CHAPTER ONE

1.1 Introduction

The Student Industrial Work Experience Scheme (SIWES) was initiated in October

8, 1973 by the Industrial Training Fund (ITF), the Student Industrial Work

Experience (SIWES) gives opportunity for students to go on a Skill Acquisition or

Work Experience program in an Industry that relate to their field of study in order

to update practical knowledge of students in the Universities, Polytechnics and

Colleges of Technology. It was aimed at bridging the gap between the theoretical

knowledge acquired in classes and technical knowledge in the industry by

providing students with the opportunities to apply their educational knowledge in

real work situations.

1.2 Objectives of SIWES

The Industrial Training Fund’s Policy Document No. 1 of 1973 which established

SIWES outlined the objectives of the scheme. The objectives of the Students

Industrial Work Experience Scheme (SIWES) are:

 Provide an avenue for students in institutions of higher learning to acquire

industrial skills and experience during their courses of study;

 Prepare students for industrial work situations that they are likely to meet

after graduation;
  Expose students to work methods and techniques in handling equipment and

machinery that may not be available in their institutions;

 Make the transition from school to the world of work easier and enhance

students’ contacts for later job placements;

 Provide students with the opportunities to apply their educational knowledge

in real work situations, thereby bridging the gap between theory and

practice;

Enlist and strengthen employers’ involvement in the entire educational process

through SIWES.

1.3 About industrial training I.T.F

The objective for which the Fund was established has been pursued vigorously and

efficaciously. In the four decades of its existence, the ITF has not only raised

training consciousness in the economy, but has also helped in generating a corps of

skilled indigenous manpower which has been manning and managing various

sectors of the national economy.

Over the years, pursuant to its statutory responsibility, the ITF has expanded its

structures, developed training programmes, reviewed its strategies, operations and

services in order to meet the expanding, and changing demands for skilled

manpower in the economy

As part of its responsibilities, the ITF provides Direct Training, Vocational and

Apprentice Training, Research and Consultancy Service, Reimbursement of up to

50% Levy paid by employers of labour registered with it, and administers the

Students Industrial Work Experience Scheme (SIWES). It also provides human

resource development information and training technology service to industry and

commerce to enhance their manpower capacity and in-house training delivery

effort.

CHAPTER TWO

2.1 About the Company

Rocotex Integrated Services Ltd is a specialist company with high focus in welding

and fabrication of pipes, equipment and machines using various types of materials

such as carbon steel, stainless steel, duplex, super duplex and titanium.

With experienced personnel and an advanced workshop we are equipped to handle

large welding and fabrication works in both the onshore and offshore industries.

Our workers strive to keep the highest standards in welding and fabrication within

the on and offshore industries.

Our Welding and Fabrication department would move your project through the

fabrication and welding processes smoothly and efficiently. All of the companies

we service demand fast, reliable fabrication and erection services and they receive

exactly what they expect.

Our services include, but are not limited to, full service fabrication and installation

of process piping, oil and gas fabrication, and structural steel. We also offer in-

house drawings, hydro-testing and pipe supports.

2.2 Rocotex Integrated Services Ltd services

 Non Destructive Testing (NDT )

 Insulation and cladding of industrial pipes and fittings

 Cement Kiln installation and welding

 Fire hydrant installation and pump sizing

 TIG (argon) welding for stainless steel pipes

 PRMS assembling and installation

 Structural design, welding and construction

 Civil work ( insitu casting, pre-casting and reinforcement)

 Plant/storage Tank erection

2.3 Vision statement

“To be a leading operator in project management, engineering consulting services

in the industrial environment. We draw our strength from our experience, integrity,

unique packaging of service and excellence of the people we engage. We shall

demonstrate our leadership position with great passion, rigour and total

commitment to providing our customers with concise solutions to their problems

always meeting and exceeding, where possible, customer’s need and expectations.

2.4 Mission statement

To passionately provide engineering solutions that exceeds customers’

expectations. We shall this through:

 Building and developing well trained professionals that are proud of their

work and working environment and committed to continuous improvement.

 Ensure that all employees are treated well, working as an “intelligent army”

 Give future to our employees towards individual actualization.

 CHAPTER THREE

3.1 Introduction

Welding process is a fabrication process that joins materials, usually metals or

thermoplastics, by causing coalescence. This is often done by melting the

workpieces and adding a filler material to form a pool of molten material (the weld

puddle) that cools to become a strong joint, but sometimes pressure is used in
conjunction with heat, or by itself, to produce the weld. This is in contrast with

soldering and brazing, which involve melting a lower-melting-point material

between the workpieces to form a bond between them, without melting the

workpieces.

