Ballistics
Ballistics
Ballistics
-Michael Porter
1. Ballistics – Just remember the acronym “SMP” (Samahan ng Malamig na Pasko) as Ballistics simply
mean “Science of Motion of Projectile”. Also remember that BALLISTICS IS AN APPLIED SCIENCE!!
3. Projectile – GENERALLY refers to any METALLIC or NON-METALLIC ball which is propelled from a
firearm (Tandaan ninyo, hindi lahat ng lumilipad sa baril ay bakal! May instances na kapag nagbato ka ng
balot sa kaaway mo, iyong balot na binato mo ay isang projectile. HUWAG KAYO MALITO SA BULLET AH!
Later Discuss natin)
Direct motion – is the forward motion of the bullet (Direct nga eh, diretso, alangang lumiko)
Rotatory motion – is the action as it passes through the rifled bore of the firearm either twisted
to the left or right (Rotatory, it rotates pakaliwa or pakanan. Kaya nga may riflings dba?
Napakahirap naman kapag ang rotation ay paharap or palikod, hindi na rotation iyon)
Translational – action of the bullet once it hits and ricocheted (Remember, ricochet!)
Ballein or Ballo (Greek) – which means to throw (Ballo ay parang katunog ng “bato” at ang
Ballen ay parang katunog na din ng “Barilan”)
Ballista (Roman) – a gigantic catapult that was a roman war machine designed to hurl missiles
(Huwag kayong mangamba sa haba ng ibig sabihin niyan, kapag nanonood kayo ng war movies
ayan ung bumabato ng bato laban sa pader ng castle)
*bow*
“Si Pedro ay isang bala ng caliber .45 na bala ng baril: Habang si Pedro ay nasa loob pa ng kanyang nanay
na si Barrel ang tawag natin ay INTERNAL BALLISTICS. Kapag si Pedro ay lumabas na sa sinapupunan ni
Barrel (na ang tawag natin ay muzzle) ang tawag natin sa kanya ay EXTERNAL BALLISTICS. Si Pedro ay
may tinamaan na target, ang tawag na natin doon ay TERMINAL BALLISTICS. Kapag may imbestigasyon
na dahil may tinamaan si Pedro, at kailangan ng mag-identify, ang tawag natin doon ay FORENSIC
BALLISTICS”
1|Page
*bow*
That is why:
Internal Ballistics – it treats the motion of the projectile WHILE IT IS STILL INSIDE THE FIREARM.
External Ballistics – it treats the motion of the projectile AFTER LEAVING THE GUN MUZZLE
Terminal Ballistics – branch of ballistics that deals with the IMPACT OF THE PROJECTILE ON THE TARGET
Picture in your mind how the firearm works, by now you know how to:
1. Firing pin hits the primer (tinamaan na ni firing pin si Primer, dahil kinalabit mo si trigger na
siyang ginalaw si hammer upang tamaan si firing pin)
2. Ignition of the priming mixture (ang pagputok ng Priming Mixture na isang chemical na nasa
firing pin. Ang tawag natin sa pag tama ng firing pin sa primer upang masindihan ung mixture ay
“Percussion Action”. Parang sa drum, kaya nga percussion eh, sa drum diba pinapalo para
tumunog?)
3. Combustion/Explosion of the gunpowder (ito na, kaboom!)
4. Expansion of the heated gas (ung gas na nabuo ng pagsabog ng pulbura ay pilit lumalabas)
5. Pressure developed (obvious naman, may gas na nga sa previous step eh. May mabubuo na
pressure)
6. Energy Generated ( Ung pressure kanina, iyan din iyon)
7. Recoil is generated and Jump is observed – (WTF is a recoil? Recoil is the REARWARD
MOVEMENT of the gun [kaya nga paatras ang recoil] and is the equal and opposite reaction of
the gun [ang tangka ng baril na isabay ang sarili sa lakas ng pagputok nito] Jump is ANOTHER
PORTION of the recoil [parte siya ng recoil] na characterized as backward and UPWARD [PATAAS
na pag-galaw ng baril])
8. Velocity of the bullet inside the barrel – relative speed of the bullet while it is still inside the
barrel (napaka-obvious na niyan ah, ang bilis ng bala habang nasa loob ng barrel)
9. Rotation of the bullet inside the barrel – (ito din ah, pag-ikot ng bala sa loob ng barrel)
10. Engraving of the cylindrical surface of the bullet – (umiikot na ung bullet, obviously
magkakaroon ng markings)
11. The End
Muzzle Blast – noise created at the muzzle point of the gun (ang ingay nung pumutok ang baril)
Muzzle Flash – light created at the muzzle point of the gun (ang liwanag nung pumutok ang baril)
2|Page
Muzzle Energy – energy generated at the muzzle (ang lakas ng pagputok ang baril)
Trajectory – actual curve path of the bullet or the parabola-like flight of the bullet (ito ung tawag mo sa
paglipad ng bullet, pag nakita mo na ung path of the bullet or parabola flight, ito na iyon)
Range – imaginary straight distance between the muzzle and target (ito ung layo, kaya DISTANCE)
Accurate range – gunner has control of shots (ito ung layo na kung saan mo gusto papuntahin
iyong bala, diretso pa din. Kaya nga accurate eh, no sniper adjustment thingy)
Effective range – bullet fired is still capable of inflicting injury (ito ung layo kung saan
nakamamatay pa din ung bala mo, malamang ang baril hindi na effective kapag hindi na
nakakatama dba?)
