INTERNATIONAL ISO

STANDARD 3675

Third edition
1998-06-15

Crude petroleum and liquid petroleum

products — Laboratory determination of
density — Hydrometer method
Pétrole brut et produits pétroliers liquides — Détermination en laboratoire
de la masse volumique — Méthode à l'aréomètre
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Reference number
ISO 3675:1998(E)

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Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide
federation of national standards bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of
preparing International Standards is normally carried out through ISO
technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which
a technical committee has been established has the right to be represented
on that committee. International organizations, governmental and non-
governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work. ISO
collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission
(IEC) on all matters of electrotechnical standardization.

Draft International Standards adopted by the technical committees are

circulated to the member bodies for voting. Publication as an International
Standard requires approval by at least 75 % of the member bodies casting
a vote.

International Standard ISO 3675 was prepared by Technical Committee

ISO/TC 28, Petroleum products and lubricants, subcommittee SC 3, Static
petroleum measurement.

This third edition cancels and replaces the second edition (ISO 3675:1993),
of which it constitutes a Technical revision.

Annex A forms an integral part of this International Standard. Annex B is for

information only.
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© ISO 1998
All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, no part of this publication may be reproduced
or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying and
microfilm, without permission in writing from the publisher.
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 INTERNATIONAL STANDARD © ISO ISO 3675:1998(E)

Crude petroleum and liquid petroleum products —

Laboratory determination of density — Hydrometer method

WARNING — The use of this International Standard may involve hazardous materials, operations and
equipment. This International Standard does not purport to address all of the safety problems associated
with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health
practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

1 Scope

This International Standard specifies a method for the laboratory determination, using a glass hydrometer, of
the density at 15 °C of crude petroleum, liquid petroleum products, and mixtures of petroleum and non-
petroleum products normally handled as liquids and having a Reid vapour pressure (RVP) of 100 kPa or less.

This International Standard is suitable for determining the density of mobile transparent liquids. It can also be
used for viscous liquids by carrying out the determinations at temperatures above ambient using a suitable
liquid bath for temperature control. It can also be used for opaque liquids by reading the hydrometer scale
where the top of the meniscus meets the stem of the hydrometer and applying a correction from table 1
(see 11.2).

Since hydrometers are calibrated to read correctly at the specified temperature, scale readings made at other
temperatures are only hydrometer readings and not values of density at these other temperatures.

NOTES

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1 The accuracy of the density, determined by the procedures given in this International Standard, for volatile and/or waxy
crude oils containing free and/or suspended water and sediments can be less than inferred from the precision data quoted
in clause 13. This is due to the possible loss of light components during sample mixing. However, sample mixing is
necessary to ensure that the test portion transferred to the hydrometer cylinder is as representative as possible of the bulk
sample. Techniques are given in clause 7 which are designed to minimize such loss of light component.

2 Values of density at 15 °C can be converted using standard measurement tables to equivalent values of API gravity or
relative density so that measurements may be made in the units of local convenience.

2 Normative references

The following normative documents contain provisions which, through reference in this text, constitute
provisions of this International Standard. For dated references, subsequent amendments to, or revisions of,
any of these publications do not apply. However, parties to agreements based on this International Standard
are encouraged to investigate the possibility of applying the most recent editions of the normative documents
indicated below. For undated references, the latest edition of the normative document referred to applies.
Members of IEC and ISO maintain registers of currently valid International Standards.

ISO 91-1:1992, Petroleum measurement tables — Part 1: Tables based on reference temperatures of 15 °C and
60 °F.

ISO 649-1:1981, Laboratory glassware — Density hydrometers for general purposes — Part 1: Specification.

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ISO 3170:1988, Petroleum liquids — Manual sampling.

ISO 3171:1988, Petroleum liquids — Automatic pipeline sampling.

3 Definitions

For the purposes of this International Standard, the following definitions apply.