Many different energy sources can be used for welding, including a gas flame, an

electric arc, a laser, an electron beam, friction, and ultrasound. While often an

industrial process, welding can be done in many different environments, including

open air, underwater and in space. Regardless of location, however, welding

remains dangerous, and precautions must be taken to avoid burns, electric shock,

poisonous fumes, and overexposure to ultraviolet light.

Until the end of the 19th century, the only welding process was forge welding,

which blacksmiths had used for centuries to join metals by heating and pounding

them. Arc welding and oxyfuel welding were among the first processes to develop

during the 1800s, and resistance welding followed soon after. Welding technology

advanced quickly during the early 20th century as World War I and World War II

drove the demand for reliable and inexpensive joining methods. Following the

wars, several modern welding techniques were developed, including manual

methods like shielded metal arc welding; now one of the most popular welding

methods, as well as semi-automatic and automatic processes such as gas metal arc

welding, submerged arc welding and flux-cored arc welding. Developments

continued with the invention of laser beam welding and electron beam welding in

the latter half of the century. Today, the science continues to advance. Robot

welding is becoming more commonplace in industrial settings, and researchers

continue to develop new welding methods and gain greater understanding of weld

quality and properties.

3.2 Welding processes

3.2.1 Arc welding

Arc welding processes use a welding power supply to create and maintain an

electric arc between an electrode and the base material to melt metals at the

welding point. They can use either direct (DC) or alternating (AC) current, and

consumable or non-consumable electrodes. The welding region is sometimes

protected by some type of inert or semi-inert gas, known as a shielding gas, and

filler material is sometimes used as well.

3.2.2 Step by Step Free Guide to Make the Right Weld using Arc Welding

Machine

Given below are step-by-step instructions to get the perfect weld with the help of

your shielded metal arc welding machine and welding equipment:-

1) Pre- welding processes

The metals that are to be conjoined should be prepared – this involves ridding the

metals of unwanted grease, dust and rust and filing a slanting edge out of the metal

sides. The latter process allows an increased room for penetration, forming an even

stronger welded joint.

2) Wearing proper safety gear

Any process that involves electricity and produces sparks calls for strict adherence

to safety guidelines. Welding gear primarily includes welding robes, safety shoes,

safety gloves and safety glasses. Welding robes are made of fire-resistant materials

to prevent potential fires or holes from being burnt into your clothes; safety shoes

provide protection against welding sparks; safety gloves protect your hands from

burns and safety glasses protect your eyes from being damaged by the fierce glare

emanated from the metal whilst welding. Welding blankets are often used to

smother small fires, preventing them from turning into infernos. Firetex is famous

for its welding blankets.

3) Setting up your work area

It is equally important to set up a safe workspace. The table or platform you are

going to keep your workpiece and welding paraphernalia on should be made up of

fireproof material. Often sparks from welding fall on the ground; thus it is
imperative to clear the workshop floor of any flammable substances such as grease

and oil.

4) Securing your workpiece

Clasp the metal pieces to be joined until they are welded. You could make use of

clamps to secure your metal pieces.

5) Striking the arc

An arc is established by touching the workpiece with the electrode for a few

seconds and lifting it back. When the electrode is in contact with the metal

workpieces, the electric circuit gets completed, producing heat which melts and

begins the formation of the welding joint.

6) Correct rod position and movement

While welding, it is good practice to keep the rods tilted at an angle of ten degrees

or twenty degrees from the vertical. The rod motion should be such that it traverses

a straight line. Arc length, which is defined as the distance of the electrode from

the pool of weld, must be kept neither too small, nor too long. The characteristic to

look for in the perfect arc length is that it would cover up a large portion of the

light emanating from the weld and keep the rod from being shoved into the slag

pool at the same time.

7) Forming the bead

When the space between the pieces of metals being conjoined is filled with the

molten consumable electrode and molten base metal, a bead formation is said to

have taken place. For getting a bead of the envisaged shape, it is best practice to

refine your arc movement.