Maximum Range – farthest distance the bullet can travel (pinakamalayong mararating ng bala
mo, kaya nga maximum eh)
Pull of Gravity – downward reaction of the bullet towards earth (“ang hila ng gravity, what goes up must
go down”)
Air Resistance – refer to the air encounter by bullet in its flight (kapag naghulog ka ng papel, di ba hindi
agad nahuhulog? Lalo kapag hindi naka-crumple? Kasi sinasalo nito ang hangin ng mas marami kaya
ganoon. Ang tawag natin doon sa hangin na nasalo ay air resistance. Ito din ang isa sa mga rason kung
bakit may riflings: since spiral ang ikot [rotatory] ang air resistance parang nilalabanan nito kaya ang bala
ay straight at a certain distance)
Gyroscopic Action – is the steadiness of bullet in flight (ung pagiging maigi ng bala sa hangin kaya hindi
pagewang gewang)
Yaw – the unstableness of the bullet in flight (kapag may gangster “yow” ang tawag? Mga unstable sila,
remember)
Terminal Accuracy – bullet grouping on target (ito ung kung gaano kakalapit ung bala mo nung binaril
mo ung target)
Terminal Energy – striking energy; energy of the projectile as it hits the target (ito ung lakas ng bala mo
or impact pagtama nito sa target. Pwedeng tumagos [penetration power] or tumulak [stopping/knocking
power]
Terminal Velocity – speed of the bullet upon striking the target (bilis ng bala pagtama sa target)
3|Page
*Kung mapapansin ninyo, lahat ng terms ng EXTERNAL puro leaves the bullet or muzzle samantalang
kapag TERMINAL puro target at terminal. TANDAAN!
A. Field Investigation – refers to the work of an investigator in the field. It concerns mostly
with the collection, marking, preservation, packing and transmission of firearms evidences. It
includes the study of class characteristics of firearms and bullets.
(pag-imbestiga sa field ng mga bala in relation sa baril, mahirap naman kapag ang baril na nakita mo ay
M1911A1 na caliber .45 tapos ung natagpuan mo na basyo[cartridge case] ay puro .38 tapos ung tao
mukhang binaril ng shotgun dba?)
B. Ballistics Technical Examination of Exhibits – refers to the examiners who examine bullets
and/or shells, whether fired from the suspected firearms submitted: and/or to determine also
whether or not cartridges were loaded and ejected from the suspected firearm submitted.
Reports are made by the examiners and testify in court regarding their reports.
(pag-aaral na ng mga riflings for exhibit sa court)
Whoo, welcome to the part where everyone tries to sleep…history of the firearms
John Browning – Wizard of the Modern Firearms (Why? Siya ang unang nakapag-idea ng breech loading
firearm. WTF is a breech loading firearm? Iyon ung mga baril na nag-loload sa breech ng baril. Later
discuss natin kung ano ung breech)
Samuel Colt – first practical revolver, the Colt Peace Maker. (Ito ung famous na baril sa mga cowboy
movies, ung nagbubunutan ng mabilisan. Its also known as the Single Action Army Revolver)
Alexander John Forsyth – Father of the percussion powder (Why? Hunter siya noon, di sya makuntento
sa baril niya na nauuna pa ung tunog at ilaw kaysa sa bala na tumama sa target. Napikon, gumawa ng
sarili niya)
Major Uziel Gal – designer ng Uzi (Why? Uzi was one of the earliest modern submachine guns, kaya siya
na-invento kasi to address the need of the IDF[Israel Defense Forces] for a close quarter combat
weapon)
Col. Calvin Goddard – father of modern ballistics (Why? Inventor of the Bullet Comparison Microscope)
John Garand – inventor of the cal. 30 M1 Garand (Nandyan na, obvious yan)
4|Page
George Hyde – expert in the field of SMG during 1941. The M3A1 (also known as the Grease Gun, bakit
tinawag na Grease Gun? Simple, mukha siyang tool noon na ginagamit ng mga mechanics. It is also to
the fact na karamihan ng mga tank crew ay hindi naglalagay ng rifle sa loob ng tank kasi napakahaba at
napakahirap bunutin kapag nagkagipitan.)
Michael Kalashnikov – Designed the infamous AK-47 *Automat Kalashnikov* (it was based on the STG-
44 Assault Rifle[ung mukhang AK na baril sa mga war games] used by Nazi Germany back then during
WWII to replace the PPSH-41[ung mukhang Thompson sa war movies]. Diyan nakuha ung design, pero
ung idea nagsimula sa idea na bakit ung mga Russian soldier daw noon rifle ang ginagamit samantalang
ang mga german automatic. Hence doon nakuha ung idea na dapat may automatic din ang Russian. AK-
47 was known back then as an automatic rifle combining the best features of the American M1 and the
German StG44.)
Horace Smith and Daniel Wesson– founded Smith and Wesson; pioneered in making breech loading
rifles (parang si John Browning, pero si Browning for Winchester)
Eugene Stoner – designed the M16 Armalite Rifle (Ang M16 Rifle naman ay nagmula sa M1A1 Garand ng
mga amerikano, gusto nila noong mag-upgrade ng kanilang mga armas. Naging AR 10 ang unang
designation ng M16.)
Ang debate ng M16 vs AK-47 ay nagmula pa noong Vietnam war, ito ang kanilang mga ipinaglalaban:
In summary,
From Rifle Evaluation Study, United States Army, Combat Development Command,
ADA046961, 20 Dec 1962.
5|Page
Reliability Unacceptable Acceptable
Semiautomatic fire
6|Page
0–400 m Superior Unacceptable
Penetration: Helmets
Penetration: Vests
L.C. Smith – Shotgun, Ithaca Company (Famous Company ito for shotguns)
John Thompson – developed the Thompson M1A1 and 1928A1 (ung sikat sa mga mafia movies na
ginagamit na baril na nangraratrat). Pioneered the sub machine gun.
David “Marshall” Williams aka David “Carbine” Williams – maker of the first known carbine (why? Siya
ang founder ng floating chamber and short stroke piston)
Oliver Winchester – one of the earliest rifle and pistol maker (famous name ito sa mga baril)
Nakaw, Kapit lang mga kapatid! History talaga nakaka-antok, pero kapit lang!
