoked/suspended Benefits and Incentives Act of 1992
certificate of registration ● RA 8344: Hospital Doctors to treat
4. Use of false evidence to the BON to emergency cases referred for treatment
obtain certificate of registration/ ● RA 8423: Philippine Institute of
professional license Traditional and Alternative Medicine

● RA 8749: The Philippine Clean Air Act of (Employment contract between

1999 the nurse and employer)
● RA 9165: Comprehensive Dangerous ● Torts
Drugs Act 2002 ○ Civil wrongs committed by a
● RA 9173: Philippine Nursing Act of 2002 person against another person or
● RA 9288: Newborn Screening Act property.
● Protective Reporting Law
○ Action to provide certain
LEGAL AND ETHICAL RESPONSIBILITIES
individuals or groups protection
(e.g. Disabled, elderly, children).
● WHAT IS LAW?
○ Laws are decisions about conduct
GOOD SAMARITAN LAW
that guide the interactions of
people.
● Protect off-duty health care providers
when care during emergency situations.
TYPES OF LAW
● Individuals are responsible for knowing
the law in their own jurisdictions.
● Public Law ● Usually outside the hospital setting.
○ Deals with the individual's ● Protects care-giver from civil liability.
(person) relationship to the state.\ ● Vary in coverage from state to state.
● Civil Law
○ Deals with relationships among
NURSING PRACTICE AND THE LAW
individuals (people).
● Nursing practice falls under both public

PUBLIC LAW
and civil law.
● Nurses bound by rules and regulations
● Constitutional stipulated by the nursing practice act as
○ Defines and limits government determined by the legislature.
powers. ● Nursing practice act states those things
● Statutory Law that the nurse can and cannot do. These
○ Enacted by legislative bodies. laws are created and governed by
(Nurse practice act) statutory law.
● Administrative Law
○ Regulatory. Appointed by
STANDARDS OF PRACTICE
government agency (e.g. State
board rules and regulations set in
NPA) ● Developed from the nursing practice acts
● Criminal Law to direct nursing care.
○ Deals with acts against safety and ● Also derived from professional
welfare of the public. organizations (e.g. ANA, Nt'l federation of
Lic Practical nurses) and policy and
procedure manuals.
CIVIL LAW
● Liability determined by whether
standards of practice have been adhered
● Contract Law to.
○ The enforcement of agreements
among private individuals.

information is shared.
LEGAL ISSUES IN PRACTICE
● Unintentional Torts
● Physician's orders - need to clarify, ○ Are those actions that cause harm
recognize errors to the client resulting from
● Floating - need orientation carelessness or negligence on the
● Inadequate staffing - Joint Commission part of nurse. (Negligence,
sets ratios. Pt abandonment if you leave. malpractice).
● Critical care - 1:1 or 1:2 ○ Negligence
● Pediatric care - mandated to report ■ General term for careless
acts on the part of an
individual who is not
WHAT IS TORT? exercising reasonable or
prudent judgment.
● A wrongful act or an infringement of a ○ Malpractice
right (other than under contract) leading ■ Conduct of a person while
to civil legal liability. acting in a professional
● Tort law is the body of laws that enables capacity.
people to seek compensation for wrongs
committed against them. DOCUMENTATION
LEGAL ISSUES IN NURSE-CLIENT ● The source of information regarding the

RELATIONSHIPS client's clinical history.
● All client care, including medication and
● Intentional Torts treatments are documented after being
○ Violate the civil rights of another provided.
individual knowingly and willingly ● Must be neat, legible, spelled correctly,
(e.g. Assault, battery, defamation, written clearly, and signed or initialed.
libel, slander, fraud, false
imprisonment, invasion of INFORMED CONSENT
privacy.).
○ Assault: Threat to cause harm.
○ Battery: Unauthorized or ● Refers to a competent client's ability to
unwanted touching of one person make healthcare decisions based on full
by another. disclosure of the benefits, risks, and
○ Defamation: Using words to harm potential consequences.
or injure another. ● It is the physicians responsibility to
○ Fraud: Wrong resulting from obtain consent.
deliberate deception to produce ● Nurse, health care provider or hospital
unlawful gain. representative can witness.
○ False Imprisonment: Making the ● Individuals who are incompetent are
client wrongfully believe that she assigned a guardian or someone who
cannot leave or restricting has power of attorney to make health
movement. care decisions and give consent for
○ Invasion of Privacy: Rights to be treatment.
left alone, to choose care, to
govern body integrity, to choose
WHAT ARE ADVANCE DIRECTIVES?
when and how sensitive

