Lecture - 1 - EEE 2209

Course No: EEE 2209
Course Titles: Electrical Drives and

Instrumentation
Lecture 1: Measurements and Measurement Systems

Md. Sajjad Hossain
Lecturer, Department of EEE
Department of EEE,KUET
Measurements and Measurement Systems
Introduction to Measurement system and Instrumentation, Functional Description,

Input/Output Configuration. Instrumentation Error; Classification of Error.
Transducers: Terminology, Types, Principles and Applications of Resistive,

Photovoltaic, piezoelectric, thermoelectric, variable reactance and opto-electronic
transducers; Noise reduction in instrumentation; Instrumentation Amplifiers:
Differential, logarithmic, and chopper amplifiers;
Electronic Measuring Instruments: Oscilloscope, Frequency and voltage

measurements using digital techniques; DMM, VTVM, Q meters; Recorders and
display devices, spectrum and logic analyzers.
Computer based Instrumentation: PC-based Data Acquisition, filtering by moving

average, Data Conditioning, Statistical methods in measurements.
Book
A course in Electrical and Electronic Measurement and Instrumentation Measurement
- A.K. SAWHNEY
Measurement
The measurement of a given quantity is essentially an act or the result of a comparison
between the quantity and a predefined standard. Measurement is the process by which one
can convert physical parameters to meaningful numbers.
The Basic Requirements
1) The standard used for the comparison purposes must be accurately defined and should be
commonly accepted.
2) The apparatus used and the method adopted must be provable.
Significance of Measurement
“I often say that when you can measure what you are speaking about and can express it
in numbers, you know something about it; when you cannot express it in numbers, your
knowledge is of a meagre and unsatisfactory kind.” - Lord Kelvin
Method of Measurement
❑ Direct Measurement: Direct measurement involves comparing a physical quantity directly
with a standard. The measured value is obtained by directly observing the quantity of
interest. For instance:
• Mass: Using a balance to weigh an object.
• Length: Using a ruler or a caliper to measure the length of an object.
In direct measurement, the result is usually straightforward and obtained immediately.
❑ Indirect Measurement: The measurand quantity is converted to another quantity.
Example:
i) Measuring the resistance of a resistor using Ohm’s law by measuring the current and
voltage across it.
ii) Using a thermocouple to measure the temperature indirectly by converting thermal
voltage into temperature readings.
Instruments and Measurement Systems

Measurements involve the use of instruments as a physical means of determining quantities or
variables.
Elements of a Measurement System
❑ Detectors
❑ Intermediate Transfer Device
❑ Indicator, Recorder, or Storage Device
Types of Instruments
Mechanical Instruments:
These instruments are very reliable for static or stable conditions, but they suffer from major
disadvantages such as an inability to respond rapidly to dynamic or transient conditions.
Electrical Instruments:
More rapid than mechanical instruments, but still depend on mechanical movement and
indicating devices.
Electronic Instruments:
Depend upon the movement of electrons. They have a very fast response time, measured in
microseconds (µs) and milliseconds (ms).
Functional Elements of a Measurement System

Most measurement systems contain three main functional elements:
❖ Primary Sensing Element
❖ Variable Conversion Element
❖ Data Presentation Element
Primary Sensing Element

The quantity under measurement makes its first contact with the primary sensing element of
a measurement system. In other words the measurand is first detected by primary sensor.
This act is then immediately followed by the conversion of measurand into an analogous
electrical signal. This is done by a transducer. A transducer in general, is defined as a
device which converts energy from one form to another. . However, the first stage of a
measurement system is known as a detector transducer stage.
Variable Conversion Element

The output of the primary sensing element may be any kind of electrical signal. It may be a
voltage, a frequency or some other electrical parameter. Sometimes this output is not
suited to the system. For the instrument to perform the desired function, it may be necessary
to convert this output to some other suitable form while preserving the information content
of the original signal.
Example: Suppose output is in analogue form and the next stage of the system accepts input
signal only in digital form. Therefore we will have to use an A/D converter.
Variable Manipulation Element

The function of this element is to manipulate the signal presented to it preserving the
original nature of the signal. Manipulation here means a change in numerical value of the
signal. For example, a electronic amplifier accepts a small voltage signal as input and
produces an output signal which is also voltage but of greater magnitude. Thus voltage
amplifier acts as a variable manipulation element. It is not necessary that a variable
manipulation element should follow the variable conversion element as shown in Figure. It
may precede the variable conversion element in many cases.
Data Presentation element

The information conveyed must be in a form intelligible to the personnel. This function is
done by data presentation element. In case data is to be monitored, visual display devices
are needed. These devices may be analogue or digital indicating instruments like
ammeters, voltmeters etc. In case the data is to be recorded, recorders like magnetic tapes,
Pointer high speed camera and T.V. equipment, storage type C.R.T., printers, analogue and
digital computers may be used.

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Course No: EEE 2209

Course Titles: Electrical Drives and

Lecture 1: Measurements and Measurement Systems

Introduction to Measurement system and Instrumentation, Functional Description,

Transducers: Terminology, Types, Principles and Applications of Resistive,

Electronic Measuring Instruments: Oscilloscope, Frequency and voltage

Computer based Instrumentation: PC-based Data Acquisition, filtering by moving

Instruments and Measurement Systems

Functional Elements of a Measurement System

Primary Sensing Element

Variable Conversion Element

Variable Manipulation Element

Data Presentation element

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