1242 AD – Roger Bacon – Black Powder Formula (from the Book “De Mirabili Potestate Artis et Naturae”
or known as “On the Marvelous Power of Arts and Nature”
7|Page
1500 – Wheel lock, snaphaunce was developed. (WTF is a snaphaunce? Parang flintlock siya, ung baril na
ginagamit ng pirata? Ganoon iyon)
1750 – Development of the breech loading firearm. Development of the Ferguson Rifle by Major Patrick
Ferguson. Hall Rifle by Col. John Hall
1835 – first real cartride. Flobert Cap (was considered as the forerunner of the .22 short cartridge
[forerunner means ung pinakaunang idea). Samuel Colt and his revolver as well
1836 – Pin Fire Cartridge by Le Faucheux. Pin Fire was also developed by Houiller.
1845 – Rim Fire Cartridge, Tyler Henry developed a .44 cal rim fire cartridge.
1846 – Smokeless powder. It was used in shotgun by Captain Eschultze(1864) and in rifle by M. Vieille
(1884).
1884 – Hiram Maxim developed the first fully automatic machine gun
Let’s go to Firearms!!
Legal Definition
Firearms or arms as herein used, includes rifles, muskets, carbines, shotgun, pistol, revolvers, and all
other deadly weapons, to which a bullet, ball, shot, shell, or other missiles maybe discharge by means of
gun powder or other explosives. (basta nag-didischarge gamit gun powder)
This term also includes air rifle, except such of being of small caliber and limited range used as
toys.(NOTE) The barrel of any firearm shall be considered a complete firearm for all purposes hereof.
(Sec 877 Revised Administrative Code/ Sec. 290 national Internal Revenue Code). (Legal Definition)
(Familiarize only! If you can memorize then it’s a bonus!)
Technical Definition
Firearm is an instrument used for the propulsion of projectile by means of the expansive force gases
coming from burning gunpowder. (FBI manual of Firearms Identification). (Technical Definition) (Easiest
to memorize, please do)
8|Page
Laws!!! Familiarize yourself with this!!
Section 1 of Presidential Decree No. 1866 as amended, is hereby further amended to read as
follows:
“The penalty of prision mayor in its minimum period and a fine of Thirty Thousand pesos (30,000.00)
shall be imposed if the firearm is classified as high-powered firearm which includes those with bores
bigger in diameter that .38 caliber and 9 millimeter such as caliber 40, 41,44, 45 and also lesser calibered
firearms but considered powerful such as caliber 357 and caliber .22 center fire magnum and other
firearms with firing capability of full automatic and by burst of two or three: Provided however, That no
other crime was committed by the person arrested.”
Section 7. Presidential Decree No. 1866. Unauthorized issuance of Authority to Carry Firearm and/or
Ammunition Outside of Residence
The penalty of prision correccional shall be imposed upon any person, civilian or military, who shall issue
authority firearm and/or ammunition outside of residence, without authority therefore.
“Firearm” as herein used, includes rifles, muskets, carbines, shotguns, revolvers, pistols and all other
deadly weapons from which a bullet, ball, shot, shall or other missile may be discharged by means of
gunpowder or other explosives.
9|Page
The term also includes air rifles and air pistols not classified as toys under the provisions of Executive
Order No. 712 dated 28 July 1981. The barrel of any firearm shall be considered a complete firearm.
“Ammunition” - refers to loaded shells for rifles, muskets, carbines, shotguns, revolvers, pistols and
other firearms from which a bullet, ball, shot, shall or other missile may be fired by means of gunpowder
of explosives.
-is written authority issued to any person by the Chief of Constabulary which entitles such
person to carry his licensed or lawfully issued firearms outside of residence for the duration and purpose
specified therein.
“Residence”
-refers to that place where the firearm and ammunition is being permanently kept. It includes
the office or house where it is kept and premises of the house enclosed by walls and gates separating
said premises from adjacent properties.
For firearms covered by a Regular License or Special Permit their residence shall be that specified in the
license or permit; and those covered by a Certificate of Registration or a Memorandum Receipt their
residence in the office/station to which the grantee belongs.
A. Each individual may hold under license a maximum of only one (1) low-powered rifle caliber 22 or
shotgun not heavier than 12 gauge and one (1) pistol or revolver, not higher than caliber .38 except
caliber .357 and caliber .22 center fire magnum and those which may later be classified by the Chief,
Philippine National Police (C, PNP) as high-powered regardless of the type, make or caliber.
B. Officers and non-commissioned police officers enlisted personnel in the active service and in the
retired list of the Philippine National Police (PNP) and Armed Forces of the Philippines (AFP) may hold
under license a maximum of only one (1) low powered rifle caliber .22 or shotgun not heavier than 12
gauge and one (1) sidearm of any type or caliber.
C. Commissioned Officers in good standing of the Reserve Force of the AFP who are on inactive status
may hold under license a maximum of only one (1) low-powered rifle caliber .22 or shotgun not heavier
than 12 gauge and one (1) sidearm not heavier than caliber .45, except caliber .357 and caliber .22
center fire magnum and those which may later be classified by the C, PNP as high-powered regardless of
the type, make and caliber.