● Written instruction for health care,

IMPAIRED NURSES ARE EVERYONE’S
recognized under state law, related to
CONCERN
the provision of care when the individual
is incapacitated.
● Dates, times of inappropriate behavior
should be documented and reported.
ADVANCE DIRECTIVES
● Some employers offer an employee
assistance program for impaired nurses.
● Durable Power of Attorney ● Most states have peer assistance
○ Legal document designating who programs to aid in rehabilitation.
may make health care decisions
for a client when that client is no
HEALTH CARE AND ETHICS
longer capable of decision
making.
● Living Will ● Ethics
○ Legal document that allows a ○ Concerned with determining
person to state preferences about right from wrong on basis of
the use of life-sustaining knowledge rather than opinion.
measures should person be ● Bioethics
unable to make wishes known. ○ Application of general ethical
principles to health care.
● Ethical principles
WHAT IS INCIDENT REPORT?
○ Codes that direct or govern
actions.
● Risk management tool used to describe
and report any unusual event that occurs
ETHICAL PRINCIPLES
to a client, visitor, or staff member.
● Autonomy
MALPRACTICE INSURANCE
○ Respect the individual's right to
self-determination.
● Provides the nurse with an attorney who ● Nonmaleficence
will represent that nurse in court. ○ Cause or do no harm to another.
● Many institutions provide insurance to ● Beneficence
nurses. ○ Do good to others.
● Personal insurance provides coverage off ● Justice
the job and individual legal counsel. ○ Equitable distribution of potential
benefits and risks.
● Veracity
IMPAIRED NURSES
○ Tell the truth
● Fidelity
● Addiction ○ Do what one has promised.
○ Nurses who are habitually
intemperate or addicted to the
ETHICAL THEORIES
use of alcohol or habit-forming
drugs.
● Performance ● Teleology
○ Substance abuse does eventually ○ The value of a situation is
interfere with clinical judgment determined by its consequences.
and performance. ● Deontology

○ Consider the motives of individual

ETHICAL DILEMMAS
performing the act instead of the
consequences of that act.
● Situational ● Occur when two or more ideals or values
○ Consider each situation are in conflict and include:
individually. ○ Euthanasia
● Caring-based ■ Action or inaction that
○ Focus on emotions, feelings, and causes merciful death.
attitudes. ○ Refusal of Treatment
■ Client's right to refuse
treatment.
ETHICS AND VALUES
○ Scarcity of Resources
■ Limited availability of
● Values health care.
○ Influence the development of
beliefs and attitudes.
ETHICS AND NURSING
● Value System
○ An individual's collection of inner
beliefs that guide each person's ● Nursing practice involves making ethical
behaviors and choices. decisions.
● Values Clarification ● Each practice setting has its own set of
○ The process of analyzing one's ethical concerns.
own values to better understand ● Ethics committees establish policies and
those things that are truly procedures for preventing and resolving
important ● dilemmas.
CODE OF ETHICS CONTRACTS, WILLS, TESTAMENT
● Professions determine ethical behavior

for members: CONTRACTS
○ National Federation of Licensed
Practical Nurses code of ethics for ● Is a legally binding agreement between
LP/VNs two or more parties that outlines specific
○ International Council of Nurses obligations and rights.
○ American Nurses Association ● Contracts are designed to FORMALIZE
AGREEMENTS, ensuring that all parties
CLIENT RIGHTS understand their responsibilities and can
seek legal recourse if those
responsibilities are not met.
● Clients have rights that include, but are
not limited to, the right to:
○ Make decisions regarding their KEY ELEMENTS
care. 1. OFFER: One party proposes terms
○ Be actively involved in the 2. ACCEPTANCE: The other party agrees
treatment process. to those terms
○ Be treated with dignity and 3. CONSIDERATION: Something of value
respect. is exchanged (money, services, etc.)
4. CAPACITY: All parties must have the
legal ability to enter into a contract

5. LEGALITY: The contract must be for a KEY ELEMENTS

lawful purpose Similar to wills, but may focus on different
types of assets.
TYPES OF CONTRACTS
1. WRITTEN CONTRACTS: Documented
agreements (e.g., leases, employment DIFFERENCES BETWEEN CONTRACTS
contracts) AND WILLS/TESTAMENTS
2. ORAL CONTRACTS: Verbal
agreements (though harder to
1. NATURE
enforce)
● Contracts are agreements for current or
3. IMPLIED CONTRACTS: Agreements
future obligations, while wills/testaments
inferred from actions or circumstances.
deal with asset distribution after death.
2. ENFORCEABILITY
● Contracts can be enforced during the
WILLS
parties' lifetimes; wills/testaments
become effective only after the testator's
● Is a legal document that expresses an death.
individual's wishes regarding the 3. PURPOSE
distribution of their property and assets ● Contracts aim to govern relationships
after death. between parties; wills/testaments outline
● WILLS ensure that a person’s intentions for posthumous asset
○ wishes are honored distribution.
○ provide clarity on asset
distribution
LABOR LAW
○ can minimize disputes among
heirs.
Labor laws in the Philippines are designed to:
KEY ELEMENTS ● protect workers' rights
1. Testator: the person creating the will ● promote fair employment practices
2. Beneficiaries: individuals or entities ● and ensure safe working conditions
designated to receive assets.
3. Executor: The person appointed to KEY ASPECTS
carry out the terms of the will. 1. Labor Code of the Philippines
4. Legal Formalities: Must comply with 2. Minimum Wage
state laws (e.g., signature, witnesses). 3. Working Hours
4. Employee Benefits
5. Termination of Employment
TESTAMENTS 6. Union Rights
7. Occupational Safety and Health
8. Anti-Discrimination Laws
● is often used interchangeably with a will,
but traditionally, it refers to a specific
type of will that deals primarily with the
MAGNA CARTA FOR PUBLIC HEALTH
distribution of personal property.
WORKERS
● serve to specify how personal belongings
(as opposed to real estate) should be
distributed upon death. Magna Carta for Public Health Workers
(Republic Act No. 7305)