3.1
density
mass per unit volume expressed in either kilograms per cubic metre or grams per millilitre at 15 °C and
101,325 kPa

3.2
cloud point
temperature at which a cloud of wax crystals first appears in a liquid when it is cooled under specified
conditions

3.3
wax appearance temperature
WAT
temperature at which waxy solids form when petroleum or petroleum products are cooled under specified
conditions

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3.4
pour point
lowest temperature at which a sample of petroleum or petroleum product will continue to flow when it is
cooled under specified conditions

4 Principle

The sample is brought to a specified temperature and a test portion transferred to a hydrometer cylinder that
has been brought to approximately the same temperature. The appropriate hydrometer, whose temperature
has also been regulated, is lowered into the test portion and allowed to settle. After temperature equilibrium
has been reached, the hydrometer scale is read, the temperature of the test portion taken and the observed
hydrometer reading reduced to 15 °C using standard measurement tables. If necessary, the hydrometer
cylinder and its contents are placed in a constant temperature bath to avoid excessive temperature variation
during the test.

5 Apparatus

5.1 Hydrometer cylinder, of clear glass, plastics material, or metal, with an inside diameter at least 25 mm
greater than the outside diameter of the hydrometer (5.2) and a height such that the hydrometer floats in the
test portion with at least 25 mm clearance between the bottom of the hydrometer and the bottom of the
cylinder.

Plastics material used for the construction of hydrometer cylinders shall be resistant to discolouration or attack
and shall not affect the properties of the material being tested. In addition, they shall not become opaque
under prolonged exposure to light.

NOTE — For convenience in pouring, the hydrometer cylinder may have a lip on the rim.

5.2 Hydrometers, of glass, graduated in units of density, conforming to ISO 649-1 and the requirements given
in table 1. (See also annex A.)

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Table 1 — Requirements for hydrometers

Unit Density range Each Scale interval Maximum Meniscus

unit scale error correction
3
kg/m 600 to 1100 20 0,2 ± 0,2 + 0,3
at 15 °C 600 to 1100 50 0,5 ± 0,3 + 0,7
600 to 1100 50 1,0 ± 0,6 + 1,4

g/ml 0,600 to 1,100 0,02 0,000 2 ± 0,000 2 + 0,000 3

at 15 °C 0,600 to 1,100 0,05 0,000 5 ± 0,000 3 + 0,000 7
0,600 to 1,100 0,05 0,001 0 ± 0,000 6 + 0,001 4

5.3 Constant temperature bath, if required, of dimensions such that it can accommodate the hydrometer
cylinder with the test portion fully immersed below the surface of the bath liquid and a temperature control
system capable of maintaining the bath at the test temperature ± 0,25 °C, throughout the duration of the test.
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5.4 Thermometer, having a range, graduation intervals and maximum permitted scale error as shown in
table 2.

Table 2 — Requirements for thermometers

Range Graduation interval Maximum scale error

°C

- 1 to 38 0,1 ± 0,1

- 20 to 102 0,2 ± 0,15

NOTES

1 Thermometers IP 39C and IP 64C/ASTM 12C are suitable.

2 Resistance thermometers may be used, provided that the total uncertainty of the calibrated system is not greater than
the uncertainty when using liquid-in-glass thermometers.

5.5 Glass or plastics stirring rod, optional, approximately 450 mm in length.

6 Sampling

Samples shall be taken in accordance with ISO 3170, ISO 3171, or an equivalent National Standard.

NOTE — When sampling volatile liquids using an automatic sampling technique, unless a sample receiver of variable
volume is used to collect the sample and transport it to the laboratory, loss of light components may occur which will
affect the accuracy of the density measurement.

7 Sample preparation

7.1 Sample mixing

The portion of the sample tested shall be as representative as possible of the bulk sample, and sample mixing
may be necessary. However, precautions shall be taken to maintain the integrity of the sample during this
operation.

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The mixing of volatile crude oils and petroleum products containing sediments and/or water, or the heating of
waxy volatile crude oils or petroleum products may result in the loss of light components. Guidance as to how
to treat the different materials and to minimize such light component loss is given in 7.1.1 to 7.1.4.

