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    457661lecture 6

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    457661lecture 6

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    457661lecture 6

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    Spin Geometry: Lecture 6

    Shuhan Jiang

    By definition, every covariant derivative ∇ on E defines a linear map Ω0 (E) → Ω1 (E). It


    can be extended to a linear map d∇ : Ωp (E) → Ωp+1 (E) by setting

    d∇ (ω ⊗ s) = dω ⊗ s + (−1)p ω ∧ ∇(s).

    d∇ is referred to as an exterior covariant derivative on E. By construction,

    d∇ |Ω0 (E) = ∇.

    Exercise 2.11. Show that d∇ can be locally written as

    d∇ = dxµ ∧ ∇µ .

    Example 2.9. The exterior derivative d is an exterior covariant derivative on R.

    d∇ should not be confused as a covariant derivative on the vector bundle ΛT ∗ M ⊗ E.


    Proposition 2.5. A covariant derivative ∇ on E induces covariant derivatives

    1. on the endomorphism bundle End(E), which we denote by ∇ with a slight abuse of


    notation, and is defined by:

    ∇(H)(s) := ∇(H(s)) − H(∇(s))

    for any H ∈ Γ(End(E)) and s ∈ Γ(E);

    2. on the dual bundle E ∨ , which we again denote by ∇ with a slight abuse of notation,
    and is defined by:

    ∇(α)(s) := d(α(s)) − α(∇(s))

    for any α ∈ Γ(E ∨ ) and s ∈ Γ(E);

    Covariant derivatives ∇i on vector bundles Ei over the same base manifold, i = 1, 2, induces
    a covariant derivative ∇ on the tensor product bundle E1 ⊗ E2 by

    ∇(s1 ⊗ s2 ) = ∇1 (s1 ) ⊗ s2 + s1 ⊗ ∇2 (s2 ).

    The proof is left as an exercise:

    1
    Exercise 2.12. Check that

    1. the above connections are well-defined;


    2. the induced connections on End(E) and E ⊗ E ∨ are equivalent under the natural iso-
    morphism End(E) ∼ = E ⊗ E ∨.

    Show that a connection ∇ on E also induces connections on T (E), Λ(E), and Sym(E).
    Proposition 2.6. There exists a 2-form F with values in End(E) such that F = d∇ ◦ d∇ .
    F is called the curvature of ∇. F satisfies the so-called second Bianchi identity
    d∇ F = 0.

    Proof. Let’s first show that F = d∇ ◦ d∇ is C ∞ (M )-linear:


    F (f s) = d∇ (df ⊗ s + f ∇s) = d2 f ⊗ s − df ⊗ ∇s + df ⊗ ∇s + f d∇ (∇s) = f (F s).
    The second Bianchi identity can also be proved by the following one line computation:
    d∇ (F )(s) = d∇ (F (s)) − F (d∇ s) = d∇ (d∇ ◦ d∇ (s)) − (d∇ ◦ d∇ )(d∇ s) = 0.

    Locally, we have
    F (s) = (d + A)2 (s) = d2 (s) + d(A(s)) + A(d(s)) + (A ∧ A)(s) = (dA + A ∧ A)(s).
    Therefore,
    F = dA + A ∧ A. (2.7)
    Component-wise, we have
    ∂ ∂ ∂Aν ∂Aµ
    Fµν = F ( µ
    , ν) = µ
    − + [Aµ , Aν ]. (2.8)
    ∂x ∂x ∂x ∂xν
    Remark 2.2. The formulas (2.7) and (2.8) probably need some explanation. In general, let
    A = p!1 Aµ1 ...µp dxµ1 ∧ · · · ∧ dxµp and B = q!1 Bν1 ...νq dxν1 ∧ · · · ∧ dxνq be two matrix-valued p-form
    and q-form, where the matrix valued coefficients Aµ1 ,...,µp are skew symmetric with respect to
    the indices. The wedge product between A and B is defined as
    1
    A ∧ B := Aµ1 ...µp Bν1 ...νq dxµ1 ∧ · · · ∧ dxµp ∧ dxν1 ∧ · · · ∧ dxνq
    p!q!
    X X
    = Aµ1 ...µp Bν1 ...νq dxµ1 ∧ · · · ∧ dxµp ∧ dxν1 ∧ · · · ∧ dxνq
    µ1 <···<µp ν1 <···<νq
    X X
    = (−1)|σ| Aσ(ρ1 )...σ(ρp ) Bσ(ρp+1 )...σ(ρp+q ) dxρ1 ∧ · · · ∧ dxρp+q
    ρ1 <···<ρp+q (p,q)-shuffles σ
    1 X
    = (−1)|σ| Aσ(ρ1 )...σ(ρp ) Bσ(ρp+1 )...σ(ρp+q ) dxρ1 ∧ · · · ∧ dxρp+q .
    (p + q)!
    (p,q)-shuffles σ

    2
    where Aµ1 ,...,µp Bν1 ,...,νq is the matrix product of Aµ1 ,...,µp and Bν1 ,...,νq . Component-wise, we
    have X
    (A ∧ B)ρ1 ...ρp+q = (−1)|σ| Aσ(ρ1 )...σ(ρp ) Bσ(ρp+1 )...σ(ρp+q ) .
    (p,q)-shuffles σ

    In particular, letting A be a matrix valued 1-form, we have


    X
    (A ∧ A)µν = (−1)|σ| Aσ(µ) Bσ(ν) = Aµ Aν − Aν Aµ = [Aµ , Aν ].
    (1,1)-shuffles σ

    Replacing the matrix product with the Lie product in the above definition, we obtain the wedge
    product of Lie algebra valued forms, which is usually denoted as

    [A ∧ B], or A[∧]B, or simply [A, B].