*it is your job then to read the latest law so that your knowledge is enhanced. You may read it at
http://www.lawphil.net/statutes/repacts/ra2013/ra_10591_2013.html
10 | P a g e
The law is known as:
“AN ACT PROVIDING FOR A COMPREHENSIVE LAW ON FIREARMS AND AMMUNITION AND
PROVIDING PENALTIES FOR VIOLATIONS THEREOF”
Classification of Firearms according to Interior Barrel Construction (Iba’t ibang uri ng baril ayon sa
kanilang barrel)
2. Rifled Bore Firearms – have riflings inside the barrel (tulad ng pistols, revolvers at karamihan ng
modernong baril)
Types of Firearms according to the caliber of the projectile propelled (Uri ng mga baril ayon sa
kalibre ng kanilang pinapaputok)
1. Artillery –more than 1 inch diameter. (more than 1 inch, tulad ng kanyon, mortar at bazooka)
2. Small Arms – less than 1 inch diameter (less than 1 inch, kalimitan ung mga rilfe, submachine gun
at handgun)
Machine gun - a small firearm that is for military use (alangang Mafia nag-mamachine gun,
delikado un!)
Sub Machine Gun – utilizes pistol size ammunition and is light and portable
Shoulder Arms – Fired from the shoulder (kaya nga shoulder arms eh)
Musket – ancient smoothbore rifle that fires a single lead round ball (parang ung mga nasa movies,
also known as the “teka teka” gun)
Shotgun - A smooth bore and a breech loading shoulder arms designed to fire a number of lead
pellets or a shots in one charge. (Remember, pellets!!)
Cylinder bore type – bore size is the same throughout the barrel (equal lang sila)
Choked bore gun – diminishing or reducing bore diameter type towards the muzzle (pabawas ng
pabawas, sinasakal ung bala for compressed and longer distance)
Paradox - has a few riflings a few inches from the muzzle points (may rifling na shotgun, iilan na lng
sa dulo)
11 | P a g e
Handgun – a firearm intended to be fired using one hand (isang kamay daw na pwedeng
ipaputok)
Pistol – it has 3 kinds back then: A single shot, semi-automatic and revolving pistol (revolver na
tawag ngayon) (pero ngayon, ang pinakadistinguishing factor niya ay gumagamit ang pistol ng slide)
Revolver – with the aid of a rotating cylinder, it is a type of firearm that designed to position the
cartridge into position of firing. (Cylinder ang keyword dito mga kapatid)
Double Action – does not need manual cocking, upon pressing the trigger, it both cocks and
releases the hammer.
Single Shot Firearms – designed to fire one shot every loading (obvious naman hindi ba? Isang
putok, isang kasa. Nasa pangalan na tulad ng shotgun, single shot pistol at revolver)
Repeating Firearms – designed to fire several loads (shots) in one loading. (maraming putok sa
isang kasahan tulad ng automatic pistol, rifle and shotgun)
Automatic Firearms – a continuous firing in a single press and while it is pressed (ratrat, machine
gun)
Slide Action Type – loading takes place by back and forth manipulation of the forearm of the gun
(kapit ka, mas nakakalito ung susunod)
Bolt Action Type – reloading takes place by manipulating back and forth (ito na, FOCUS ON THE
UNDERLINED)
*para medyo mas ma-picture ninyo, kapag bolt action ayan ung sa mga sniper rifles tulad ng AWP
sa CS:GO, kapag slide action ayan ung sa mga caliber. 45 na di atras.
Lever type(break type) – lever action on the firearms (may lever, parang ung sina-unang panahon na
pagbaril)
Cane Gun, knife pistols, cellphone gun (para mas madali, FREAKISH GUN lang) – devices that are
principally designed for other purpose to which a gun mechanism is incorporated. (Mga baril na iba
talaga ang gamit pero ginawang baril)
Flare Gun – designed for tracing, sending signals or locating enemy troops (ito ung baril na ung may
ilaw kapag lumulubog ung barko or ung sa mga war movies na ipinapakita kapag gabi)
12 | P a g e
Freakish Gun - a tool in which a firearm mechanism is attached to prevent easy identification (ung
kanina, iba lang ang meaning)
Gas gun – designed from firing tear gas (nasa pangalan na ah)
Harpoon – barbed spear in hunting large fish (alam ninyo ung mga nasa tulay na namamaril ng
isda? Ito un, bigger version)
Liberator - smooth bore gun used in Europe during war designed to fire an automatic colt pistol
cartridge caliber .45. (ung mukhang señorita na pistol)
Multi-Barreled Gun – gun containing a number of barrels (marami = multi, barrel = malamang barrel)
Paradox Gun - a type of gun which contains lands and grooves a few inch from the muzzle point
(parang ung sa shotgun kanina)
Tool Gun - devices which resembles a gun designed but are generally used for construction of
furniture (alam ninyo ung nail gun? Ung ginagamit sa pako para hindi na imartilyo? Kapag minodify
un at ginawang baril, ito iyon)
Legal Definition
Ammunition refers to loaded shell for rifles, muskets, carbine, shotgun, revolvers and pistols
from which a ball, shot shell or other missiles maybe fired by means of gun powder or other
explosive. The term also includes ammunition for air rifles as mentioned elsewhere in the code.
(Chapter VII, Sec.290 of NIRC as well as Sec 877 RAC) (in short, loaded shell lang!)
Technical Definition
Origin of cartridge:
Cartridge -> Charta (Latin) -> meaning paper -> from French also, Cartouche -> meaning rolled
paper.
It was about the turn of the 16th century that the term “cartridge” comes to use.