8) Cleaning and painting your weld

Clearing your weld of any slag will help you examine it better for any defects and

faults that may have happened whilst welding; an angle grinder can be used to

perform the job. Painting your newly welded workpiece will ensure it has a longer,

corrosion-free life.
3.3 Gas metal arc welding (GMAW

Gas metal arc welding (GMAW), also known as metal inert gas (MIG) welding, is

a semi-automatic or automatic welding process that uses a continuous wire feed as

an electrode and an inert or semi-inert gas mixture to protect the weld from

contamination. Since the electrode is continuous, welding speeds are greater for

GMAW than for SMAW. However, because of the additional equipment, the

process is less portable and versatile, but still useful for industrial applications. The

process can be applied to a wide variety of metals, both ferrous and non-ferrous. A

related process, flux-cored arc welding (FCAW), uses similar equipment but uses

wire consisting of a steel electrode surrounding a powder fill material. This cored

wire is more expensive than the standard solid wire and can generate fumes and/or

slag, but it permits higher welding speed and greater metal penetration.
3.4 Gas tungsten arc welding

Gas tungsten arc welding (GTAW), or tungsten inert gas (TIG) welding, is a

manual welding process that uses a nonconsumable electrode made of tungsten, an

inert or semi-inert gas mixture, and a separate filler material. Especially useful for

welding thin materials, this method is characterized by a stable arc and high quality

welds, but it requires significant operator skill and can only be accomplished at

relatively low speeds. It can be used on nearly all weldable metals, though it is

most often applied to stainless steel and light metals. It is often used when quality

welds are extremely important, such as in bicycle, aircraft and naval applications.
A related process, plasma arc welding, also uses a tungsten electrode but uses

plasma gas to make the arc. The arc is more concentrated than the GTAW arc,

making transverse control more critical and thus generally restricting the technique

to a mechanized process. Because of its stable current, the method can be used on a

wider range of material thicknesses than can the GTAW process, and furthermore,

it is much faster. It can be applied to all of the same materials as GTAW except

magnesium, and automated welding of stainless steel is one important application

of the process. A variation of the process is plasma cutting, an efficient steel

cutting process.

3.5 Submerged arc welding (SAW)

Submerged arc welding (SAW) is a high-productivity welding method in which the

arc is struck beneath a covering layer of flux. This increases arc quality, since
contaminants in the atmosphere are blocked by the flux. The slag that forms on the

weld generally comes off by itself, and combined with the use of a continuous wire

feed, the weld deposition rate is high. Working conditions are much improved over

other arc welding processes, since the flux hides the arc and no smoke is produced.

The process is commonly used in industry, especially for large products. Other arc

welding processes include atomic hydrogen welding, carbon arc welding,

electroslag welding, electrogas welding, and stud arc welding.

3.6 Gas welding

The most common gas welding process is oxyfuel welding, also known as

oxyacetylene welding. It is one of the oldest and most versatile welding processes,

but in recent years it has become less popular in industrial applications. It is still

widely used for welding pipes and tubes, as well as repair work. The equipment is

relatively inexpensive and simple, generally employing the combustion of

acetylene in oxygen to produce a welding flame temperature of more than 3000°C.

The flame, since it is less concentrated than an electric arc, causes slower weld

cooling, which can lead to greater residual stresses and weld distortion, though it

eases the welding of high alloy steels. A similar process, generally called oxyfuel

cutting, is used to cut metals. Other gas welding methods, such as air acetylene

welding, oxygen hydrogen welding, and pressure gas welding are quite similar,

generally differing only in the type of gases used. A water torch is sometimes used

for precision welding of items such as jewelry. Gas welding is also used in plastic

welding, though the heated substance is air, and the temperatures are much lower.

3.7 Resistance welding

Resistance welding involves the generation of heat by passing current through the

resistance caused by the contact between two or more metal surfaces. Small pools

of molten metal are formed at the weld area as high current (1000–100,000 A) is

passed through the metal. In general, resistance welding methods are efficient and
cause little pollution, but their applications are somewhat limited and the

equipment cost can be high.

3.8 Spot welding

Spot welding is a popular resistance welding method used to join overlapping

metal sheets of up to 3 mm thick. Two electrodes are simultaneously used to clamp

the metal sheets together and to pass current through the sheets. The advantages of

the method include efficient energy use, limited workpiece deformation, high

production rates, easy automation, and no required filler materials. Weld strength

is significantly lower than with other welding methods, making the process

suitable for only certain applications. It is used extensively in the automotive

industry—ordinary cars can have several thousand spot welds. A specialized

process, called shot welding, can be used to spot weld stainless steel.