● is a law in the Philippines enacted in

sector from exploitation while ensuring their
1992.
rights to adequate compensation and
● It aims to promote and improve the
protection.
social and economic wellbeing of
healthcare workers in the public sector
by providing them with
SALARY STANDARDIZATION LAW
○ Fair compensation
○ Security
○ And working conditions It refers to a series of laws in the Philippines that
aim to standardize and rationalize the
compensation of government employees
PROVISIONS:
● ensuring equal pay for equal work across
all government agencies.
1. SALARIES AND BENEFITS ● seeks to provide equitable and
● The law guarantees standardized salary competitive salary rates to government
rates and allowances, such as hazard pay, employees, including:
longevity pay, and night-shift differential ○ Public health workers
pay. ○ Teachers
2. HAZARD PAY ○ Military personnel
● Public health workers are entitled to ○ And other civil servants
hazard pay due to exposure to dangerous
conditions and environments in their line IMPORTANT POINTS:
of work.
3. OVERTIME PAY
● Public health workers must receive 1. STANDARDIZED PAY SCALES
compensation for overtime work beyond ● The SSL establishes salary grades and
the normal eight hours, including rest step increments for government
days and holidays. employees based on their job positions
4. HEALTH BENEFITS and qualifications.
● The law also ensures access to medical ● These salary grades are uniform across
benefits, including free medical the entire government, ensuring that
consultation and hospitalization in employees with similar responsibilities
government facilities. receive comparable pay.
5. LEAVE BENEFITS 2. PERIODIC INCREASES
● It provides special leave privileges such ● The SSL mandates regular salary
as maternity, paternity, and special leave increases for government workers to
for injuries incurred during the keep up with inflation and the cost of
performance of duty. living.
6. SECURITY OF TENURE ● Different versions of the SSL are passed
● Public health workers cannot be periodically to reflect these updates.
dismissed without just cause and due ● The latest version is the Salary
process, ensuring job stability. Standardization Law of 2019 (Republic
7. NON-DISCRIMINATION Act No. 11466), also known as SSL V,
● The law prohibits any form of which gradually increases the salaries of
discrimination against healthcare government employees from 2020 to
workers based on gender, age, civil 2023.
status, or religion. 3. JOB CLASSIFICATION
● Positions in the government are
classified based on complexity,
The Magna Carta serves as a cornerstone for
responsibility, and educational
protecting healthcare workers in the public
qualifications.

● These classifications correspond to ● The SSS is a social insurance program for

specific salary grades. private sector employees, self-employed
4. STEP INCREMENTS individuals, and voluntary members.
● Government employees are also entitled ● It provides benefits like retirement
to step increments within their salary pensions, sickness benefits, maternity
grade based on their length of service benefits, disability, and death benefits.
and performance.
5. COMPETITIVENESS
● One of the objectives of the SSL is to 3 PHILIPPINE HEALTH INSURANCE
CORPORATION (PHILHEALTH)
make government salaries more
COMPETITIVE with the private sector,
aiming to attract and retain talented ● PhilHealth is the national health
individuals in public service. insurance program in the Philippines.
● It ensures access to affordable healthcare
SALARY STANDARDIZATION LAW for Filipinos by providing subsidies and
● ensures that government employees, covering portions of hospital bills and
regardless of their department or healthcare services for its members.
agency
● receive fair compensation 4 HOME DEVELOPMENT MUTUAL FUND
● and that salary rates are regularly (PAG-IBIG FUND)
reviewed to keep up with economic
changes.
● The Pag-IBIG Fund is a
government-owned and controlled
UNIFIED MULTI-PURPOSE ID (UMID) corporation responsible for providing
affordable housing finance and saving
schemes.
● is a government-issued identification ● Members can avail of housing loans,
card in the Philippines that integrates short-term loans, and access savings
several government agencies into a programs, as well as claim dividends
single identification system from their contributions.
● It aims to simplify transactions by
consolidating the functions of multiple
agencies into one card Unified Multi-Purpose ID (UMID)
● The UMID is a single identification card
that can be used across GSIS, SSS,
1 GOVERNMENT SERVICE INSURANCE PhilHealth, and Pag-IBIG Fund for
SYSTEM (GSIS) easier transactions.
● It contains biometric data like
fingerprints and photo, making it
● The GSIS is a social insurance institution
secure and convenient for government
for government employees in the
and private sector transactions.
Philippines.
● The UMID card helps reduce the need
● It provides retirement benefits, life
for multiple IDs and streamlines access
insurance, and other social security
to social services and benefits from
benefits to government workers,
these
including pension plans, disability
benefits, and housing loans.
2 SOCIAL SECURITY SYSTEM (SSS) ORGANIZATIONAL COMMUNICATION