13 | P a g e
General Types of Ammunition
Classification of Cartridge According to the Location of the Primer (Uri ng mga cartridge ayon sa
location ng Primer)
Pin Fire – ignition cap (primer) is concealed inside the cartridge case and has a pin resting
upon it (ito ung mga sinaunang bala na ang primer ay hindi nasa likod ng ammunition kung
hindi nasa itaas
Rim Fire – priming mixture is located at the hallow rim of the case (kadalasan sa mga cal.22
na bala, ang tinatamaan ay ung cavity rim or ung paligid ng bala)
Center Fire – primary cup is centrally placed at the base of the cartridge case (student! This
is the modern type of bullet and the most commonly used, bala ng .45, .38 at 9mm ganito)
Classification of Cartridge According to Rim Diameter (Uri ng mga cartridge ayon sa laki ng Rim
Diameter)
Rimmed Case Type – the rim of the cartridge case is greater than the diameter of the body of
the cartridge case (mas Malaki ang katawan ng bala kaysa sa rim)
Semi – Rimmed Case Type – the rim of the cartridge case is slightly greater than the diameter
of the body of the cartridge case (Semi – Slightly, MEDYO mas Malaki ang katawan ng bala kaysa
sa rim)
Rimless type - the rim of the cartridge case is equal to the diameter of the body of the cartridge
case (magkasing laki ang katawan ng bala sa rim)
Rebated Type – with rimless pattern, rim diameter smaller than the body of the case (just
remember Rebated – Rimless)
Belted Type – a cartridge with a prominent raise belt (ito lang ang may prominent na word,
magkamali ka pa ah)
Inches MM.
Cal. .22 about 5.59 mm- used in revolver, pistol and rifles
Cal. .25 about 6.35 mm- used in pistols and rifles.
Cal. .30 about 7.63 mm- (mauser) – for carbines and other rifles
Cal. .30 about 7.63 mm (luger)
Cal. .32 about 7.65 mm for automatic pistols and revolvers
Cal. .38 about 9 mm- used for pistols and revolvers
Cal. .357 used in magnum .357 revolvers
Cal. .40 about 10 mm – used for pistols
Cal. .44 about 11.17 mm – used for revolvers and rifles
14 | P a g e
Cal. .45 about 11.43 mm – used in automatic pistols
Cal. .50 about 12.7 mm - used in .50 cal. Machine gun and rifles
*bow*
-Caliber or BORE DIAMETER – it is the DISTANCE BETWEEN TWO OPPOSITE LANDS INSIDE
THE BORE
-Simple, parang driving. Usually kapag Filipino cars, KPH (kilometers per hour) ang unit of
measurement, pero kapag nasa ibang bansa ka. Kadalasan ay MPH (miles per hour). Katulad din
yan ng firearms.
It can also be inferred that: Divide a given caliber expressed in millimeters by 25.4 in order to convert it
to inches.
I still can’t understand English shit!! Here’s something to help you out:
Nangyayari talaga yan, sa table ay 7.63 let’s say for an example, pero sa computation ay 7. 62. In
short, nearest ang ginagamit.
*bow
Shotgun Cartridge – complete unfired unit of cartridge consisting of pellets and wads. (Kapag
nagkamali ka sa ordinaryong catridge/ammunition at shotgun, please see your psychiatrist)
15 | P a g e
Gauges of Shotgun
Remember that a shotgun is a smoothbore! It means, it has no riflings! You can’t have a bore
diameter as there is no lands!! The unit of measurement used is Gauge:
Gauge Inch
10 .775 inch
12 .729 inch
16 .670 inch
20 .615 inch
28 .550 inch
.410 .410 inch
Moving on,
Soft/Drop Shots – made by pure or nearly lead which is added by arsenic. Easy to deformed, loose their
velocity quicker and has low penetrating power. (In short, Bulitas made in China. Madaling Masira)
Chilled/Hard Shots – made with small amount of antimony mixed with lead to increase hardness. Does
not deform easily, and has more velocity and penetration. (In short, Bulitas made in the Philippines. A
bit improved)
Coated/Plated Shot (lubaloy shot) – coated with copper for greater strength and resistance to
deformation. (In Short, Original Bulitas Shit. Pinakamatigas sa kanilang tatlo)
Buck Shot – a large size lead shot (Ito ung binabaril ng shotgun na isang buo na maihahalintulad mo sa
nabaril ng yakult gamit ang kanyon na pinagana ng kalburo at alcohol)
16 | P a g e
Bala na din tayo!
Bullets – galling sa salitang “Boulette” which is French that means small ball (tignan mo iyong sa iyo kung
boulette)
Lead Type – composed of lead metal(kaya siya tinawag na “lead” kasi may “lead”. If you want it
scientific, may Plumbum (Pb) sa periodic table) Used for its density (laman at bigat) and easy casting
(madaling gawin)
Jacketed Type – consisting of the regular lead core, coated with copper alloy to prevent fouling of the
barrel and generally found in pistols. (Jacketed ay protektado, kaya siya may lead core na, COATED PA to
prevent FOULING kasi foul na kapag may nabuo)
What is Fouling?
Fouling – left unburned/burned particles in the barrel due to the movement of the projectile in the
barrel as it fires (ayan ung naiiwan na dumi sa barrel kada putok mo ng baril)
Types of Bullet According to the Maximum Effect to Targets (Uri ng Bala ayon sa kanilang epekto kapag
tinamaan ang target)
Ball type – anti personnel, general use (pantao lang kapag ball, pwede ding hayop, basta may balls)
Armor Piercing – designed to penetrate light steel armor (designed para tumagos, delikado, may
mamatay or mabubuo kapag tumagos)
Explosive Bullet – detonate upon impact (designed para sumabog, ingat din, baka may mamatay or
lalong mabuo depende kung saan sumabog)
Incendiary bullet – used to cause fire (designed para magsunog at mag-init, maaring gamitin kapag
kinailangan)
Tracer Bullet – capable of leaving visible marks in flight giving the gunner the chance to observe the
strike (napanood ninyo ung movie “The Fury”? It’s about iyong tank ng World War II, may mga scene
doon na parang nabaril ng laser shit from Star Wars iyong tank nila. Ang tawag sa bala na iyon ay tracer.
Ginagamit para Makita nila kung nasaan ung line of fire nila)
17 | P a g e
Miscellaneous Types of Bullets (At iba pang uri ng bala)
Baton Round - Rubber Bullet (ang ikli niyan ah! Alangang hindi mo pa ma-memorize!)