Like spot welding, seam welding relies on two electrodes to apply pressure and

current to join metal sheets. However, instead of pointed electrodes, wheel-shaped

electrodes roll along and often feed the workpiece, making it possible to make long

continuous welds. In the past, this process was used in the manufacture of beverage

cans, but now its uses are more limited. Other resistance welding methods include

flash welding, projection welding, and upset welding.

3.9 Energy beam welding

Energy beam welding methods, namely laser beam welding and electron beam

welding, are relatively new processes that have become quite popular in high

production applications. The two processes are quite similar, differing most

notably in their source of power. Laser beam welding employs a highly focused

laser beam, while electron beam welding is done in a vacuum and uses an electron

beam. Both have a very high energy density, making deep weld penetration

possible and minimizing the size of the weld area. Both processes are extremely

fast, and are easily automated, making them highly productive. The primary

disadvantages are their very high equipment costs (though these are decreasing)

and a susceptibility to thermal cracking. Developments in this area include laser-

hybrid welding, which uses principles from both laser beam welding and arc

welding for even better weld properties.

3.10 Solid-state welding

Like the first welding process, forge welding, some modern welding methods do

not involve the melting of the materials being joined. One of the most popular,

ultrasonic welding is used to connect thin sheets or wires made of metal or

thermoplastic by vibrating them at high frequency and under high pressure. The

equipment and methods involved are similar to that of resistance welding, but

instead of electric current, vibration provides energy input. Welding metals with

this process does not involve melting the materials; instead, the weld is formed by
introducing mechanical vibrations horizontally under pressure. When welding

plastics, the materials should have similar melting temperatures, and the vibrations

are introduced vertically. Ultrasonic welding is commonly used for making

electrical connections out of aluminum or copper, and it is also a very common

polymer welding process.

Another common process, explosion welding, involves the joining of materials by

pushing them together under extremely high pressure. The energy from the impact

plasticizes the materials, forming a weld, even though only a limited amount of

heat is generated. The process is commonly used for welding dissimilar materials,

such as the welding of aluminum with steel in ship hulls or compound plates. Other

solid-state welding processes include co-extrusion welding, cold welding, diffusion

welding, friction welding (including friction stir welding), high frequency welding,

hot pressure welding, induction welding, and roll welding.

3.10.1 Geometry

Common welding joint types – (1) Square butt joint, (2) Single-V preparation joint,

(3) Lap joint, (4) T-joint.

Welds can be geometrically prepared in many different ways. The five basic types

of weld joints are the butt joint, lap joint, corner joint, edge joint, and T-joint.

Other variations exist as well—for example, double-V preparation joints are

characterized by the two pieces of material each tapering to a single center point at
one-half their height. Single-U and double-U preparation joints are also fairly

common—instead of having straight edges like the single-V and double-V

preparation joints, they are curved, forming the shape of a U. Lap joints are also

commonly more than two pieces thick—depending on the process used and the

thickness of the material, many pieces can be welded together in a lap joint

geometry.

Often, particular joint designs are used exclusively or almost exclusively by certain

welding processes. For example, resistance spot welding, laser beam welding, and

electron beam welding are most frequently performed on lap joints. However,

some welding methods, like shielded metal arc welding, are extremely versatile

and can weld virtually any type of joint. Additionally, some processes can be used

to make multipass welds, in which one weld is allowed to cool, and then another

weld is performed on top of it. This allows for the welding of thick sections

arranged in a single-V preparation joint, for example.

After welding, a number of distinct regions can be identified in the weld area. The

weld itself is called the fusion zone—more specifically, it is where the filler metal

was laid during the welding process. The properties of the fusion zone depend

primarily on the filler metal used, and its compatibility with the base materials. It is

surrounded by the heat-affected zone, the area that had its microstructure and

properties altered by the weld. These properties depend on the base material’s
behavior when subjected to heat. The metal in this area is often weaker than both

the base material and the fusion zone, and is also where residual stresses are found.

3.10.2 Quality

Most often, the major metric used for judging the quality of a weld is its strength

and the strength of the material around it. Many distinct factors influence this,

including the welding method, the amount and concentration of heat input, the base

material, the filler material, the flux material, the design of the joint, and the

interactions between all these factors. To test the quality of a weld, either

destructive or nondestructive testing methods are commonly used to verify that

welds are defect-free, have acceptable levels of residual stresses and distortion, and

have acceptable heat-affected zone (HAZ) properties. Welding codes and

specifications exist to guide welders in proper welding technique and in how to

judge the quality of welds.