○ Background information or
MEMO WRITING
context
○ Action steps required (if any)
● refers to the process of creating a 4. CONCLUSION
memorandum, a short, formal written ● The memo often ends with a closing
communication used within statement that summarizes key points or
organizations to convey information, reiterates the actions that need to be
instructions, or announcements. taken.
● Memos are typically used for internal ● It may also include contact information if
communication and are an effective way recipients have questions or need further
to share important details with a specific clarification.
group or department. ○ Example: "Please ensure that you
familiarize yourself with the
updated policy. Should you have
COMPONENTS AND FEATURES OF any concerns or questions, feel
MEMO WRITING free to contact the HR
department."
1. HEADING 5. TONE
● The heading of a memo typically ● The tone of a memo should be
includes the following: professional, polite, and direct.
○ To: The recipients) of the memo ● Memos should avoid unnecessary jargon
(e.g., department or individual or overly formal language, as the goal is
names) to communicate
○ From: The sender of the memo
○ Date: The date the memo is TYPES OF MEMOS
written
○ Subject: A brief description of the
topic or purpose of the memo 1. INFORMATIONAL MEMO
2. OPENING STATEMENT ● Used to disseminate information such as
● The memo begins with a clear and announcements, updates, or policy
concise opening that states the purpose changes.
or reason for the memo. 2. DIRECTIVE MEMO
● This sets the tone and informs the reader ● Provides instructions or guidelines for
why the memo is important. specific actions to be taken by employees
○ Example: "This memo is to inform or departments.
all staff about the changes in the 3. REQUEST MEMO
company's health benefits policy, ● Seeks information, action, or approval
effective October 1, 2024." from the recipient
3. BODY 4. CONFIRMATION MEMO
● The body of the memo contains the ● Serves to confirm agreements, decisions,
detailed message. It is usually divided or understanding made in meetings or
into paragraphs, with each paragraph discussions.
addressing a specific point or detail.
● The writing should be clear, concise, and IMPORTANCE OF MEMO WRITING
focused on delivering the necessary 1. Facilitates clear internal
information. communication.
● The body may include: 2. Ensures all employees are informed
○ Explanation of changes or issues about important issues.
○ Instructions or directives 3. Can be used for record-keeping and as
proof of communication.

4 AGENDA ITEMS
MINUTES OF MEETING
● Each agenda item discussed during the

● are an official, written record of the meeting is listed with a summary of the
discussions, decisions, and actions taken conversation, any decisions made, and
during a meeting. actions required. This section typically
● They serve as an important includes:
documentation of what transpired in the ○ DISCUSSION POINTS: Key issues
meeting, allowing participants and those or topics discussed.
not present to stay informed about key ○ DECISIONS MADE: Agreements or
points. resolutions passed during the
● They also serve as legal records for future meeting.
reference and provide clarity on decisions ○ ACTIONS TO BE TAKEN: A list of
made. tasks or follow-up actions
assigned to individuals, along
1 HEADER INFORMATION
with deadlines.
1. MEETING TITLE
● Name of the group or committee
5 REPORTS
holding the meeting
2. DATE AND TIME
● The date and time the meeting ● If any committee or department
took place presents reports, they are summarized in
3. LOCATION this section.
● Where the meeting was held
(physical location or virtual
platform) 6 NEW BUSINESS
4. ATTENDEES
● Names of individuals who ● New topics introduced and discussed
attended the meeting, including during the meeting that were not on the
members, invitees, and original agenda
sometimes absentees.
7 ADJOURNMENT
2 CALL TO ORDER
● The time the meeting was concluded

● A statement that indicates when the and who declared the meeting
meeting started and who called it to adjourned.
order.
8 NEXT MEETING DATE

3 APPROVAL OF PREVIOUS
● Information about the date and time of

● A reference to the approval (or the next meeting, if scheduled.
amendment) of the minutes from the
previous meeting. This section confirms
that the previous minutes are accurate WRITING STYLE
and accepted.
1. CLEAR AND CONCISE

● Minutes should be a factual, objective 3. Recommendations (if applicable)

summary of the meeting. Personal 4. Conclusion
opinions or subjective interpretations 5. Questions and Discussion
should be avoided
2. NEUTRAL TONE
IMPORTANCE OF A REPORT
● Use neutral language that simply records
PRESENTATION
what was discussed and decided.
3. FORMAL FORMAT
● Minutes typically follow a structured 1. Transparency
format, ensuring consistency and 2. Decision-Making
professionalism. 3. Accountability
4. Communication
IMPORTANCE OF MEETING MINUTES:
1. Record of Proceedings BEST PRACTICES FOR EFFECTIVE
● They provide a clear, formal record of REPORT PRESENTATIONS
what was discussed, decided, and
agreed upon
2. Action Tracking 1. Clarity and simplicity
● Minutes include action items and 2. Engage the Audience
deadlines, helping ensure 3. Be concise
accountability for tasks assigned 4. Use visual aids
3. Legal documentation 5. Practice
● In legal contexts, meeting minutes can
serve as proof of decisions and PREPARATION AND CONDUCT OF
agreements made. MEETINGS
4. Reference tool
● They can be referred to by attendees or
absentees to understand the meeting ● involve organizing, managing, and
outcomes and progress on issues. facilitating meetings to ensure they are
productive, efficient, and achieve their
intended goals.
PRESENTATION OF REPORTS ● This process includes several steps to
plan and execute a meeting effectively
● refers to the formal sharing of

information, findings, or data, often
during meetings or gatherings, to 1 PREPARATION OF MEETINGS
communicate the progress, outcomes, or
recommendations of a particular task,
● Define the Purpose
project, or research.
● Create an Agenda
● This process typically involves preparing
● Invite the Right Participants
and delivering a structured overview to
● Choose the Time and Venue
an audience, ensuring clarity and
● Prepare Meeting Materials
understanding
COMPONENTS OF A REPORT 2 CONDUCT OF MEETINGS