7.1.1 Volatile crude oils and petroleum products having a RVP greater than 50 kPa

Mix the sample wherever possible in the original container, and in a closed system in order to minimize the
loss of light components.

NOTE — Mixing volatile samples in open containers will lead to loss of light components and will affect the value of the
density obtained.

7.1.2 Waxy crude oils

If the crude oil has a pour point above 10 °C, or a cloud point or WAT (3.3) above 15 °C, warm the sample to
9 °C above its pour point, or 3 °C above its cloud point or WAT, prior to mixing. Mix the sample wherever
possible in the original container, and in a closed system in order to minimize the loss of light components.

7.1.3 Waxy distillates

Warm the sample to 3 °C above its cloud point or WAT prior to mixing.

7.1.4 Residual fuel oils

Heat the sample to the test temperature prior to mixing (see 7.2.1 and note 2 in 7.2.1).

7.2 Test temperature

7.2.1 Bring the sample to the test temperature which shall be such that the sample is sufficiently fluid, but not
so high as to cause loss of light components, nor so low as to result in the presence of wax in the test sample.

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NOTES

1 The density determined by the hydrometer method is most accurate at or near the reference temperature of 15 °C.

2 The hydrometer reading is obtained at a temperature appropriate to the physio-chemical characteristics of the material
being tested. This temperature is preferably close to the reference temperature of 15 °C or, when the density is used in
conjunction with bulk oil measurements, close to ± 3 °C, or at the bulk oil temperature, to minimize errors due to volume
correction.

7.2.2 For crude oil, bring the sample to 15 °C, or 9 °C above its pour point, or 3 °C above its cloud point or wax
appearance temperature, whichever is the higher.

NOTE — For crude oil, an indication of the wax appearance temperature can be found using IP 389 (see [4] in annex B)
with the modification of using 50 µl ± 0,5 µl of sample. The precision for determining WAT of crude oils using IP 389 has
not been determined.

8 Verification of apparatus

8.1 Hydrometers shall be regularly verified by comparison with a reference hydrometer traceable to a
National Standard or a traceable density certified reference material (CRM), and where necessary recalibrated
at least every five years.

8.2 Thermometers shall be regularly verified by comparison with a reference thermometer traceable to a
National Standard.

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9 Preparation of apparatus

9.1 Check that the hydrometer scale is correctly located within the hydrometer stem by reference to the
datum mark. If the scale has moved, reject the hydrometer.

9.2 Bring the hydrometer cylinder and hydrometer to approximately the sample temperature (see 7.2.1 and
note 2 in 7.2.1).

10 Procedure

10.1 Transfer a portion of the sample at test temperature (see 7.2.1 and note 2 in 7.2.1) to the clean
hydrometer cylinder (5.1) at a stabilized temperature, without splashing, avoiding the entrainment of air
bubbles, and reducing to a minimum the evaporation of the lower boiling constituents of volatile materials.

10.2 Remove any bubbles that have collected on the surface of the sample, by touching them with a piece of
clean filter paper.

10.3 Place the cylinder containing the sample in a vertical position in a location free from air currents and
where the temperature of the surrounding medium will not change by more than 2 °C during the time taken to
carry out the test. When testing at temperatures differing by more than ± 2 °C from ambient, a constant-
temperature bath (5.3) shall be used to avoid excessive temperature changes (see 10.13).

10.4 Stir the test portion with the appropriate thermometer (see table 2), or, if using a resistance
thermometer, with a stirring rod (5.5), using a combination of vertical and rotational motions, to ensure
uniform temperature and density throughout the cylinder. Record the temperature to the nearest 0,1°C.
Remove the thermometer, and if appropriate the stirring rod, from the hydrometer cylinder.