3.10.2 Heat-affected zone

The effects of welding on the material surrounding the weld can be detrimental—

depending on the materials used and the heat input of the welding process used, the

HAZ can be of varying size and strength. The thermal diffusivity of the base

material plays a large role—if the diffusivity is high, the material cooling rate is

high and the HAZ is relatively small. Conversely, a low diffusivity leads to slower

cooling and a larger HAZ. The amount of heat injected by the welding process
plays an important role as well, as processes like oxyacetylene welding have an

unconcentrated heat input and increase the size of the HAZ. Processes like laser

beam welding give a highly concentrated, limited amount of heat, resulting in a

small HAZ. Arc welding falls between these two extremes, with the individual

processes varying somewhat in heat input. To calculate the heat input for arc

welding procedures, the following formula can be used:

Where Q = heat input (kJ/mm), V = voltage (V), I = current (A), and S = welding

speed (mm/min). The efficiency is dependent on the welding process used, with

shielded metal arc welding having a value of 0.75, gas metal arc welding and

submerged arc welding, 0.9, and gas tungsten arc welding, 0.8.

3.10.3 Distortion and cracking

Welding methods that involve the melting of metal at the site of the joint

necessarily are prone to shrinkage as the heated metal cools. Shrinkage, in turn,

can introduce residual stresses and both longitudinal and rotational distortion.

Distortion can pose a major problem, since the final product is not the desired

shape. To alleviate rotational distortion, the workpieces can be offset, so that the

welding results in a correctly shaped piece. Other methods of limiting distortion,

such as clamping the workpieces in place, cause the buildup of residual stress in

the heat-affected zone of the base material. These stresses can reduce the strength

of the base material, and can lead to catastrophic failure through cold cracking, as
in the case of several of the Liberty ships. Cold cracking is limited to steels, and is

associated with the formation of martensite as the weld cools. The cracking occurs

in the heat-affected zone of the base material. To reduce the amount of distortion

and residual stresses, the amount of heat input should be limited, and the welding

sequence used should not be from one end directly to the other, but rather in

segments. The other type of cracking, hot cracking or solidification cracking, can

occur in all metals, and happens in the fusion zone of a weld. To diminish the

probability of this type of cracking, excess material restraint should be avoided,

and a proper filler material should be utilized.

3.10.4 Weldability

The quality of a weld is also dependent on the combination of materials used for

the base material and the filler material. Not all metals are suitable for welding,

and not all filler metals work well with acceptable base materials.

3.10.5 Steels

The weldability of steels is inversely proportional to a property known as the

hardenability of the steel, which measures the ease of forming martensite during

heat treatment. The hardenability of steel depends on its chemical composition,

with greater quantities of carbon and other alloying elements resulting in a higher

hardenability and thus a lower weldability. In order to be able to judge alloys made

up of many distinct materials, a measure known as the equivalent carbon content is

used to compare the relative weldabilities of different alloys by comparing their

properties to a plain carbon steel. The effect on weldability of elements like

chromium and vanadium, while not as great as carbon, is more significant than that

of copper and nickel, for example. As the equivalent carbon content rises, the

weldability of the alloy decreases. The disadvantage to using plain carbon and low-

alloy steels is their lower strength—there is a trade-off between material strength

and weldability. High strength, low-alloy steels were developed especially for

welding applications during the 1970s, and these generally easy to weld materials

have good strength, making them ideal for many welding applications.

Stainless steels, because of their high chromium content, tend to behave differently

with respect to weldability than other steels. Austenitic grades of stainless steels

tend to be the most weldable, but they are especially susceptible to distortion due

to their high coefficient of thermal expansion. Some alloys of this type are prone to

cracking and reduced corrosion resistance as well. Hot cracking is possible if the

amount of ferrite in the weld is not controlled—to alleviate the problem, an

electrode is used that deposits a weld metal containing a small amount of ferrite.

Other types of stainless steels, such as ferritic and martensitic stainless steels, are

not as easily welded, and must often be preheated and welded with special

electrodes.