PRESENTATION
● Start on Time
1. Introduction ● Review the Agenda
2. Main content ● Facilitate Discussion

● Assign Action Items 8. Patient Feedback and Involvement

● Manage Time 9. Holistic Approach
● Summarize Key Points and Decisions 10. Follow-up and Continuity of Care
● End the Meeting on Time
IMPORTANCE OF CUSTOMER
3 POST-MEETING FOLLOW-UP ENGAGEMENT MANAGEMENT IN
NURSING
● Distribute Minutes
● Follow Up on Action Items 1. Improved Patient Outcomes
2. Higher Patient Satisfaction
3. Trust and Relationship Building
4. Reduced Hospital Readmissions
BEST PRACTICES FOR EFFECTIVE MEETINGS
5. Enhanced Nurse-Patient Collaboration
● Prepare Thoroughly
● Respect Time
● Engage Participants RECORDS MANAGEMENT
● Stay Focused
● Ensure Accountability
A DATA PRIVACY PROTOCOLS IN
DATA SAFEKEEPING AND RELEASE
CUSTOMER ENGAGEMENT OF RECORDS
MANAGEMENT
● refers to the strategies and practices SENTINEL EVENTS

used by healthcare institutions to
effectively engage and build meaningful ● are defined as unexpected occurrences
relationships with their patients (the involving death or serious physical or
"customers" in healthcare) and their psychological injury, or the risk thereof,
families. that indicate a problem in the healthcare
● In the context of nursing, customer system.
engagement involves improving patient ● The term "sentinel" refers to the idea that
satisfaction, ensuring effective these events signal the need for
communication, fostering trust, and immediate investigation and response.
promoting positive health outcomes
through personalized and
compassionate care. CHARACTERISTICS OF SENTINEL EVENTS
1. UNEXPECTED
● Sentinel events occur unexpectedly,
KEY COMPONENTS OF CUSTOMER often without prior warning or
ENGAGEMENT MANAGEMENT IN indication that something was amiss
NURSING in the patient's care
2. SERIOUS OUTCOMES
1. Patient-Centered Care ● These events typically involve
2. Effective Communication significant harm to a patient, such as
3. Building Trust and Rapport permanent loss of function, serious
4. Education and Empowerment physical injury, or death.
5. Use of Technology and Digital Tools ● They can also involve psychological
6. Emotional Support harm, such as severe distress or
7. Personalized Care trauma.

5. FLEXIBILITY
3. INDICATION OF UNDERLYING ISSUES
● The occurrence of a sentinel event
● Ensures that plans remain relevant in a
usually suggests systemic issues within
changing environment
the healthcare organization, such as
failures in communication, patient 6. CONTINUITY
safety protocols, or procedures.
● Planning is an ongoing process
7. UNITY
PLANNING
● Coordination among various plans within
● Is a management function, concerned an organization
with defining goals for future
8. COMPREHENSIVENESS
organizational performance and
deciding on the tasks and resources to
● Cover all relevant aspects, including
be used in order to attain those goals
resources, timeframes, risks, and
constraints
PRINCIPLES OF PLANNING
9. FORECASTING AND ASSUMPTIONS
● Refer to foundational guidelines or ● Involves forecasting future conditions,

concepts that help organizations or opportunities, and challenges
individuals develop effective plans.
● These principles ensure that the 10. COMMITMENT TO OBJECTIVE
planning process is structured,
comprehensive, and aligned with ● Based on the commitment of resources
objectives. (time, money, personnel) to ensure the
achievement of goals
1. ERROR PREVENTION
CHARACTERISTICS OF PLANNING
● aim to achieve specific goals or
objectives
1. Goal-oriented
2. PRIMARY OF PLANNING 2. Primary Function of Management
○ first and most important
● Planning is the first and foremost managerial function
function of management 3. Pervasive
○ Universal activity that occurs at all
3. PERVASIVENESS levels of management
4. Futuristic
● Planning is required at all levels of ○ Involves forecasting and
management envisioning future goals
5. Continuous Process
4. PERVASIVENESS ○ An ongoing process
○ Need to be constantly reviewed,
● Focus on maximizing resource utilization updated, and adjusted in
(efficiency) while ensuring that the response to changes in the
objectives are met (effectiveness) internal and external environment
6. Decision-Making

○ Involves deciding what to do, how ○ PESTLE analysis (Political,

to do it, when to do it, and who Economic, Social, Technological,
will do it legal. Environmental Factors)
7. Flexibility 3. Determine Alternatives
○ Must be adaptable to changing ● Identify alternative courses of action
circumstances 4. Evaluate Alternatives
8. Rationality ● Strengths and weaknesses of each
○ Is a logical and systematic process alternative are compared
9. Unity and Coordination 5. Select the Best Alternative
○ Different departments or units ● Effective alternative is chosen
work in harmony 6. Formulate a Plan
10. Efficiency ● A detailed plan is developed
○ helps in utilizing resources 7. Developing Supporting Plans
(human, financial, and material) ● Sub-plans or supporting plans are
efficiently necessary to achieve the overall
11. Involves Forecasting objectives
○ includes predicting future trends 8. Implement the Plan
and events ● Put the plan into action
12. Involves Risk and Uncertainty 9. Monitor and Control
○ it involves dealing with ● Continuous monitoring and controlling
uncertainties and risks 10. Review and Revise
● Review and revise the plan as needed
TYPES OF PLANNING
● refer to the various approaches