Discarding Shot – accelerator bullet, designed for greater velocity (ganito yan, imagine ninyo si Voltes V
na naka-combine na lilipad sa space: sobrang laki ni Voltes V, sa bawat taas niya, nagtatanggal siya ng
isang parte para gumaan at tumaas ang lipad. Ganyan gumagana ang Discarding shot)
Multiple Bullet(Duplex or Triplex) – cartridge loaded with two or more bullets (balang may bala, ayan
lang iyon)
Compound bullet – made by different metallic substance (please read the meaning of bullet AGAIN!)
Flechette – needle like bullet (ilan ung letter “e” ng needle at flechette)
-In the principle of flying, there are 4 factors to consider: Lift (Upward Force), Gravity or Weight
(Downward Force), Thrust (forward movement) and drag (backward force). Kapag reduced drag, ibig
sabihin niyan ang bala mo mas mabilis pumunta sa pupuntahan niyan.
Cartridge Case – is the metallic or non-metallic container designed to unite the bullet, primer and
gunpowder. It is known as shell or casing (para madaling salita, ito ang LALAGYANAN..CONTAINER in
short! Sa tagalog Basyo!!)
-locates the bullet properly relative to the bore of the firearm (shit ang lalim! Ang ibig sabihin lang niyan,
hinahawakan ng basyo ang bala kung gaano ang kalaki ang sukat nito)
-used to carry the means of ignition (malamang! Yan ang naglalaman ng pulbura eh)
-provides gas seals at the breech against an unwanted escape of propellant gas (ano pa ito! Ang lalim pa,
NO!! ang ibig sabihin lang niyan ay, kinocontrol/sineseal niya ang paglabas ng gas kaya ang bala natin ay
lumilipad mula sa basyo)
-waterproof container for the propellant (obvious na yan ah, kapag hindi mo pa na-gets please see
Psychiatrist)
18 | P a g e
-acts as insulator between the propellant (sir! WTF is an insulator? Insulator is something that is used to
prevent the transmission of heat or sa madaling salita, nagpipigil ng init!! Nagiging insulator ang basyo
dahil kung walang basyo, malamang ang baril na hinahawakan mo ay uminit na din)
Base – bottom portion of the cartridge case (pinakababang parte ng basyo, nakasulat kung ano ang
CALIBER NITO, MANUFACTURER, DATE, TRADE NAME and BATCH NUMBER. Pero kadalasan, Caliber lang
ang nakalagay.)
Rim – designed to limit the forward movement of the cartridge chamber (naalala ninyo ang
ammunition? Ung classification ng ammunition based on Rim? Ang rim, ayan ung nasa puwet ng basyo,
Gilid. Kapag ang bala nakalagay sa barrel, ito ung nagpipigil sa ammunition para hindi tumuloy tuloy ng
hindi pa pinapaputok.)
Extracting Grooves – circular groove near the rim, designed for withdrawal of the case. (HUWAG
MALILITO SA EXTRACTING AND EJECTION!!! Kapag withdrawal, extracting. Nasa rim din yan)
Primer Pocket – holds the primer in central position (ang naglalagay ng primer sa gitna, ito ung kulay
silver sa basyo sa gitna)
Body – cylindrical part that houses the gunpowder (Madali na lang iyan, ayan ung lalagyanan ng pulbura
sa baril)
Shoulder – supports the neck of the cartridge (alam mo kung saan isinusuksok ung bala? Hindi ito iyon,
ito ung gilid ng sinusuksukan ng bala)
Cannelure – cylindrical groove to secure the shell in the chamber and prevent the bullet from being push
down to the powder charge. (mahirap ipaliwanag ng walang basyo, pero sa madaling salita, PREVENT
THE BULLET FROM BEING PUSH DOWN)
Hannibal’s note:
Prevent Forward Movement – Rim
Prevent Downward Movement – Cannelure
Neck – part that is actually occupied by the bullet (ito ung suksukan ng bala)
Crimp – designed to: (1) HOLDS THE BULLET AND PREVENTS IT FROM BEING PULLED OUT FROM THE
SHELL and (2) OFFER RESISTANCETO THE BULLET OUT OF THE NECK
19 | P a g e
(1) Ito ang dahilan kung bakit ang isang hindi pa napapaputok na ammunition, hindi mapaghiwalay ang
bala pti ang basyo)
(2) ito din ung nagkukulang sa pulbura para pumutok.
REMEMBER!
Ang pulbura ay hindi puputok kapag hindi enclosed. Kapag nasa open space ang pulbura, mag-buburn
lang ito. Pero kapag nakakulong, hindi makakawala ang gas na galling sa nasusunog na pulbura kaya
sumasabog.
Vent/Flash Hole – acts as the passage way for the priming mixture to impart an ignition (mahirap naman
kapag hindi mo masisindihan, ito ung paraan para masindihan at para lumabas ung gas ng ipinutok ng
basyo)
Primer na!!
Primer – contains chemicals that help ignite or burst into flames when struck by the firing pin (mali ang
paniniwala ng karamihan na tuwing ang hammer ay tinamaan ang firing pin, masisindihan ng firing pin
ay ung gunpowder. When the firing pin hits the base, the first thing that is ignited is the PRIMER then
the PRIMER IGNITES THE GUNPOWDER. Ang iba din na tawag gito ay percussion cup)
SIR! Ano ang pagkakaiba ng Designed, Developed, Invented, Pioneered and Coined!! Magkakamukha!
Primer Cup – metal cup that contains the priming mixture, disc and anvil(ayan ang naglalaman ng
priming mixture, disc at anvil)
20 | P a g e
Sir! Ano ang priming mixture, disc at anvil?!
