● Heat: ○ Heat is a form of energy. It is the total thermal energy of vibrating particles of an object. ○ It is transferred from a hotter object to a colder one. ○ It is measured in joules (J) using an instrument called the calorimeter. ○ It depends on: ■ The temperature of the object (high temperature, high heat) ■ The object's mass. Objects with greater mass have higher temperatures. ■ The material the object is made from (specific heat capacity). ● Temperature: ○ Temperature is a measure of how hot or cold something is. ○ It indicates the average kinetic energy of particles in a substance. ○ Measured in degrees Celsius (°C), Kelvin (K), or Fahrenheit (°F) using the thermometer. ○ Temperature does not depend on the size or type of the material.
Key Differences:
● Heat is the total energy of molecular motion, while temperature measures the average energy of molecules. ● Heat is energy transferred between substances, while temperature measures energy within a substance. ● Heat is measured in Joules, while temperature is measured in Kelvin or degrees Celsius.
Heat Capacity and Specific Heat Capacity
● Heat Capacity: ○ Heat capacity is the amount of heat required to raise an object's temperature by 1°C (or 1 K). ○ It depends on the mass and type of material. ○ Formula:
C= Q where; ΔT ■ C is the heat capacity (J/°C or J/K), ■ Q is the amount of heat added or removed (J), ■ ΔT is the change in temperature (°C or K).
● Specific Heat Capacity
○ Specific heat capacity is the amount of heat required to raise the temperature of 1 kg of a substance by 1°C (or 1 K). ○ It is a property of the material. ○ Formula:
Q=mcΔTQ where;
■ Q is the heat added or removed (J),
■ m is the mass of the substance (kg), ■ c is the specific heat capacity (J/kg°C), ■ ΔT is the change in temperature (°C or K).
Example 1:How much heat is required to raise the temperature of 2 kg of water from 20°C to 80°C? The specific heat capacity of water is 4200 J/kg°C.
Solution:
Q=mcΔTQ
Where:
m = 2kg
c = 4200J/kg°C
ΔT = 80°C - 20°C = 60°C
Q=2×4200×60=504,000 JQ = 504,000J
So, 504,000 J of heat is required.
Example 2: A 5 kg block of metal has a specific heat capacity of 500 J/kg°C. How much heat is required to increase its temperature by 10°C? Solution:
Q=mcΔTQ
Where:
m = 5 kg
c = 500 J/kg°C
ΔT=10°C
Q=5×500×10= 25,000J
So, 25,000 J of heat is required.
Difference Between Heat Capacity and Specific Heat Capacity
● Heat Capacity: ○ Total heat required to change the temperature of an object. ○ Depends on the mass and material of the object. ○ Measured in Joules per degree Celsius (J/°C) or Joules per Kelvin (J/K). ● Specific Heat Capacity: ○ Heat required to raise 1 kg of a material by 1°C. ○ It is a property of a material and does not depend on the object's mass. ○ Measured in Joules per kilogram per degree Celsius (J/kg°C).