10.5 Lower the appropriate hydrometer (5.2) into the liquid and release it when in a position of equilibrium,
taking care to avoid wetting the stem above the level at which it floats freely. Observe the meniscus shape
when the hydrometer is pressed below the point of equilibrium by 1 mm or 2 mm and allowed to return to
equilibrium. If the meniscus shape changes, clean the hydrometer stem. Repeat this procedure until the
meniscus shape remains constant.
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10.6 For opaque viscous liquids, allow the hydrometer to settle slowly into the liquid.

10.7 For transparent low viscosity liquids, depress the hydrometer approximately two scale divisions into the
liquid and release it. The remainder of the stem of the hydrometer, which is above the level of the liquid, shall
be kept dry, since unnecessary liquid on the stem affects the reading obtained.

10.8 Impart a slight spin to the hydrometer on releasing it, to assist in bringing it to rest floating freely away
from the walls of the cylinder. Allow sufficient time for the hydrometer to come to rest and for any bubbles
that form to come to the surface (see 10.2). Remove any bubbles from the hydrometer before taking a reading.

10.9 When using a cylinder made from plastics, dissipate any static charge by wiping the outside of the
cylinder with a damp cloth.

NOTE — Static charges often build up when using such cylinders and may prevent the hydrometer from floating freely.

10.10 When the hydrometer has come to rest, floating freely away from the walls of the cylinder, read the
hydrometer scale to the nearest one fifth of a scale division, in accordance with 10.11 or 10.12.

10.11 For transparent liquids, record the hydrometer reading at the point on the hydrometer scale at which
the principal surface of the liquid cuts the scale by placing the eye slightly below the level of the liquid and
slowly raising it until the surface, first seen as a distorted ellipse, appears to become a straight line cutting the
hydrometer scale, (see figure 1).

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10.12 For opaque liquids, record the hydrometer reading at the point on the hydrometer scale to which the
sample rises by observing with the eye slightly above the plane of the surface of the liquid, (see figure 2).

NOTE — When testing completely opaque samples using metal hydrometer cylinders, accurate reading of the
hydrometer can only be assured if the level of the sample is within 5 mm of the top of the cylinder.

Key
1 Liquid
2 Horizontal plane surface of liquid
3 Bottom of meniscus
4 Read scale at this point
5 Horizontal plane surface of liquid
6 Meniscus
Figure 1 — Hydrometer scale reading for Figure 2 — Hydrometer scale reading for
transparent liquids opaque liquids

10.13 Immediately after recording the hydrometer scale reading, carefully lift the hydrometer out of the liquid
and stir the sample vertically with the thermometer. Record the temperature of the test portion to the nearest
0,1 °C. If this temperature differs from the reading taken at the start of the test by more than 0,5 °C, repeat the
hydrometer observations, and then the thermometer observations, until the temperature becomes stable
within ± 0,5 °C. If a stable temperature cannot be obtained, place the hydrometer cylinder and its contents in a
constant temperature bath and repeat the procedure from 10.3.

10.14 If the test temperature is greater than 38 °C, allow all hydrometers, of the lead shot in wax type, to drain
and cool in a vertical position.

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11 Calculation

11.1 Apply any thermometer correction to the temperature reading observed in 10.13 and record the
temperature to the nearest 0,1 °C.

11.2 For opaque liquids, apply the relevant meniscus correction, as given in table 1, to the observed
hydrometer reading (see 10.12), since hydrometers are calibrated to be read at the principal surface of the
liquid.

NOTE — The correction for the particular hydrometer in use is determined by observing the maximum height above the
principal surface of the liquid to which oil rises on the hydrometer scale when the hydrometer in question is immersed in a
transparent oil having a surface tension similar to that of the sample under test. For hydrometers specified in this method,
see table 1.

11.3 Apply any hydrometer correction to the observed hydrometer reading and record to the nearest
0,1 kg/m3 (0,0001 g/ml).

11.4 Convert the corrected hydrometer reading to a density using Petroleum Measurement Tables 53A, 53B
or 53D, described in ISO 91-1:1992, according to the nature of the material being tested:

a) crude oils: 53A;

b) petroleum products: 53B;

c) lubricating oils: 53D.