Priming Mixture – highly sensitive chemical compound. Also known as percussion powder (ito ung
mismong nagsisindi ng gunpowder)
Anvil – provides solid support and absorbs the blow of the firing pin (ito ung sumasalo ng blow or
ang tinatamaan ang firing pin)
Disc – protect from moisture attack (ito ung nagproprotect laban sa moisture. Kapote)
-it is designed to propel the projectile by means of gas (alam ninyo na ito ung nagpapalipad sa bala
ninyo by now)
Roger Bacon – Wrote the “on the Marvelous Power of Art and Nature” (1242 AD)
Schwartz – ung mismong pulbura, na-discover lang ng by accident when naglagay siya ng pulbura
tapos nakakulong ung pulbura. Sumabog. Doon na-discover ang pulbura.
Black Powder – oldest known explosive (LOW EXPLOSIVE sa Bomb Identification and black
powder)
Charcoal – 15%
Sulfur – 10%
21 | P a g e
For easier memorization, let me enhance your memory!!
Black Powder = Human Shit + The Yellow Stuff in the Volcano + Uling
Historically speaking, ang problema sa black powder ay parang kurtina pagkatapos magpaputok and
it has a very short range and inaccurate. So naimbento ang smokeless powder, kabaligtaran ng
Black Powder na sobra sa smoke.
Captain E. Schultze – first successful use of smokeless powder in shotgun. Basic Ingredient used
was Nitrocellulose that was produced by adding a nitric acid to cellulose fiber. (1864)
M. Vieille – first smokeless powder for rifle. It was named Poudre B. after Gen Boulanger’s name.
(1884)
Alfred Nobel – invented a smokeless powder which were composed 60% nitrocellulose and 40%
nitroglycerine. It was known as “Ballistite”. He also invented the Dynamite. (1887)
Great Britain – utilized Picric Acid in addition to cellulose powder and was called “Lydite”.
Germany – utilized TNT (Trinitrotoluene) it was more powerful than picric acid but was more difficult
to detonate.
Professor Abel – developed cordite, has the same composition as dynamite but in the forms of cords
and sticks. (1889)
Smokeless Powder -> Ballistite -> Lydite -> TNT -> Cordite
Firearms Characteristics na, the last part. This is the Forensic Ballistics in itself.
Class Characteristics – properties or attributes of a firearms which can be determined even before
the manufacture of the gun (mga katangian ng baril na nandyan na bago pa gawin or ipanganak ang
baril)
Bore Diameter - diameter to which the bore was reamed or distance measured between two
opposite lands (alam ninyo na ito ha)
Number of Lands and Grooves - number of lands an grooves inside the barrel of a given
firearm are always the same or equal (bilang ng lands and grooves)
Lands – Elevated portion (naka-angat)
22 | P a g e
Grooves – Depressed portion (naka-baba)
Width of the lands - The lands is the remainders of the circumference after subtracting all the
grooves width. (lawak ng land, formula yan, fortunately hindi pa pinapa-compute yan)
Width of the Grooves - shortest distance between the edges of grooves. (lawak ng grooves,
pinakamaikling layo ng grooves sa isa’t isa)
Direction of Twist - rifling inside the barrel of the gun is either twisted to the left or to the right
to ensure gyroscopic action. (direction ng ikot, remember rotatory?)
Pitch of Rifling - the measure of the twisting of the lands and grooves or the measure of the
distance advance by the rifling in order to make a complete turn inside the barrel (sukat ng
twist ng pitch or ilang rifling ang gagawin para makagawa ng isang ikot sa barrel.)
Depth of Grooves - the groove’s depth if measured on a radius of the bore. (lalim ng isang
groove kapag sinukat siya gamit sa diameter ng bore)
Individual Characteristics- characteristics which are being determined only after the firearm was
already been manufactured; imperfections and some later due to the used of the firearms. (mga
katangian pagkatapos ng gawin ang baril. Kung baga kapag ipinanganak ka, ung mga defects or
unique sa iyo lang talaga)
a. Steyr type – four grooves right hand twist grooves and lands of equal width
(4R G=L) (Ang basa diyan ay Stare Her, kaya isipin mo staring at a bitch)
b. Smith & Wesson type – five grooves right hand twist, narrow lands and
broader grooves (5R G=L) (5 letters ang smith, 5 letters din ang kapag
spelling ng”FIVE” (LEGIT 5 LETTERS DAW!)
c. Browning type – six grooves, right hand twist, narrow lands and broader
grooves (6R G2x) (kumakain ka ng brownies sa right hand)
d. Colt type – six grooves left hand twist narrow lands and broader grooves (6L
G2x) (habang may colt ka sa kaliwang kamay)
*take note, dalawa silang 6 lands and six grooves)
e. Webley type – seven grooves right hand twist narrow lands and broader
grooves (7R G3x) (7th Heaven yan baby, maraming webs sa langit)
f. Carbine type – four grooves right hand twist narrow lands and broader grooves
(4R G2x)
g. Garand type – four grooves right hand twist, narrow lands and broader grooves
(4R G3x)
h. Armalite type – six grooves right hand twist, narrow lands and broader grooves
(6R G2x)
i. Winchester - six lands and grooves, right hand twist, the width of the grooves is
three time larger the width of the lands (6R G3x)
Marks Found of Fired Bullets ( Mga Palatandaan na makikita mo sa pinaputok na bala na maaring
gamitin upang masuri kung anong baril nangaling)
23 | P a g e
Land Marks - It appears as slight depressions or scratches the cylindrical surface of the fired
bullet. (malamang naiwan ng Groove dba? Land Marks, dahil yan sa lands ng baril)
Groove Marks - marks found on a fired bullet caused by the grooves of the barrel which is
the same number as that of the landmarks. (alangang lands dba?)
Skid Marks - located at the anterior portion of the fired bullet due to its forward
movement from the chamber to the barrel of the gun before it initially rotates.