3.11 Safety issues

Welding, without the proper precautions, can be a dangerous and unhealthy

practice. However, with the use of new technology and proper protection, the risks

of injury and death associated with welding can be greatly reduced. Because many

common welding procedures involve an open electric arc or flame, the risk of

burns is significant. To prevent them, welders wear protective clothing in the form

of heavy leather gloves and protective long sleeve jackets to avoid exposure to

extreme heat and flames. Additionally, the brightness of the weld area leads to a

condition called arc eye in which ultraviolet light causes the inflammation of the

cornea and can burn the retinas of the eyes. Goggles and helmets with dark face

plates are worn to prevent this exposure, and in recent years, new helmet models

have been produced that feature a face plate that self-darkens upon exposure to

high amounts of UV light. To protect bystanders, transparent welding curtains

often surround the welding area. These curtains, made of a polyvinyl chloride

plastic film, shield nearby workers from exposure to the UV light from the electric

arc, but should not be used to replace the filter glass used in helmets.

Welders are also often exposed to dangerous gases and particulate matter.

Processes like flux-cored arc welding and shielded metal arc welding produce

smoke containing particles of various types of oxides, which in some cases can

lead to medical conditions like metal fume fever. The size of the particles in

question tends to influence the toxicity of the fumes, with smaller particles
presenting a greater danger. Additionally, many processes produce fumes and

various gases, most commonly carbon dioxide and ozone, that can prove dangerous

if ventilation is inadequate. Furthermore, because the use of compressed gases and

flames in many welding processes pose an explosion and fire risk, some common

precautions include limiting the amount of oxygen in the air and keeping

combustible materials away from the workplace.

CHAPTER FOUR

4.1 New skills acquired and challenges encountered

During my Industrial training I acquired new skills in different skill such as:

1. Safety (HSE) skills

2. Piping fabrication and Installation skills

3. Project management and Supervision skills

4. Tool maintenance

Safety (HSE) Skills: this include how to use a fire extinguisher, where a formal

‘Permit to Work’ system is in force it must be complied with. Where there is no

such system, it is recommended that a responsible person should know what work

is going on and, where necessary, arrange to have an assistant whose primary

responsibility is safety and proper handling of fabrication tools to achieve zero

hazards.
Piping fabrication and Installation skills: I can now tack weld, bolt flange Joint,

assembly and installation of equipment’s such as filters, pressure gauge, gas

regulator and valve, assembly of threaded fittings and valves.

Project management and Supervision Skills: The main function of the project

management includes effective communication, involvement of team in decision

making and effective information distribution. Also, the project management

makes sure that things happen on time and keeping the project on schedule.

The stages of managing a Project are:

 Initiating the project

 Planning the project

 Executing the project

 Monitoring and controlling the project

 Closing the project

Tool maintenance: during my Industrial training I maintained some tools but

limited to tools such as grinding machine welding machine cutting machine etc. To

maintain proper working condition of tools, Good House Keeping is required by:

 Clean the store tools properly.

 Fix or report broken tools.

 Store materials properly.

 Clean and maintain machine properly.

  Keep work place clean.

Maintain adequate lightening.

4.2 Challenges Encountered

During my Industrial Training, I experienced some challenges, which are;

a. Accommodation was a major challenge for me after securing an Industrial

training placement and caused me much inconvenience.

b. I also faced a major challenge in transporting myself to and fro office, I had

to travel over eighty kilometers and beat heavy gridlock which was stressful

but I was supported by the company which lessen the financial problem.

c. I was forced to stop work during the pandemic lockdown and I was home for

Six months.
 CHAPTER FIVE

CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS

5.1 Conclusion

In conclusion, I was offered an opportunity for industrial experience at Rocotex

Integrated Services Ltd where I engaged in industrial activities that help shape my

career development. Beyond gaining industrial experience, I got adapted to the

industrial work environment, acquired both working and professional ethics and

socialization.

Before and after completing my training experience, I realized that Rocotex

Integrated Services Ltd is the best place for industrial training, especially for

engineering undergraduates who wishes to specialize as process and piping

engineers, maintenance of pipelines and major construction works including civil

works (silo and concrete platforms construction) fabrication and installation. I

realized that I learnt lot new things that one would never be able to learn at our

universities academic environment. Also I was able to practice and understand

most things I learnt at the university as theory.

Equally, I was not left out during the inspection of piping system, Non-Destructive

Testing and bubble leakage testing of threaded joints and commissioning of piping

system. Finally, I can say I completed my Industrial Training successfully; I got

lots of experience and guidance of my future career.

5.2 Recommendation

 I strongly recommend that there should be an improvement in the teaching

of the workshop practices courses where student will be allowed to use all

the workshop tools and machines.

 The School authorities should set up a well-tailored programme towards

developing students’ career.

 All Engineering students should be encouraged on the use of CAD

software’s before going on Industrial training.