organizations or individuals use to
structure their goals and objectives,
depending on the scope, time frame, and
focus of the plan.
STRATEGIC PLANNING PROCESS
● is a tool for organizing the present on the

basis of the projections of the desired
future.
● a strategic plan is a road map to lead an
—--- organization from where it is now to
where it would like to be in five or ten
years.
1. Establish Objectives ● It also forecasts the future success of an
2. Analyze the Environment organization by matching and aligning
● Analysis often involves tools such as an organization's capabilities with its
○ SWOT analysis (Strengths, external opportunities.
Weaknesses, Opportunities, and
Threats) or
● “He who fails to plan, plan to fails”
(Anonymous)

● “The only way to do great work is to that challenge or threaten

love what you do” (Steve Jobs) the achievement of
● Where do you belong? organizational objectives
○ There are 3 kinds of people
■ Those who make things
happen;
■ Those who watch things
happen; and SIMPLE RULE FOR SWOT ANALYSIS
■ Those who wonder what
happened
● “You can never make the same ● Be realistic about the strengths and
mistake twice because the second weaknesses
time you make it, It's not a mistake, it's ● Be clear about how the present
a choice.” (Steven Denn) organization differs from what might be
● If you can't fly then run, if you can't run possible in the future
then walk. if you can't walk then cravi ● Be specific about what you want to
but whatever you do vou have to keep accomplish
moving forward. (Martin Luther King ● Always apply SWOT in relation to your
Jr.) competitors
● Keep SWOT short and simple
● Remember that SWOT is subjective
SWOT ANALYSIS
TRENDS THAT WILL AFFECT RCI
● identification of strengths, weaknesses,
opportunities, and threats ● ASEAN Regionalization (changes in
● Also known as TOWS ANALYSIS school calendar )
● develop by Albert Humphrey - at ● Labor needs for Negros/Western Visayas
Standford University in the 1960's and ● MATATAG curriculum and its implications
1970's. ● CHED and outcome based curriculum
directions
SWOT ● Entry of Big Business into Education
STRENGTHS Are those internal RCI DIRECTION

attributes that help an
organization to achieve
the objectives ● Drive for enrollment volume
● Expand to non-health care programs
WEAKNESSES Are those internal ● Develop the Riverside College
attributes that challenge professional - assertiveness,
an organization in communication, critical thinking
achieving in its objectives ● Enhance teaching strategies to develop
the above
OPPORTUNITIES Are external conditions ● Build on the "student caring" platform for
that promote RCI
achievement of
organizational objectives
EXAMPLES OF RCI ISSUES
THREATS Are external conditions

● Teaching Strategy
IMPORTANCE OF OPERATIONAL
● Source of faculty
PLANNING
● Masteral Degree Numbers
● Board Results Strategies
● Affiliation mechanisms 1. EFFICIENCY
● It helps ensure that the organization runs
smoothly by optimizing daily activities.
OPERATIONAL PLANNING
2. ACCOUNTABILITY
● It assigns clear responsibilities and
● is a process of defining short-term goals timelines, ensuring everyone knows what
and outlining the specific actions they need to do.
necessary to achieve them. 3. GOAL ACHIEVEMENT
● It focuses on day-to-day operations and ● By focusing on short-term goals,
ensures that the tactical plans (which operational planning makes it possible to
support strategic goals) are executed meet broader strategic objectives.
efficiently and effectively. 4. FLEXIBILITY
● Operational plans detail the tasks, ● Operational plans can be adjusted easily
timelines, resources, and responsibilities in response to changing conditions,
required for achieving specific objectives ensuring that organizations remain agile.
within a shorter time frame, usually one
year or less. PLANNING ELEMENTS
KEY ASPECTS OF OPERATIONAL

THE ELEMENTS OF PLANNING
PLANNING
● refer to the fundamental components
1. Short-Term Focus that make up an effective plan.
2. Specificity -plans are highly detailed ● Each element ensures that the planning
3. Resource Allocation process is comprehensive and that the
4. Coordination and Control objectives are clear, achievable, and
5. Alignment with Tactical and Strategic aligned with the organization's broader
Goals goals.
EXAMPLES OF OPERATIONAL 1 ORGANIZATIONAL VISION

PLANNING
● defines the future aspirations of the
In a hospital setting, an operational plan might organization.
involve ● It describes what the organization aims
1. Scheduling shifts for nursing staff to to achieve in the long-term, usually over
ensure 24-hour patient care. 5 to 10 years or more.
2. Allocating resources for a specific ● Provides a clear direction for where the
department (e.g., Emergency Room) to organization is heading and inspires
meet seasonal demand, such as during employees to work toward a common
flu season. goal
3. Implementing specific safety protocols or ○ Example: "To be the world's most
operational procedures to improve trusted healthcare provider."
patient care efficiency. ○ Importance: A strong vision
guides decision-making and

aligns organizational efforts

toward future success. 4 ORGANIZATIONAL GOALS
● Goals are specific, measurable outcomes