(kalimitan sa revolver yan nakikita, marka yan na nakikita dahil sa padiretso nitong
pag galawbago siya umikot. Ang palatandaan kapag traffic umuusad usad ng konti
ang kotseng pa-manual)
Stripping Marks - found on those bullet fired from a “loose-fit” barrel wherein the
rifling are already been badly worn-out. (kapag matanda na ang barrel, nagkakaroon
ng chemical reaction either rust[corrosion] or excessive use[erosion]. In short, kapag
laspag na may marka na. Gets?)
Shaving Marks – cause by its forward movement to the barrel that is poorly aligned to
the cylinder. (Kalimitan din sa revolver, HUWAG MALITO!! Forward movement din,
pero ito, hindi naka-align ng maayos ang clinder sa barrel)
Slippage Marks - found on fired bullets passing through either on oily or oversize
barrel. (kapag masyadong Malaki, slippage tawag don. Kapag nadulas ka, oily din un)
Marks found on Fired Shells ( Mga Palatandaan na makikita mo sa gamit na basyo na maaring
gamitin upang masuri kung anong baril nangaling)
Firing Pin Mark - Considered as one of the most important marks for identification of
firearms using fired shell (makikita sa may base![remember ung sa parts ng catridge case?]
gawa yan ng firing pin)
Breech Face Mark - found at the base portion of the shell cause by backward movement to
the breech face (what is breech? Isipin mo ung barrel. Ang isang dulo ng barrel ay Muzzle
[doon lumalabas ang bala] ung isa naman ay Breech [diyan pumapasok ung bala]
Extractor Mark – found at the fired cartridge case. Caused by its withdrawal from the
chamber. (obvious na ito ha, IBA ANG EJECTOR SA EXTRACTOR)
Ejector Mark - generally found on cartridge case. cause by the throwing of shell from the
firearm to the area of shooting. (obvious na ito ha, IBA ANG EJECTOR SA EXTRACTOR)
Shearing Mark - called “Secondary Firing Pin mark”. (alam ninyo na ang shearing ah, if you
still forgot, balikan mo)
Magazine lip Mark - found at the two sides of the rim cause by the magazine lips during the
loading of the cartridge (dulot ng magazine lip [ito ung ipit dun sa magazine kapag loading])
Chamber Mark - mostly found around the body of the fired cartridge case cause by the
irregularities of nips inside the walls of the chamber (obvious din ito ha)
24 | P a g e
REMEMER THAT THE FIRING PIN MARK AND BREECH FACE MARK can be used as basis for
identification, IN THE ABSENCE OF THESE TWO THE EJECTOR AND EXTRACTOR MARKS ARE
used (unang ginagamit ang firing pin mark and breech face mark, kapag wala ang gingamit na ay
ang ejector and extractor mark)
Given Fired Bullet = determine what caliber, type and make of firearm from which it was fired
(KAPAG MEYRON ANG BALA, KAILANGANG MALAMAN ANG CALIBER, URI AT GAWA NG
BARIL)
Given Fired Shell = determine what caliber, type and make of firearm from which it was fired
(KAPAG MEYRON ANG BASYO, KAILANGANG MALAMAN ANG CALIBER, URI AT GAWA NG
BARIL)
Given a Fired Bullet and a suspected firearm = determine the fired bullet was from the suspected
firearm (KAPAG MEYRON ANG BALA AND HININALAANG BARIL, KAILANGANG MALAMAN
KUNG ANG BALA NA NA-RECOVER AY GALING SA PINAGHIHINALAANG BARIL)
Given a fired shell and a suspected firearm = determine or not the fired bullet was fired from the
suspected firearm (KAPAG MEYRON ANG BASYO AND HININALAANG BARIL, KAILANGANG
MALAMAN KUNG ANG BALA NA NA-RECOVER AY GALING SA PINAGHIHINALAANG BARIL)
Given two or more fired bullets = to determine whether or not they were from the same firearm
(KAPAG MAY DALAWA O HIGIT PANG BALA, MALAMAN KUNG NANGALING SILA SA IISANG
BARIL)
Given two or more fired shell/cartridge = determine whether or not they were fired from the same
firearm (KAPAG MAY DALAWA O HIGIT PANG BASYO, MALAMAN KUNG NANGALING SILA SA
IISANG BARIL)
1. Firearm Identification is actually refined tool mark identification (Ang Forensic Ballistics ay
nagbabase sa pag-iidentify ng tool marks)
2. natural wear and tear of tools are involved (kasama ang pagtanda at pagkaluma ng baril na
gingamit sa pag-iidentify)
25 | P a g e
3. When the softer surface comes in contact with the harder surface. It is always the softer surface
that will be engraved or marked by whatever impression or marks present on the harder surface
(Kapag nagdikit ang softer at harder na surface, laging ang softer surface ang ma-eengrave sa
harder na surface)
4. The fact that no things are absolutely identical or alike. There can be some sort of similarity in
general properties but not on the individual or minute imperfections or details (Dahil walang
magkakaparehas na bagay, magkakaroon ng pagkakaparehas sa maraming aspekto pero hindi sa
lahat ng pagkakataon tulad ng maliliit na detalyado)
1. No two barrel is microscopically identical or alike as to the internal bore construction (ayan na,
napakadali ng intindihin niyan)
2. When a bullet is fired from a rifled gun barrel, it becomes engraved by the rifling characteristics of
the barrel with varying minute details (ayan din, kung nagbabasa ka alam mo na this)
3. Every barrel leaves its “thumbprints” or “fingerprints” on every bullet fired on it (pti ito, parang ito
nga lang din ung dalawa sa itaas eh)
Bullet Comparison Microscope - used for comparison of test bullets and fired bullets or shells
Bullet Recovery box - used to obtain test bullets and test shells) (test firing of at least 3 cartridge
26 | P a g e