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The standard procedure for the conversion is to use the computer implementation procedures contained in
Petroleum Measurement Tables, Volume X, described in ISO 91-1:1992. The correction for glass hydrometer
readings shall be incorporated into the sub-routine. If the printed tables are used, the errors listed in errata
sheets given in ISO 91-1:1992 shall be applied. The printed tables are entered directly with the observed
hydrometer reading after applying, if necessary, corrections for meniscus effect and calibration temperature
(see annex A).

NOTES

1 To convert densities in kilograms per cubic metre to densities in grams per millilitre, divide by 103.
2 To convert a hydrometer reading from one unit to another, use either table 3 or table 51 of ISO 91-1:1992.

If the hydrometer has been calibrated at a temperature other than 15 °C, correct the reading in accordance with
annex A.

12 Expression of results

Report the final result to the nearest 0,1 kg/m3 (0,000 1 g/ml) at 15 °C.

13 Precision

13.1 Repeatability

The difference between successive test results, obtained by the same operator with the same apparatus under
constant operating conditions on identical test material, in the normal and correct operation of the test
method, would exceed the values given in table 3 in only one case in 20.

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Table 3 — Repeatability

Product Temperature range Units Repeatability

°C

Transparent - 2 to 24,5 kg/m3 0,5

low viscosity g/ml 0,000 5

Opaque - 2 to 24,5 kg/m3 0,6

g/ml 0,000 6

13.2 Reproducibility

The difference between two test results, independently obtained by different operators working in different
laboratories on nominally identical test material, in the normal and correct operation of the test method, would
exceed the values given in table 4 in only one case in 20.

Table 4 — Reproducibility

Product Temperature range Units Reproducibility

°C

Transparent - 2 to 24,5 kg/m3 1,2

low viscosity g/ml 0,001 2

Opaque - 2 to 24,5 kg/m3 1,5

g/ml 0,001 5

NOTES

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1 For viscous crude oils and products, or when the temperature of the test lies outside the limits given in 13.1 and 13.2,
no precision data are available.
2 The precision data given in 13.1 and 13.2 were obtained using specified hydrometers with a maximum permissible
scale error of 0,6 kg/m3 (0,000 6 g/ml). No data are available for the use of specified hydrometers with a maximum
permissible scale uncertainty of 0,2 kg/m3 (0,000 2 g/ml) and 0,3 kg/m3 (0,000 3 g/ml), but an equal or better precision
would be expected.

14 Test report

The test report shall contain at least the following information:

a) the type and identification of the material tested;

b) a reference to this International Standard;

c) the result of the test (see clause 12);

d) any deviation, by agreement or otherwise, from the procedure specified;

e) the date of the test.

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Annex A
(normative)

Corrections to hydrometer readings for soda-lime glass hydrometers

calibrated at temperatures other than 15 °C

If a hydrometer is used which has been calibrated at a temperature other than 15 °C, correct the reading to that
of a hydrometer calibrated at 15 °C using the following equation:

rt
r15 =
−6
1 − 23 × 10 (t − 15) − 2 × 10 −8 (t − 15)2

where

r15 is the density at 15 °C;

t is the reference temperature, in degrees Celsius, of the hydrometer used;

rt is the reading of the hydrometer whose reference temperature is t in degrees Celsius (i.e. other
than 15 °C).

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Annex B
(informative)

Bibliography

[1] ISO 3007:1986, Petroleum products — Determination of vapour pressure — Reid method.

[2] ISO 3015:1992, Petroleum products — Determination of cloud point.

[3] ISO 3016:1994, Petroleum products — Determination of pour point.

[4] IP 389/93, Determination of wax appearance temperature (WAT) of middle distillate fuels by differential
thermal analysis (DTA) or differential scanning calorimetry (DSC).

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ICS 75.080
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Descriptors: crude oil, petroleum products, liquids, tests, laboraotry tests, determination, density (mass/volume). density measurement.

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