    By definition,
    [A, B] = A ∧ B − (−1)pq B ∧ A.
    For matrix valued 1-forms, we have

    [A, A] = 2A ∧ A.

    Thus, the curvature F can also be expressed as


    1
    F = dA + [A, A].
    2
    Remark 2.3. Another way to derive the formula (2.8) is by noticing that
    1
    d2∇ = dxµ ∧ dxν ∇µ ∇ν = dxµ ∧ dxν [∇µ , ∇ν ].
    2
    Hence,
    ∂ ∂ ∂Aν ∂Aµ
    Fµν = [∇µ , ∇ν ] = [ µ
    + Aµ , ν + Aν ] = µ
    − + [Aµ , Aν ].
    ∂x ∂x ∂x ∂xν
    Example 2.10. Let E = T M . Let ∇ = d + A be an affine connection of M . Under the
    identification End(T M ) ∼
    = T ∗ M ⊗ T M , we can write
    ∂
    A = Γρµν dxµ ⊗ dxν ⊗ .
    ∂xρ
    If ∇ is the Levi-Civita connection of M , then Γρµν are the Christoffel symbols, and the cur-
    vature 2-form F of ∇ is exactly the Riemannian curvature tensor of M .

    Example 2.11. The curvature F of the covariant derivative on O(−1) defined by (2.6) is

    X
    n
    dck ∧ dck X n
    ck cl dcl ∧ dck
    F = dA + A ∧ A = ∂A = − .
    k=1
    1 + |c|2 k,l=1
    (1 + |c|2 )2

    3
    In particular, for n = 1, we have only one coordinate function which we denote by c.
    1 2i
    F = dc ∧ dc = rdr ∧ dϕ.
    (1 + |c| )
    2 2 (1 + r2 )2
    Since dimR CP1 = 2, we can integrate the 2-form 2πi F
    over CP1 . The result is:
    Z Z Z 2π Z ∞ ∞
    F 1 ∞ 1 1 1
    = dr dϕ r = d(r 2
    ) = − = 1.
    CP1 2πi π 0 0 (1 + r2 )2 0 (1 + r2 )2 1 + r2 0

    A connection with vanishing curvature is called a flat connection.


    Exercise 2.13. Show that the connection defined in Example 2.5 is a flat connection.
    Hint 2.10. Use Exercise 2.7.

    4 Bochner Laplacians
    Let (E, ⟨·, ·⟩) be a metric vector bundle over a compact Riemannian manifold (M, g). Let ∇
    be a metric connection on E. Let ∇∗ denote the formal adjoint of ∇, i.e., ∇∗ is a R-linear
    map ∇∗ : Γ(T ∗ M ⊗ E) → Γ(E) such that
    Z Z
    ⟨s, ∇(t)⟩ volg = ⟨∇∗ (s), t⟩ volg
    M M

    for all s ∈ Ω1 (E) and t ∈ Ω0 (E).


    Definition 2.9. The Bochner Laplacian on E is defines as
    ∆B = ∇∗ ∇.

    Let’s consider the vector bundle ΛT ∗ M and the Levi-Civita connection ∇ on ΛT ∗ M . Let
    ∇∗ be the formal adjoint of ∇ with respect to the bundle metric on ΛT ∗ M induced by the
    Riemannian metric g on M .
    Proposition 2.7. Let ω be a differential k-form on M . We have
    (∆B − ∆H )(ω) = Ric(ω), (2.9)
    where ∆H = dd∗ + d∗ d is the Hodge Laplacian of M . Ric ∈ End(Λk T ∗ M ) is the so-called
    Weitzenböck operator, which is defined by
    X
    n X
    k
    Ric(ω)(X1 , · · · , Xk ) = (R(ei , Xj )ω)(X1 , · · · , ei , · · · , Xk ), (2.10)
    i=1 j=1

    where R is the Riemannian curvature tensor and {ei }ni=1 is a local orthonormal frame.1

    P·)n of the vector field X, we have Ric(X )(Y ) =


    1 ♯ ♯
    Pn Applying (2.10) to the
    Pn metric dual X = g(X,
    i=1 g(R(ei , Y )X, ei ) = − i=1 g(R(ei , Y )ei , X) = Ric(X, Y ), where Ric(·, ·) is
    ♯
    i=1 (R(ei , Y )X )(ei ) =
    the Ricci curvature tensor of g, hence the notation.

    4
    More generally, let’s consider the tensor product bundle ΛT ∗ M ⊗ E, where E is a metric
    vector bundle bundle, equipped with the connection

    ∇ = ∇LC ⊗ 1 + 1 ⊗ ∇E ,

    where ∇LC is the Levi-Civita connection of M and ∇E is a metric connection on E. ΛT ∗ M ⊗


    E has an induced bundle metric, with respect to which ∇ is a metric connection.

    Proposition 2.8. Let ω be a E-valued k-form on M . We have

    (∆B − ∆H )(ω) = Ric(ω) + FE (ω), (2.11)

    where ∆H := d∇E d∗∇E + d∗∇E d∇E and FE ∈ Ωk (End(E)) is defined by

    n X
    X k
    FE (ω)(X1 , · · · , Xk ) = FE (ei , Xj )(ω(X1 , · · · , ei , · · · , Xk )),
    i=1 j=1

    where FE is the curvature of ∇E .

    The proofs are postponed to the next section.

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