2 ORGANIZATIONAL MISSION
that an organization seeks to achieve
within a defined time frame
● defines the organization's current ● They can be short-term or long-term and
purpose -what it does, for whom, and are aligned with the mission and vision.
why it exists ● Goals break down the vision into
● It focuses on the present, outlining the actionable steps and help guide the
core activities of the organization. organization's efforts toward achieving
● Explains why the organization exists, its its mission.
target audience, and the key services or ○ Example: "Increase patient
products it offers. satisfaction by 20% within the
○ Example: "To provide high-quality next two years."
healthcare services to our ○ Importance: Goals provide clear
community through targets, motivate employees, and
patient-centered care and measure the organization's
innovation. progress toward its vision.
○ Importance: A clear mission helps
employees, stakeholders, and
customers understand the 5 ORGANIZATIONAL VALUES
organization's focus and purpose.
● Organizational values are the core
principles or standards that guide the
3 ORGANIZATIONAL PHILOSOPHY
organization's internal conduct as well as
its relationship with stakeholders.
● reflects the core beliefs, principles, and ● Values provide the ethical foundation for
values that guide the organization's decision-making, defining what is
behavior and culture. important to the organization and how it
● It outlines how the organization views behaves.
itself, its role in society, and its ethical ○ Examples: “Integrity, compassion,
standards. excellence, teamwork, and
● Provides a framework for innovation.”
decision-making and behavior within the ○ Importance: Values shape the
organization based on its core values and organization’s culture, drive
beliefs. behavior, and influence its
○ Example: "We believe in providing reputation
compassionate care, respecting
patient autonomy, and fostering a
culture of inclusivity." 6 FORECASTING
● Importance: The philosophy shapes the
organizational culture and influences the ● Forecasting involves predicting future
way employees interact with each other, trends, conditions, or events that may
customers, and stakeholders. affect the organization.
● It uses data, analysis, and assumptions to
project future outcomes.
● Helps organizations anticipate changes
in the market, customer needs,

economic conditions, or other external ● It involves calculating the costs

factors that could impact operations. associated with delivering direct and
○ Example: A hospital might indirect care to patients and ensuring
forecast an increase in patient that healthcare organizations allocate
admissions during flu season and appropriate resources for quality patient
prepare by hiring temporary staff care.
or ordering additional medical ● This process is essential for budgeting,
supplies resource allocation, and maintaining the
○ Importance: Forecasting allows financial health of healthcare institutions.
organizations to plan ahead,
allocate resources effectively, and
make informed decisions that
BARRIERS TO EFFECTIVE PLANNING
reduce risks and seize
opportunities.
● refer to obstacles that hinder the
GANTT CHART effective development, implementation,
and success of a plan.
● Identifying these barriers is essential to
● A bar chart used to schedule, manage, address them and improve planning
and monitor specific tasks and resources processes.
in a project.
1 LACK OF CLEAR OBJECTIVES

BUDGETING
● If the goals and objectives are not

TYPES OF BUDGETS well-defined or are ambiguous, it
becomes difficult to create a focused
plan.
1. Operational Budget ● IMPACT:
● Focuses on day-to-day operations, ○ Confusion
covering expenses like salaries, utilities, ○ lack of direction and
and supplies. misalignment of resources
2. Capital Budget
● Deals with long-term investments, such
as purchasing equipment or funding 2 INSUFFICIENT INFORMATION
major projects.
3. Cash Flow Budget ● Inaccurate or incomplete information
● Tracks expected cash inflows and about market conditions, resources, or
outflows to ensure liquidity. external factors can impair effective
4. Flexible Budget planning
● Adjusts to changes in income or ● IMPACT:
production levels. ○ Poor decision-making
○ unrealistic goals
COSTING OF NURSING CARE ○ and inaccurate forecasts.
SERVICES
3 RESISTANCE TO CHANGE
● refers to the process of determining the
financial resources required to provide ● Employees or stakeholders may resist
nursing care. new plans or changes due to fear of the

unknown, comfort with the status quo, or ● IMPACT:

a lack of trust in management. ○ Plans may become outdated or
● IMPACT: irrelevant
○ Delays in implementation ○ requiring frequent revisions.
○ lower motivation
○ and potential failure of the plan.
8 INADEQUATE STAKEHOLDER
INVOLVEMENT
4 TIME CONSTRAINTS
● Lack of input from key stakeholders, such
● Planning requires time for research, as employees, managers, or external
analysis, and stakeholder involvement. partners, can result in plans that don't
Tight deadlines can rush the process, reflect real needs or challenges
leading to incomplete or poorly ● IMPACT:
thought-out plans ○ Poor buy-in
● IMPACT: ○ lack of commitment and
○ Hasty planning ineffective execution.
○ overlooking important details
○ and errors in execution.
9 POOR COMMUNICATION
5 LIMITED RESOURCES
● If the plan is not clearly communicated
to everyone involved, it can result in
● Inadequate financial, human, or material misunderstandings and misaligned
resources can restrict the development efforts.
and execution of a plan ● IMPACT:
● IMPACT: ○ Misallocation of resources
○ Compromised quality ○ duplication of efforts
○ delayed timelines and ○ and failure to achieve objectives.
unachievable objectives.
10 RIGID ORGANIZATIONAL STRUCTURE
6 OVER-COMPLEXITY
● Organizations with a rigid hierarchy or
● Plans that are overly detailed or bureaucratic processes may find it
complicated may be difficult for teams to difficult to adapt plans quickly in
understand and follow. response to changing circumstances
● IMPACT: ● IMPACT:
○ Confusion ○ Delays in decision-making
○ inefficiency ○ inability to innovate
○ and lack of coordination during ○ and slow response to
implementation. opportunities or challenges.
7 EXTERNAL FACTORS 11 UNREALISTIC EXPECTATIONS
● Uncontrollable factors like economic ● Setting goals or timelines that are not
changes, legal regulations, technological achievable due to overestimation of
advancements, or competition can resources, capabilities, or external
disrupt or limit planning efforts conditions can derail planning efforts.

● IMPACT: ○ inability to pivot in response to

○ Failure to meet objectives challenges, and failure to meet
○ demoralized teams goals.
○ and damaged reputation.
12 LACK OF FOLLOW-THROUGH
● Failing to monitor progress, adjust the

plan when necessary, or enforce
accountability can lead to the failure of
even a well-developed plan
● IMPACT:
○ Incomplete execution
○ wasted resources
○ and unmet goals
13 INEFFECTIVE LEADERSHIP
● Poor leadership, whether due to a lack of

vision, decision-making skills, or
communication, can undermine the
planning process
● IMPACT:
○ Demotivated teams
○ lack of coordination and failure to
achieve the plan's objectives.
14 CONFLICTING PRIORITIES
● Competing priorities among

departments or stakeholders can create
confusion and reduce focus on the core
objectives of the plan.
● IMPACT:
○ Disjointed efforts
○ Inefficiency and reduced
effectiveness of the plan.
15 INFLEXIBILITY IN PLANS
● Plans that are too rigid or fail to allow for

adjustments when circumstances
change may quickly become obsolete.
● IMPACT:
○ Missed opportunities

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NURSING MANAGEMENT AND LEADERSHIP

NCM119NLM 1ST SEMESTER – DOC. LIZA CHAN – SAT 7:30-4:30 H308

● Competency involves clear

NATIONAL NURSING CARE

PAGE 1 SCHOOL OF FISH – BSN4-NIGHTINGALE

● These are standards that are designed for

PAGE 2 SCHOOL OF FISH – BSN4-NIGHTINGALE

B4 WHAT CAN NURSE LEADERS DO TO

● 2009 Revisiting Project Process

● Board of Nursing Resolution no. 112 Series PRBON

PAGE 3 SCHOOL OF FISH – BSN4-NIGHTINGALE

NNCCS NURSE’S ROLE

● Beginning nurse’s role on client care

7 NNCCS 10 KEY PHASES

PAGE 4 SCHOOL OF FISH – BSN4-NIGHTINGALE

programs and services effectively to

1. Engages in nursing or health related

● Article Ill, Sec 4 (H) RA 7164 Phil Nursing

PAGE 5 SCHOOL OF FISH – BSN4-NIGHTINGALE

○ To sustain and continuously medication, or treatment to prevent

● Guidelines for proper prescribing,

7. SAFE USE OF EQUIPMENT

PAGE 6 SCHOOL OF FISH – BSN4-NIGHTINGALE

STANDARDS OF NURSING PRACTICE

● By preventing errors and complications,

INTERNATIONAL PATIENT SAFETY

● Joint Commission International (JCI)

PAGE 7 SCHOOL OF FISH – BSN4-NIGHTINGALE

○ The goals were adapted from the

● ﻿Verbal Orders are reserved for Urgent/

PAGE 8 SCHOOL OF FISH – BSN4-NIGHTINGALE

○ Correct procedure side or site

1. Before touching a patient

PAGE 9 SCHOOL OF FISH – BSN4-NIGHTINGALE

● WHEN? Clean your hands after touching ○ NCPS

5. After touching patient surroundings CODE OF ETHICS FOR NURSES IN THE

PAGE 10 SCHOOL OF FISH – BSN4-NIGHTINGALE

Appointment by the PRESIDENT

● Composition: Removal/suspension (BON)

PAGE 11 SCHOOL OF FISH – BSN4-NIGHTINGALE

3. Unprofessional, immoral & dishonorable

● The Nursing Education Program shall

1. Citizen of the Philippines

PAGE 12 SCHOOL OF FISH – BSN4-NIGHTINGALE

2. Person of good moral character 5. ﻿Falsely poses/advertises as a registered

PAGE 13 SCHOOL OF FISH – BSN4-NIGHTINGALE

● RA 8749: The Philippine Clean Air Act of (Employment contract between

● Nursing practice falls under both public

PAGE 14 SCHOOL OF FISH – BSN4-NIGHTINGALE

LEGAL ISSUES IN NURSE-CLIENT ● The source of information regarding the

PAGE 15 SCHOOL OF FISH – BSN4-NIGHTINGALE

● Written instruction for health care,

PAGE 16 SCHOOL OF FISH – BSN4-NIGHTINGALE

○ Consider the motives of individual

CODE OF ETHICS CONTRACTS, WILLS, TESTAMENT

● Professions determine ethical behavior

PAGE 17 SCHOOL OF FISH – BSN4-NIGHTINGALE

5. LEGALITY: The contract must be for a KEY ELEMENTS

PAGE 18 SCHOOL OF FISH – BSN4-NIGHTINGALE

● Verbal Orders are reserved for Urgent/

2. Person of good moral character 5. Falsely poses/advertises as a registered